This book is indexed in Chemical Abstracts Service Green Chemistry has evolved in response to several environmental issues in the second half of the last century, mostly due to the almost freely expanding chemical, petrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. During the past two decades Green Chemistry grew rapidly and we can now consider this area as a mature and powerful field. Tremendous development has taken place in many important areas including renewable energy and resources, reaction environments, catalysis, synthesis, chemical biology, green polymers, and facile recycling. The combination of Green Chemistry with engineering, biology, toxicology, and physics will lead to novel interdisciplinary systems, which can now lift Green Chemistry to the next, advanced level.The editors have assembled authors among the best specialists of this growing area of research. This collection of reviews and perspectives provides an exciting vision of the more recent developments in Green Chemistry. The contents of this book illustrate the breath of the field and its role to address environmental issues. This volume will serve as a book of reference showing a panoramic view of the field and a preview of its future direction, as well as a book of inspiration for those aiming to further advance its frontiers. This volume emphasizes on the most recent developments in green catalysis, bio-sourced polymers and the study of continental organic matter for a better understanding of the carbon geochemical cycle.

Currently the field of nanocatalysis is undergoing many exciting developments and the design of silica-based organic-inorganic hybrid nanocatalysts is a key focus of the researchers working in this field.This book aims to present a succinct overview of the recent research progress directed towards the fabrication of silica-based organic-inorganic hybrid catalytic systems encompassing the key advantages of silica nanoparticles and silica-coated magnetic nanoparticles in an integrated manner. Featuring comprehensive descriptions of almost all approaches utilized for the synthesis of nanomaterials including some latest techniques such as flow and microwave-assisted synthesis that enable large-scale synthesis, it proves useful not only to academics but also industrialists. It also includes a systematic discussion on the vital characterization techniques employed for authenticating the structure of these.The title also offers an enormous amount of knowledge about the fusion of nanotechnology with green chemistry that strives to meet the scientific challenges of protecting human health and the environment.

'Many bodies ... have the property of exerting on other bodies an action which is very different from chemical affinity. By means of this action they produce decomposition in bodies, and form new compounds into the composition of which they do not enter. This new power, hitherto unknown, is common both in organic and inorganic nature ... I shall ... call it catalytic power. I shall also call catalysis the decomposition of bodies by this force. J. J. Berzelius (1836) Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, XXI, 223. This quotation marks the origin of the term catalysis in a scientific context. The earlier literary meaning was 'the breakdown in law and order'. Perhaps Berzelius' train of thought was that catalytic action appeared to defy the scientific laws and principles as formulated in 1836. It is remarkable that this quotation, with some substitution of modern wording, can represent a fair summary of our present view of catalysis. There is now recognized a broad division of catalytic systems under the headings homogeneous and heterogeneous. In the former the catalyst is generally a dissolved species whilst in the latter it is usually an insoluble solid, with the action restricted to the surface. This book concerns hetero geneous catalysis, which is the more important for industrial applications."

The use of organocatalysts able to photocatalyze an organic reaction is a rapidly growing field. These photocatalyzed transformations are more environmentally sustainable with respect to the use of expensive/toxic metal-based (photo)catalysts.Based on the authors' extensive experience in photogenerated intermediates, this book presents an overview on photocatalyzed organic processes having a synthetic significance, where an organic molecule functions as the photocatalyst.After a brief introduction defining the nature and the characteristics of a photoorganocatalyst (POC), the chapters are organized according to the class of POC used, as detailed below.Each chapter begins with a summary of the photophysical characteristics of the POCs and is followed by selected examples of synthetic applications. The last two chapters are devoted to the adoption of photoorganocatalysis in polymerization and to flow photoorganocatalysis. These in-depth explanations and practical applications make this title an essential reading for any chemistry student interested in organic (sustainable) synthesis.

Soluble catalysts are used extensively in many branches of chemistry and are indeed a vital constituent of many natural processes. They find wide application throughout the chemical industry where they assist in the production of several million tonnes of chemicals each year. Since homogeneous systems, especially those incorporating transition metals, often function effectively under milder conditions than their heterogeneous counterparts, they are becoming increasingly important at a time when the chemical industry in particular, and society in general, is seeking ways of conserving energy and of making the best possible use of available resources. My principal objective in. writing this book is to engender sufficient enthusiasm for, and knowledge of, the subject in the reader that he or she will be encouraged to begin, or continue, to make their own contribution to advancing our knowledge of homogeneous catalysis. After attempting to acquaint the reader with some of the ground rules I have tried to describe the .present scope, and the future potential, of this fascinating field of chemistry by drawing both on academic and on industrial data sources. This approach stems from a personal conviction that future progress could be considerably hastened by a more meaningful dialogue between chemists working both in industrial and in academic research institutions. Wherever possible, examples of the commercial application of homogeneous catalyst systems have been included and no attempt has been made in any way to disguise the many unresolved questions and exciting challenges which still pervade this rapidly developing area."

