After the great success now in its 2nd Edition:This textbook covers all aspects of catalysis, including computational methods, industrial applications and green chemistry.

This book presents a range of nanocatalysts, together with their primary environmental applications and use in chemical production processes. In addition, it describes the nanomaterials used for catalysts and details their performance. The book introduces readers to the fundamentals and applications of nanocatalysis, synthesis, characterization, modification and application. Further topics include: landfill organic pollutant photodegradation; magnetic photocatalysis; synergistic effects on hydrogenated TiO2; and photoinduced fusion of gold-semiconductor nanoparticles. A detailed explanation of the chemistry of nanostructures and the ability to control materials at the nano-scale rounds out the coverage. Given the central importance of research in nanotechnology and nanoscience for the development of new catalysts, the book offers a valuable source of information for researchers and academics alike. It will also benefit industrial engineers and production managers who wish to understand the environmental impact of nanocatalysts.

This book presents a detailed history of chemical warfare development during the First World War and discusses design approaches to gas masks and the performance of new filter materials that decontaminate chemical warfare agents (CWA) when applied in the vapor phase. It describes multifunctional nanocomposites containing zinc and zirconium (hydr)oxides, graphite oxide and silver or gold nanoparticles as reactive adsorbents for the degradation of the CWAs vapors. In addition it examines in detail the surface properties that are most important in the mineralization performance.

The series Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry presents critical reviews on present and future trends in the research of heterocyclic compounds. Overall the scope is to cover topics dealing with all areas within heterocyclic chemistry, both experimental and theoretical, of interest to the general heterocyclic chemistry community. The series consists of topic related volumes edited by renowned editors with contributions of experts in the field. All chapters from Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry are published Online First with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Heterocyclic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Heterocycl Chem and cited as a journal.

The book illuminates various aspects of heterogeneous catalysis engineering, from catalysis design, catalyst preparation and characterization, reaction kinetics, mass transfer, and catalytic reactors to the implementation of catalysts in chemical technology. Aimed at graduate students, it is also a useful resource for professionals working in research and development.

Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis

Series Editors: Eric Derouane (Universidade do Algarve, Faro, and Instituto Superior Tecnico, Lisbon, Portugal)

Ivan V. Kozhevnikov (University of Liverpool, UK)

Stanley M Roberts (University of Manchester, UK)

Catalysts are increasingly used by chemists engaged in fine chemical synthesis within both industry and academia. Today, there is a huge choice of high-tech catalysts that adds enormously to the repertoire of synthetic possibilities. However, catalysts are occasionally capricious, sometimes difficult to use and almost always require both skill and experience in order to achieve optimal results. This series offers practical help for advanced undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate students, as well as experienced chemists in industry and academia working with catalysts in organic and organometallic synthesis. It features tested and validated procedures, authoritative reviews on classes of catalysts, and assessments of all types of catalysts.

Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis, Volume 5: Regio- and Stereo-Controlled Oxidations and Reductions

Editors: Stanley M. Roberts and John Whittall, (University of Manchester, UK)

Volume 5 in the series "Catalysts for Fine Chemical Synthesis" describes new procedures for the regio- and stereo-controlled transformations of compounds involving oxidation or reduction reactions. A wide range of catalysts are described, including organometallic systems, biocatalysts and biomimetics. Conversions that are discussed include: asymmetric hydrogenation of alkenes, enones, ene-esters and ene-acids asymmetric reduction of ketones imine reduction and reductive amination oxidation ofprimary and secondary alcohols hydroxylation, epoxidation and related reactions oxidation of ketones to lactones or enones oxidative C-C coupling oxidation of sulfides and sulfoxides

"Regio- and Stereo-Controlled Oxidations and Reductions" is a "how-to" practical guide with protocols detailed by the authors who have discovered the new transformations. The source of starting materials and reagents, hints, tips and safety advice (where appropriate) are given to ensure, as far as possible, that the procedures are reproducible. Comparisons to alternative methodology are given and relevant references to the primary literature are cited. In order to put the different procedures into proper context, the editors provide a short overview of recent developments in the field of oxidations and reductions.

