With the goal of perfecting the national governance system and raising the country's governance capability, this book systematically analyzes the characteristics and trajectory of China's economic expansion and structural adjustment, while also assessing a variety of short-term debt and long-term economic performance and financial risks. In addition to discussing the market-oriented reform process at the stage of economic development, institutional and structural characteristics, it presents research on the country as a whole, its residents, non-financial corporations, financial institutions and central banks, the central government, local government, and other external sectors. On the basis of extensive data, the book analyzes the national and sectoral balance sheets in China and explores a number of major issues the country is currently facing, such as sustainable development, government restructuring, local debt, welfare reform, openness and stability of the financial system, etc., as well as suitable policy measures and institutional arrangements for addressing them.

The book aims at perfecting the national governance system and improving national governance ability. It evaluates the balance sheets of the state and residents, non-financial corporations, financial institutions and the central bank, the central government, local government and external sectors - the goal being to provide a systematic analysis of the characteristics and trajectory of China's economic expansion and structural adjustment, as well as objective assessments of short and long-term economic operations, debt risks and financial risks with regard to the institutional and structural characteristics of economic development in market-oriented reform. It puts forward a preliminary analysis of China's national and sectoral balance sheets on the basis of scientific estimates of various kinds of data, analyzes from a new perspective the major issues that are currently troubling China - development sustainability, government transformation, local government debt, welfare reform, and the financial opening-up and stability - and explores corresponding policies, measures, and institutional arrangements.

This book analyzes the characteristics of China's economic operation in the new era and explores Xi's thought on China's development. The book consists of six parts. The first part puts forward the guiding principles and main contents of political economy of socialism with Chinese characteristics in the new era; the second part conducts the epistemology and methodology; the third part reveals the big logic of the new normal of economic development from the time and space dimension; and the fourth part examines the purpose, motivation, necessary conditions and measurement scale of development according to the new development concept; the fifth part discusses the path of building a modern economic system; the sixth part focuses on what China Wisdom and China solution could contribute to the global governance and promoting global development.

The book aims at perfecting the national governance system and improving national governance ability. It evaluates the balance sheets of the state and residents, non-financial corporations, financial institutions and the central bank, the central government, local government and external sectors - the goal being to provide a systematic analysis of the characteristics and trajectory of China's economic expansion and structural adjustment, as well as objective assessments of short and long-term economic operations, debt risks and financial risks with regard to the institutional and structural characteristics of economic development in market-oriented reform. It puts forward a preliminary analysis of China's national and sectoral balance sheets on the basis of scientific estimates of various kinds of data, analyzes from a new perspective the major issues that are currently troubling China - development sustainability, government transformation, local government debt, welfare reform, and the financial opening-up and stability - and explores corresponding policies, measures, and institutional arrangements.

With the goal of perfecting the national governance system and raising the country's governance capability, this book systematically analyzes the characteristics and trajectory of China's economic expansion and structural adjustment, while also assessing a variety of short-term debt and long-term economic performance and financial risks. In addition to discussing the market-oriented reform process at the stage of economic development, institutional and structural characteristics, it presents research on the country as a whole, its residents, non-financial corporations, financial institutions and central banks, the central government, local government, and other external sectors. On the basis of extensive data, the book analyzes the national and sectoral balance sheets in China and explores a number of major issues the country is currently facing, such as sustainable development, government restructuring, local debt, welfare reform, openness and stability of the financial system, etc., as well as suitable policy measures and institutional arrangements for addressing them.

Several medical options in palliative care can have complex moral, religious, cultural, medical and legal issues. These treatment options, such as assisted suicide, rehydration, parenteral nutrition and cardiopulmonary resuscitation have been heavily debated in the literature. Physician-assisted suicide is a controversial topic for debate, with growing pressure from advocacy groups for legalisation in regions that have yet to decide. Currently, there is substantial opposition from concerned medical professionals. However, a school of medical professionals acknowledges that physician-assisted suicide may have a role in terminal care. The debate over the use of artificial nutrition and hydration (ANH) in terminal illness is also contentious despite extensive ethical and empirical research. Advocates for and against ANH both agree that the most compassionate and humane option for patients near the end of life is hospice and/or palliative care. However, many of those who support ANH do not seem to appreciate that the standard palliative practice is to avoid the use of ANH in almost all instances. These topics remain heavily disputed in the medical community. In formulating a satisfactory answer, we need to remind ourselves that we cannot generalise a treatment as a correct or incorrect option. Rather, we need to consider each case individually, weigh the risks and benefits of each treatment, and individually consider treatment options in a multidisciplinary care model.