In a classical kinetic resolution, two enantiomers of a racemate are transformed into chiral products at different rates with a maximum theoretical yield of 50%. However, the need to reduce costs and waste in synthesis have led to efforts to develop novel resolution procedures proceeding beyond this 50% limited yield. This has led to the evolution of classical kinetic resolution into dynamic kinetic resolution (DKR), allowing a quantitative yield of one of the enantiomers. DKR combines the resolution step of kinetic resolution with an in-situ racemization of the chirally-labile substrate. It is only in the last two decades that chiral green organocatalysts have been demonstrated to be capable of promoting DKRs considerably expanding the synthetic scope of the powerful concept of DKR. Collecting all the developments in the field of DKR, this book shows that a wide variety of organocatalysts allow excellent levels of stereocontrol and yields in many types of transformations. It is a great resource for academics and industrialists interested in green enantioselective catalytic reactions.

After the great success now in its 2nd Edition:This textbook covers all aspects of catalysis, including computational methods, industrial applications and green chemistry.

This book provides a comprehensive overview of the field of plasma catalysis, regarded as a promising alternative to thermal processes for energy and environmental applications. It bridges the gap between the plasma and catalysis research communities, covering both the fundamentals of plasma catalysis and its application in environmental and energy research. The first section of the book offers a broad introduction to plasma catalysis, covering plasma-catalyst systems, interactions, and modeling. The core of the book then focuses on different applications, describing a wide range of plasma-catalytic processes in catalyst synthesis, environmental clean-up, greenhouse gas conversion and synthesis of materials for energy applications. Chapters cover topics ranging from removal of NOx and VOCs to conversion of methane, carbon dioxide and the reforming of ethanol and methanol. Written by a group of world-leading researchers active in the field, the book forms a valuable resource for scientists, engineers and students with different research backgrounds including plasma physics, plasma chemistry, catalysis, energy, environmental engineering, electrical engineering and material engineering.

This book introduces readers to the preparation of metal nanocrystals and its applications. In this book, an important point highlighted is how to design noble metal nanocrystals at the atomic scale for energy conversion and storage. It also focuses on the controllable synthesis of water splitting electrode materials including anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and cathode hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) at the atomic level by defect engineering and synergistic effect. In addition, in-situ technologies and theoretical calculations are utilized to reveal the catalytic mechanisms of catalysts under realistic operating condition. The findings presented not only enrich research in the nano-field, but also support the promotion of national and international cooperation.

Catalysis and Electrocatalysis at Nanoparticle Surfaces illustrates the latest developments in electrochemical nanotechnology, heterogeneous catalysis, surface science, and theoretical modeling. It describes the manipulation, characterization, control, and application of nanoparticles for enhanced catalytic activity and selectivity and presents a range of experimental and synthetic strategies for work in nanoscale surface science. Thisis a comprehensive source for physical, surface, and colloid chemists; materials scientists; interfacial chemists and electrochemists; electrochemical engineers; theoretical physicists; chemical engineers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these disciplines.

Presenting the basic science of semiconductor photocatalysis together with the various practical applications, this textbook is ideal for graduate students. It covers fundamental principles and applicable techniques of light, solid state physics, electrochemistry, reaction kinetics, and materials processing. A solid understanding of semiconductor photoelectrochemistry is developed through discussing the basic properties of a representative photocatalytic material, TiO2; the basic science of the light absorption phenomenon and the application to the powder suspension useful for the photocatalytic research; and the electronic state of semiconductors. Following this, the textbook moves on to explore photoelectrochemistry; the mechanism and kinetic analysis of photocatalytic reactions; typical fabrication methods of common photocatalysts and the factors for improving photocatalytic activity; and evaluation methods of photocatalytic activity. The textbook concludes by looking at the future prospects of the applications of photocatalysis. This introductory textbook provides a foundation in photocatalysis to supplement graduate courses in catalysis, environmental science, materials science and chemical engineering.