This book is an important text for practising synthetic organic chemists in industry and academia.

This book is devoted to various aspects of self-assembly of gold nanoparticles at liquid-liquid interfaces and investigation of their properties. It covers primarily two large fields: (i) self-assembly of nanoparticles and optical properties of these assemblies; and (ii) the role of nanoparticles in redox electrocatalysis at liquid-liquid interfaces. The first part aroused from a long-lasting idea to manipulate adsorption of nanoparticles at liquid-liquid with an external electric field to form 'smart' mirrors and/or filters. Therefore, Chapters 3 to 5 are dedicated to explore fundamental aspects of charged nanoparticles self-assembly and to investigate optical properties (extinction and reflectance) in a through manner. Novel tetrathiafulvalene (TTF)-assisted method leads to self-assembly of nanoparticles into cm-scale nanofilms or, so-called, metal liquid-like droplets (MeLLDs) with remarkable optical properties. The second part (Chapters 6 to 8) clarifies the role of nanoparticles in interfacial electron transfer reactions. They demonstrate how nanoparticles are charged and discharged upon equilibration of Fermi levels with redox couples in solution and how it can be used to perform HER and ORR. Finally, Chapter 9 gives a perspective outlook, including applications of suggested methods in fast, one-step preparation of colloidosomes, SERS substrates as well as pioneer studies on so-called Marangony-type shutters drive by the electric field.

This volume describes the recent developments in the free-radical mediated synthesis and elaboration of heterocycles. The first chapter, dealing with radical cascade processes illustrates the power and the beauty of radical chemistry with some striking examples of total synthesis of complex natural heterocycles. As organic chemists strive towards sustainability, radical chemistry has recently seen major advances and efforts in this direction, including C-H activation of arenes and unactivated alkyl groups. Photochemical activation, for a long time the preferred mode of activation in radical chemistry has also seen an unexpected revival with the advent of visible light metal- and organocatalyzed photoredox processes. A survey of these emerging areas is provided along with the concepts at the origin of these developments. The venerable Minisci reaction allows for direct access to functionalized heterocycles. This process has lately seen an interesting renaissance and is discussed in this volume. Addition of heteroatom-centered radicals onto unsaturated systems constitutes another powerful method to construct heterocycles. Examples of such a strategy are proposed along with the formation of various heterocycles relying on homolytic substitution at sulfur, phosphorus and selenium. Additionally free-radical functionalization of reactive functional groups including isonitriles, isothiocyanates and related unsaturated systems which offer a straightforward route towards useful aromatic and non-aromatic heterocycles are discussed. Finally, as metals are able to trigger single electron transfer both in reductive and oxidative modes this provides another possibility for the synthesis of heterocycles. Significant research efforts have focused on the use of samarium, copper and other metals to access a broad variety of heterocycles in a single pot process, starting from readily available raw material. Examples and mechanistic insights are discussed by experts in this area.

This book presents carbon nanotubes as a potential material for the development of new waste water treatment technologies. Reviews on adsorption, catalysis, membrane, filtration and desinfection methods are provided. A special chapter presents the use of carbon nanotubes to sense and monitor water pollutants. The text underlies each technology and process as well as the current commercialization efforts. Research gaps are highlighted at the end with links to further reading material in the field.

This thesis discusses the use of asymmetric organic catalysis for the direct enantioselective synthesis of complex chiral molecules, and by addressing the many aspects of both vinylogy and atropisomerism, it appeals to researchers and scholars interested in both areas. Organocatalysis is a relatively modern and "hot" topic in the chemical community; it is constantly expanding and its use has been extended to interesting areas like vinylogous reactivity and atropisomerism. Vinylogous systems are very important for their synthetic applications but also pose a number of challenges, the most notable of which are their reduced reactivity and the reduced stereocontrol at these positions. On the other hand, atropisomeric systems are even more important because of the huge potential they have as drugs, ligands and catalysts. Chemists have only recently "recognized" the importance of these two areas and are focusing their efforts on studying them and the challenges they pose. This thesis offers an extensive introduction on the general aspects of chirality and organocatalysis and an equally extensive experimental section that allow nonexperts to understand the discussion section and reproduce the experiments.