Many cancer patients experience a variety of distressing symptoms, adversely affecting their functional status and quality of life (QOL). Subjective symptoms such as pain, fatigue and depression are common among cancer patients, with approximately 33-55% of cancer patients experiencing pain during the course of their illness. Previous literature commonly examined a single symptom and its effect on patients' functional status and QOL, but patients often experience multiple symptoms simultaneously. Since individual symptoms are often associated with decreased QOL, the assumption that symptom clusters might have a greater effect on QOL is logical. The coexistence of symptoms provides an insight into the importance of assessing clusters of symptoms rather than focusing on individual symptoms. Although the focus of single symptoms has advanced the understanding of those particular symptoms, it may not be as helpful to health care professionals in guiding practice when patients present several concurrent symptoms. It is important for clinicians to address and ultimately treat all concurrent symptoms. Symptom cluster research will help our understanding and treatment of multiple symptoms.

In Canada over the past fifteen years, there has been a 39% rise in new cancer patients, necessitating the expansion of current oncological facilities. The population is getting older and larger, which in turn is translating into more cases of cancer. Other reports projecting cancer growth across different countries found similar results. With the prevalence of cancer expected to increase in the future, it is important to properly allocate resources towards cancer research to better serve the population. Patients with cancer continue to live longer; as such, more elderly individuals will live with cancer. In fact, cancer has been classified as a chronic illness alongside diabetes, hypertension, and heart disease. This may translate to an increased demand for oncologists, specialist-trained nurses, diagnostic services, cancer centres, cancer therapies and palliative care. More importantly, this will translate to an increased necessity for cancer research to decrease the mortality and morbidity associated with cancer while improving the quality of care.

With effective systemic therapy and comprehensive supportive care, patients with metastases can live longer. Breast cancer patients with only or predominantly bone metastases have a median survival of 2.3 years following diagnosis, while metastatic prostate cancer patients have a median survival time of 11.3 months. With recent advances in research, the overall survivorship of metastatic patients has increased. The improved quality of care for metastatic cancer patients has resulted in longer survivorship. Living longer can lead to a higher chance of development for skeletal-related events (SREs), which are defined as either spinal cord compression, hypercalcemia, pathological fractures or a need for palliative radiation therapy or surgery for bone pain. To try to reduce pathological fractures, it is important to detect impending fractures earlier and to administer prophylactic surgery as needed. Longer survivorship also allows time for the development of brain metastases. Recent advances incorporating stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) have been favored over conventional whole-brain radiation therapy (WBRT) in the preservation of neurocognitive functions and survival benefit in patients less than 50 years of age. Multidisciplinary clinics for brain metastases are again desirable with the joint input of the radiation oncologists and neurosurgeons.

Im vorliegenden Buch wird ein Ruckblick auf den Wirtschaftsreformprozess Chinas seit 40 Jahren geworfen. Die Ausgangssituation, die schrittweise Verbesserung der marktwirtschaftlichen Struktur und der neue Reformkurs im "tiefen Wasser" werden dargestellt und analysiert. Die zugrundeliegende Logik der Wirtschaftsreformen Chinas wird dadurch ans Licht gebracht. Erstens erweisen sich Reformen als zyklische Entwicklungen. Die Reformen, die zu Anfang sehr schnell vorangingen, unterliegen einer zunehmenden Stagnation, weshalb ein breiter Konsens fur die Reformen zu finden ist. Zweitens bilden die Wirtschaftsreformen eng mit anderen Reformen ein zusammenhangendes System, das einheitlich vorangetrieben werden muss. Drittens unterscheidet sich das dreidimensionale ganzheitliche Konzept, das Reform, Entwicklung und Stabilitat vereint, sehr von den westlichen Mainstream-Wirtschaftslehren, die ihren Akzent auf Produktivitat und Leistungsfahigkeit setzen. Viertens entspricht die Reformpraxis Chinas den theoretischen Ansatzen. Damit gehen Chinas Reformen weit uber die Debatte hinaus, ob es sich dabei um graduelle oder radikale Reformen handelt. Funftens steht der Leitgedanke, das "Top-Level-Design" mit dem Prinzip, "nach den Steinen tastend den Fluss zu uberqueren" zu verbinden, im Vordergrund. Sechstens mussen die Reformen fortgesetzt werden, und zwar im globalen Reformwettbewerb. Angetrieben von der Zielvorstellung, das sozialistische System hochzuhalten, steht China fest zu seinem Reformvorhaben.

In early stages of cancer, patients are often presented with treatment options and encouraged to have shared treatment decisions with their oncologists. Shared decision making becomes particularly important, as several treatment options with different possible outcomes and adverse events exist. For example, women with early breast cancer are counseled on the options of mastectomy versus lumpectomy and radiation. The same principle should also apply in late stages of cancer, where cure is usually not possible in patients with widespread metastases. In these cases, the aim of treatment should be to relieve symptoms and suffering. Improving quality of life (QOL) rather than tumor control takes priority in palliative care. QOL has also been identified as an important endpoint for new cancer drugs, as determined by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); as such, cancer drug approval can be based on improvement of QOL. The use of patient-reported QOL instrument tools help clinicians determine if certain treatments improve QOL. The research of palliative interventions should have QOL assessment to assist clinicians, patients and their family members in shared decision making.