Studies of free radicals on surfaces are of interest for several reasons: the spontaneous or stimulated formation of radicals from adsorbed molecules may represent one possible mechanism for heterogeneous catalysis. In some cases the radicals are ionic, indicating that primary oxidation and reduction reactions occur. Radicals can also be used as probes to investigate diffusion processes on catalytic surfaces. The first direct observations were made more than 30 years ago, but detailed studies of structure, reactions and mobility have only recently become feasible with the advent of powerful spectroscopic techniques, to a great extent developed and used by the contributors to this volume. This comprehensive review describes new trends in the field. Leading experts write about the nature of surface active sites, methods to identify them, and the radicals formed from adsorbed molecules interacting with the surface. The emphasis is on the fundamentals covering thermal, photostimulated and radiation induced reactions as well as diffusion processes. This provides the necessary background for technological applications. This book will be useful to those who are interested in surface chemistry, heterogeneous catalysis as well as those who want to study reactive intermediates in chemical reactions. It is also of interest to scientists in photo and radiation physics and chemistry.

Nanocatalysis, a subdiscipline of nanoscience, seeks to control chemical reactions by changing the size, dimensionality, chemical composition, and morphology of the reaction center and by changing the kinetics using nanopatterning of the reaction center. This book offers a detailed pedagogical and methodological overview of the field. Readers discover many examples of current research, helping them explore new and emerging applications.

This book describes solid surfaces and their properties on both small and large scales. It look at how atoms and molecules interact with surfaces and how and why they subsequently react and/or behave. The book is written for undergraduates, and builds on their knowledge from their first year. It reflects the striking advances made in recent years through the study of well defined single crystal surfaces.

The production of renewable electricity and the resulting surplus leads us to ask: how can the use of hydrogen improve the green energy portfolio? The 2nd Edition of Power-to-Gas covers the production of hydrogen via electrolysis, its storage or conversion in another form. It emphasises new technologies and global energy consumption, markets, and logistics. New data is added throughout the 2nd edition in the numerous case studies explored.

This textbook presents a concise comparison of catalytic and biocatalytic systems outlining their catalytic properties and peculiarities. Moreover, it presents a brief introduction to the science of catalysis and attempts to unify different catalytic systems into a single, conceptually coherent structure. In fact, molecular dynamics and complexity may occur in both catalysts and biocatalysts, with many similarities in both their structural configuration and operational mechanisms. Moreover, the interactions between the different components of the catalytic system that are important in defining the overall activity, including the nature of active sites are discussed. Each chapter includes end of chapter questions supported by an online instructor solution manual. This textbook will be useful for undergraduate and graduate chemistry and biochemistry students.

This book reviews the challenges and opportunities posed by flow chemistry in drug discovery, and offers a handy reference tool for medicinal chemists interested in the synthesis of biologically active compounds. Prepared by expert contributors, the respective chapters cover not only fundamental methodologies and reactions, such as the application of catalysis, especially biocatalysis and organocatalysis; and non-conventional activation techniques, from photochemistry to electrochemistry; but also the development of new process windows, processes and reactions in drug synthesis. Particular attention is given to automatization and library synthesis, which are of great importance in the pharmaceutical industry. Readers will also find coverage on selected topics of general interest, such as how flow chemistry is contributing to drug discovery R&D in developing countries, and the green character of this enabling technology, for example in the production of raw materials for the pharmaceutical industry from waste. Given its scope, the book appeals to medicinal chemistry researchers working in academia and industry alike, as well as professionals involved in scale-up and drug development.

This book proposes a novel concept for molecular recognition. In the field of asymmetric synthesis approaching the mature science, asymmetric discrimination and catalytic synthesis of chiral supramolecules still stand as unsolved problems. The extreme difficulty in asymmetric synthesis of such supramolecules may result from the mobile nature of supramolecular chirality. Here the author shows the first highly enantioselective synthesis of mechanically chiral supramolecules. In the presence of a chiral organocatalyst, a mechanically planar chiral rotaxane was obtained with p erfect enantiopurity (>99% ee) with an excellent selectivity. The dynamic and flexible recognition mode enabled asymmetric synthesis of supramolecules with conformational flexibility and mobility. The recognition mode of the catalyst is a contrast to the traditional static and rigid recognition mode of the typical conventional catalysts. The concept of dynamic molecular recognition will be adopted as a novel concept in a wide range of fields beyond the field of organic chemistry, including material chemistry, biochemistry, and medicinal chemistry.

This book comprises a detailed overview on the role of photocatalysts for environmental remediation, hydrogen production and carbon dioxide reduction. Effective ways to enhance the photocatalytic activity of the material via doping, hybrid material, laser light and nanocomposites have been discussed in this book. The book also further elaborates the role of metal nanoparticles, rare earth doping, sensitizers, surface oxygen vacancy, interface engineering and band gap engineering for enhancing the photocatalytic activity. An approach to recover the photocatalytic material via immobilization is also presented. This book brings to light much of the recent research in the development of such semiconductor photocatalytic systems. The book will thus be of relevance to researchers in the field of: material science, environmental science & technology, photocatalytic applications, newer methods of energy generation & conversion and industrial applications.