This book introduces the reader to the state of the art in nanostructured anode and cathode electrocatalysts for low-temperature acid and alkaline fuel cells. It explores the electrocatalysis of anode (oxidation of organic molecules) and cathode (oxygen reduction) reactions. It also offers insights into metal-carbon interactions, correlating them with the catalytic activity of the electrochemical reactions. The book explores the electrocatalytic behaviour of materials based on noble metals and their alloys, as well as metal-metal oxides and metal-free nanostructures. It also discusses the surface and structural modification of carbon supports to enhance the catalytic activity of electrocatalysts for fuel-cell reactions.

This book presents recent advances in and perspectives on the use of organoselenium compounds, primarily highlighting the new frontiers in the field of Green Chemistry, their therapeutic and biological relevance and new materials. Throughout its 200 pages, readers will find an updated and comprehensive review of new aspects of organoselenium chemistry and biochemistry. Fully referenced and written in an easy to read style, it offers readers a primary resource for including organoselenium derivatives in their projects. This book will be of interest to specialists, students and researchers involved in a broad range of fields, from synthetic green chemistry to medicinal chemistry and the chemistry of natural products. The connection between organoselenium compounds and green chemistry, despite having only recently emerged, is one of the subjects of this book. The first chapter highlights the use of Se-containing molecules as reagents and catalysts in new green protocols to access important organic transformations. The book provides a wealth of examples of bioactive Se-containing molecules, especially focusing on those with potential therapeutic uses. The second chapter focuses on the state of the art concerning the role of organoselenium compounds as antioxidants, GPx mimics, and derivatives endowed with different bioactive properties. "Organoselenium in nature" is the title of the third chapter, which equips readers with essential information on the main natural organoselenium compounds and where they are found. Selected aspects of the metabolism of selenium in plants and microorganisms are also discussed. In closing, the book includes a chapter dedicated to recent advances concerning the nonbonding interactions between organochalcogen compounds. This is currently a hot topic in selenium chemistry and biochemistry, and here readers will find key insights into the chalcogen bond and its role in the biological activity of organoselenium compounds.

This book investigates the use of palladium modified by bulky ligands as catalysts for new chemical transformations that rapidly assemble several classes of complex heterocyles. It documents the development of new chemical reactions involving carbon-carbon (C-C) and carbon-halogen (C-X) bond formation in the context of alkene difunctionalization and dearomatization reactions. Due to the ubiquity of heterocycles in bioactive natural products and life-improving pharmaceutical treatments, a long-term goal for synthetic organic chemists has been to develop novel and creative heterocycle syntheses that illicit a high degree of product diversity and are characterized by mild reaction conditions and limited waste production. A considerable fraction of leading pharmaceutical drugs contain at least one heterocycle within their chemical structure, and their prevalence in these technologies is strong evidence that the fundamental curiosities of organic chemistry lead to real-world solutions for the health and wellness of the global population.

This thesis systematically introduces readers to a new metal-organic framework approach to fabricating nanostructured materials for electrochemical applications. Based on the metal-organic framework (MOF) approach, it also demonstrates the latest ideas on how to create optimal MOF and MOF-derived nanomaterials for electrochemical reactions under controlled conditions. The thesis offers a valuable resource for researchers who want to understand electrochemical reactions at nanoscale and optimize materials from rational design to achieve enhanced electrochemical performance. It also serves as a useful reference guide to fundamental research on advanced electrochemical energy storage materials and the synthesis of nanostructured materials.

In this thesis, the author outlines the construction of active structure and modulation of catalytic reactivity of Pt-based bi-component catalysts, from the model systems to real supported catalysts. The thesis investigates the promotion effect of the second components on catalytic performance of Pt catalysts, and presents the reversible generation of the "sandwich-like" structure of Pt-Ni catalysts, containing both surface NiO1-X and subsurface Ni by alternating redox treatments at medium temperature. With the aid of single layer graphene, the dynamic process of chemical reactions occurring on the Pt(111) surface can be visualized using in-situ LEEM and DUV-PEEM techniques, the results of which are included here. The author reveals that the graphene layer exhibits a strong confinement effect on the chemistry of molecules underneath and the intercalated CO can desorb from the Pt surface around room temperature and in UHV, which may promote the CO oxidation confined under graphene.

This book introduces carbon nanotubes as a matrix for efficient nanohybrid catalysis. The preparation and use of such materials in ultra-grade water purification is described. Simple chemical methods for purification and functionalization of carbon nanotubes prior to their use is also detailed. The author also discusses the potential use of nanotube-based nanobiohybrid catalysts in the removal of organic pollutants.

In this thesis, applications of aminoacylation ribozymes named flexizymes are described. Flexizymes have the following unique characteristics: (i) substrate RNA is recognized by two consecutive base pairs between the 3'-end of substrate RNA and the 3'-end of the flexizyme; (ii) these base pairs can be substituted with other base pairs; and (iii) various activated amino acids can be used as substrates including both canonical and noncanonical amino acids. This flexible aminoacylation of RNAs by flexizymes was used to label endogenous tRNAs to be removed, and in vitro selection using the tRNA-depleted library enabled the discovery of the novel interaction between the microRNA precursor and metabolites. Flexizymes are also used to prepare various aminoacyl-tRNAs bearing mutations at the 3'-end to engineer the translation machinery and to develop the orthogonal translation machinery. The first part of the research demonstrated that SELEX is appropriate for discovering the interaction between small RNA and ligands, and suggested that more RNA motif binding to small molecules exists in small RNAs. The second part opened a door to new opportunities for in vitro synthetic biology involving the engineering of the genetic codes and translation machineries. This research also indicated the great potential of aminoacylation by flexizymes to be applied in various fields of RNA research, which is beneficial for RNA researchers.

This outstanding thesis describes a detailed investigation into the use of low-oxidation-state group 14 complexes in catalysis, developed at the cutting edge of inorganic and organometallic chemistry. It includes the preparation of a number of landmark compounds, some of which challenge our current understanding of metal-metal bonding and low-oxidation-state main group chemistry. Among the many highlights of this thesis, the standout result is the development of the first well-defined, low- oxidation-state main group hydride systems as highly efficient catalysts in the hydroboration of carbonyl substrates, including carbon dioxide, which are as efficient as those observed in more traditional, transition-metal catalyses. These results essentially define a new subdiscipline of chemistry.

This book highlights the recent advances and state of the art in the use of functionalized nanostructured environments on catalysis. Nanoconfinements considered include well-defined molecular cages, imprinted self-assembled supramolecules, polymers made by living or controlled polymerization, metallorganic frameworks, carbon nanotubes, mesoporous inorganic solids, and hybrids thereof. Advantages of nanoconfinement of catalysts discussed include higher activities, improved selectivities, catalyst stabilization, cooperativity effects, simplified protocols for cascade syntheses, better catalyst recovery, and recyclability. The multiple applications that these materials offer are revolutionizing industrial sectors such as energy, electronics, sensors, biomedicine, and separation technology.