This book presents the synthetic methodologies as well as the properties and potential usage of various ruthenium-containing materials. Starting from the first examples of 'ruthenopolymers' reported in the 1970s to the 3D architectures now synthesized, these materials have shown their importance far beyond fundamental polymer science. As well as highlighting the remarkable properties and versatile applications, this book also addresses a key question related to the applications of such heavy-metal-containing materials from the perspective of achieving a sustainable future. This book is of interest to both materials scientists and chemists in academia and industry.

This book is part of a two-volume work that offers a unique blend of information on realistic evaluations of catalyst-based synthesis processes using green chemistry principles and the environmental sustainability applications of such processes for biomass conversion, refining, and petrochemical production. The volumes provide a comprehensive resource of state-of-the-art technologies and green chemistry methodologies from researchers, academics, and chemical and manufacturing industrial scientists. The work will be of interest to professors, researchers, and practitioners in clean energy catalysis, green chemistry, chemical engineering and manufacturing, and environmental sustainability. This volume focuses on the potentials, recent advances, and future prospects of catalysis for biomass conversion and value-added chemicals production via green catalytic routes. Readers are presented with a mechanistic framework assessing the development of product selective catalytic processes for biomass and biomass-derived feedstock conversion. The book offers a unique combination of contributions from experts working on both lab-scale and industrial catalytic processes and provides insight into the use of various catalytic materials (e.g., mineral acids, heteropolyacid, metal catalysts, zeolites, metal oxides) for clean energy production and environmental sustainability.

This book is part of a two-volume work that offers a unique blend of information on realistic evaluations of catalyst-based synthesis processes using green chemistry principles and the environmental sustainability applications of such processes for biomass conversion, refining, and petrochemical production. The volumes provide a comprehensive resource of state-of-the-art technologies and green chemistry methodologies from researchers, academics, and chemical and manufacturing industrial scientists. The work will be of interest to professors, researchers, and practitioners in clean energy catalysis, green chemistry, chemical engineering and manufacturing, and environmental sustainability. This volume focuses on catalyst synthesis and green chemistry applications for petrochemical and refining processes. While most books on the subject focus on catalyst use for conventional crude, fuel-oriented refineries, this book emphasizes recent transitions to petrochemical refineries with the goal of evaluating how green chemistry applications can produce clean energy through petrochemical industrial means. The majority of the chapters are contributed by industrial researchers and technicians and address various petrochemical processes, including hydrotreating, hydrocracking, flue gas treatment and isomerization catalysts.

This book introduces recent progress in preparation and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structures for attractive design of catalyst materials. Core-shell nanostructures with active core particles covered directly with an inert shell can perform as highly active and selective catalysts with long lifetimes. Yolk-shell nanostructures consisting of catalytically active core particles encapsulated by hollow materials are an emerging class of nanomaterials. The enclosed void space is expected to be useful for encapsulation and compartmentation of guest molecules, and the outer shell acts as a physical barrier to protect the guest molecules from the surrounding environment. Furthermore, the tunability and functionality in the core and the shell regions can offer new catalytic properties, rendering them attractive platform materials for the design of heterogeneous catalysts. This book describes the recent development of such unique nanostructures to design effective catalysts which can lead to new chemical processes. It provides an excellent guide for design and application of core-shell and yolk-shell structured catalysts for a wide range of readers working on design of attractive catalysts, photocatalysts, and electrocatalysts for energy, environmental, and green chemical processes.

This new volume "Iridium Catalysts for Organic Reactions" in the series "Topics in Organometallic Chemistry" intends to update several representative well-known reactions and to introduce other less known or new reactions in particular covering sustainability aspects. Iridium complexes are efficient in many catalytic homogeneous transformations providing high efficiency in both results, activity and selectivity. The interest of the book lies in the presentation of the advances, new perspectives and application in a variety of representative iridium-catalysed reaction. All chapters in the volume are contributed by relevant international experts in the field. The book is aimed at researchers, graduate students and synthetic chemists at all levels in academia and industry.

This book provides the reader with a comprehensive introduction to the topic of organometallic chemistry. With an easy to follow structure covering both nontransition metals and transition metals as well as the applications of organometallic reagents in organic synthesis, this book is a must-have for the organometallic chemist.