This thesis focuses on NHC-catalyzed annulation of nitroalkenes, enals and , -unsaturated carboxylic acids. (1) NHCs were found to be efficient catalysts for the [4+2] annulation of -substituted nitroalkenes. The scope of Rauhut-Currier reaction was successfully extended to the most challenging -substituted alkenes by this method; (2) Enals were successfully used for [4+2] annulations with azodicarboxylates catalyzed by NHC via -addition. Highly enantiopure tetrahydropyridazinones and -amino acid derivatives could be easily prepared by subsequent transformations of the resulting dihydropyridazinones. (4) The readily available , -unsaturated carboxylic acids were first successfully employed to generate the , -unsaturated acyl azolium intermediates by using NHC for the enantioselective [3+2] and [3+3] annulations.

This handbook is a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, graduate students, managers, decision makers, and those who are interested in ionic liquids. Many industrial applications rely on the use of Ionic Liquid Mixtures, as in solar energy storage, waste recycling or batteries.Physicochemical Properties of Ionic Liquid Mixtures is a useful handbook that contains the following features: - the physicochemical properties and property models of mixtures containing ionic liquids - supplemented by a comprehensive database of properties listing ionic liquid systems collected from more than 800 dependable literature sources - over 60,000 data entries on 39 types of physicochemical properties for 1388 mixtures, including binary, ternary, quaternary and other mixtures.

This thesis describes the synthesis and characterization of numerous metal-metal bonded complexes that are stabilized by extremely bulky amide ligands. It provides a comprehensive overview of the field, including discussions on groundbreaking complexes and reactions, before presenting in detail, exciting new findings from the PhD studies. The thesis appeals to researchers, professors and chemistry undergraduates with an interest in inorganic and/or organometallic chemistry.

This book focuses on direct nitrogenation strategies to incorporate one or more N-atoms into simple substrates especially hydrocarbons via C-H and/or C-C bond cleavage, which is a green and sustainable way to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds. The book consists of seven chapters demonstrating interesting advances in the preparation of amines, amides, nitriles, carbamides, azides, and N-heterocyclic compounds and illustrating the mechanisms of these novel transformations. It offers an accessible introduction to nitrogenation reactions for chemists involved in N-compound synthesis and those interested in discovering new reagents and reactions. Ning Jiao is a Professor of Chemistry at Peking University, China.

This thesis describes a series of investigations designed to assess the value of metalloenzymes in systems for artificial and adapted photosynthesis. The research presented explores the interplay between inherent enzyme properties such as structure, rates and thermodynamics, and the properties of the semiconducting materials to which the enzyme is attached. Author, Andreas Bachmeier provides a comprehensive introduction to the interdisciplinary field of artificial photosynthesis, allowing the reader to grasp the latest approaches being investigated, from molecular systems to heterogeneous surface catalysis. Bachmeier's work also uses metalloenzymes to highlight the importance of reversible catalysts in removing the burden of poor electrocatalytic rates and efficiencies which are common characteristics for most artificial photosynthesis systems. Overall, this thesis provides newcomers and students in the field with evidence that metalloenzymes can be used to establish new directions in artificial photosynthesis research.

This unique thesis discusses the development of conceptually novel and synthetically valuable methods that use visible light photocatalysis. Each chapter addresses a different topic in the emerging field of photocatalysis, which has become an indispensable tool for organic synthesis. Photocatalysis employs environmentally harmless and abundant visible light in the presence of a photosensitizer, and as such offers an attractive alternative to harmful UV light in photo-mediated reactions. This book introduces the novel concept of merging gold catalysis with visible light photocatalysis in a dual catalytic fashion, which demonstrates their compatibility with each other for first time and has inspired the development of various reactions. Moreover, a novel trifluoromethylation method, which combines radical addition chemistry with a polar rearrangement to synthesize valuable fluorinated compounds, is presented, since compounds featuring fluorinated functionality are the subject of increasing attention in pharmaceutical, agrochemical and material research. It also develops an external photocatalyst-free photochemical method for the synthesis of valuable indolizine heterocycles, where the product mediates its own formation. Lastly, it describes the synthesis and characterization of two novel highly porous metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). The comprehensive text is rounded out with illustrations and color figures.