hemistry is the science about breaking and forming of bonds between atoms. One of the most important processes for organic chemistry is breaking bonds C-H, as well as C-C in various compounds, and primarily, in hydrocarbons. Among hydrocarbons, saturated hydrocarbons, alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, hexane etc. ), are especially attractive as substrates for chemical transformations. This is because, on the one hand, alkanes are the main constituents of oil and natural gas, and consequently are the principal feedstocks for chemical industry. On the other hand, these substances are known to be the less reactive organic compounds. Saturated hydrocarbons may be called the "noble gases of organic chemistry" and, if so, the first representative of their family - methane - may be compared with extremely inert helium. As in all comparisons, this parallel between noble gases and alkanes is not fully accurate. Indeed the transformations of alkanes, including methane, have been known for a long time. These reactions involve the interaction with molecular oxygen from air (burning - the main source of energy!), as well as some mutual interconversions of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. However, all these transformations occur at elevated temperatures (higher than 300-500 DegreesC) and are usually characterized by a lack of selectivity. The conversion of alkanes into carbon dioxide and water during burning is an extremely valuable process - but not from a chemist viewpoint.

This book provides an overview of the latest developments in the field of nanoparticle catalysis. It not only discusses established topics in detail, but also explores several emerging topics. Catalysis with nanoparticles is expanding exponentially and is attracting significant interest due to the many exciting findings being reported. Mastering the synthesis, characterization, stabilization and use of these catalysts offers numerous possibilities that far exceed those of classic heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis.

This book introduces readers to the use of formic acid for efficient organic synthesis. It describes the N-methylation of aromatic and aliphatic amines with formic acid using a boron-based catalyst [B(C6F5)3] in combination with silanes and without the need for an expensive transition metal catalyst. It also shows that formic acid interacts with alkynes and allyl alcohols through a carbonylation process that generates carbon monoxide in situ from nickel and palladium catalysis, respectively, doing away with the need to use high-pressure CO gas and offering a user-friendly and practical method for preparing functionalized , - and , -unsaturated carboxylic acids. The findings presented not only enrich the field of 'C1 chemistry,' but also support the advancement of green and sustainable chemistry.

There is an increasing challenge for chemical industry and research institutions to find cost-efficient and environmentally sound methods of converting natural resources into fuels chemicals and energy. Catalysts are essential to these processes and the Catalysis Specialist Periodical Report series serves to highlight major developments in this area. This series provides systematic and detailed reviews of topics of interest to scientists and engineers in the catalysis field. The coverage includes all major areas of heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis and also specific applications of catalysis such as NOx control kinetics and experimental techniques such as microcalorimetry. Each chapter is compiled by recognised experts within their specialist fields and provides a summary of the current literature. This series will be of interest to all those in academia and industry who need an up-to-date critical analysis and summary of catalysis research and applications. Catalysis will be of interest to anyone working in academia and industry that needs an up-to-date critical analysis and summary of catalysis research and applications. Specialist Periodical Reports provide systematic and detailed review coverage in major areas of chemical research. Compiled by teams of leading experts in their specialist fields, this series is designed to help the chemistry community keep current with the latest developments in their field. Each volume in the series is published either annually or biennially and is a superb reference point for researchers. www.rsc.org/spr

Georgia S. Lemen and John P. Wolfe: Palladium-Catalyzed sp2C-N Bond Forming Reactions: Recent Developments and Applications.- Arkaitz Correa and Carsten Bolm: Metal-catalyzed C(sp2)-N bond formation.- Yongwen Jiang and Dawei Ma: Assembly of N-containing heterocycles via Pd and Cu-catalyzed C-N bond formation reactions.- Mannepalli Lakshmi Kantam, Venkat Reddy Chintareddy, P. Srinivas, Suresh Bhargava: Recent Developments in Recyclable Copper Catalyst Systems for C?N Bond Forming Cross-Coupling Reactions Using Aryl Halides and Arylboronic Acids.- Florian Monnier and Marc Taillefer: Copper-Catalyzed C(aryl)-N Bond Formation.

This volume provides an overview of recent developments and scope in the use of flow chemistry in relevance to heterocyclic synthesis. The heterocyclic ring is the most prominent structural motif in the vast majority of natural products as well as pharmaceutical compounds since this facilitates tuneable interactions with the biological target besides conferring a degree of structural and metabolic stability. In recent times, flow chemistry has heralded a paradigm shift in organic synthesis as it offers several unique advantages over conventional methods like drastic acceleration of sluggish transformations, enhanced yields, cleaner reactions etc and is gradually gaining a lot of attention among organic chemist worldwide. Given the importance of heterocycles in natural products, medicinal chemistry and pharmaceuticals, this is a well warranted volume and complements the previous volume of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry 'Organometallic Flow Chemistry'. This volume offers a versatile overview of the topic, besides discussing the recent progress in the flourishing area of flow chemistry in relevance to heterocyclic chemistry; it will also help researchers to better understand the chemistry behind these reactions. This in turn provides a platform for future innovations towards the designing of novel transformations under continuous flow. Thus, this volume will appeal to both the novices in this field as well as to experts in academia and industry.

This book provides a powerful source to develop new, rapid and highly efficient materials for the application in various fields of oil and gas. It focuses on the synthesis, characterization and applications of various Nanomaterials, presenting the state-of-the-art in developments and innovations in nanocomposites. This book provides the complete practical and theoretical information about the synthesis of nanoparticles with potential use in the field of oil and gas.

Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis presents the groundbreaking discoveries, recent developments, and future perspectives of one of the most important areas of renewable energy research-the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels. Comprised of chapters authored by leading experts in the field, this authoritative text: Focuses primarily on the state-of-the-art catalysts and catalytic processes anticipated to play a pivotal role in the production of fuels Describes production of fuels from renewable sources using environmentally friendly technologies Exposes the advantages and disadvantages of each production process Suggests solutions to minimize the impact of fuel transportation Conveys the importance of catalysis for the sustainable production of fuels Fuel Production with Heterogeneous Catalysis delivers a comprehensive overview of the current state of the art of the heterogeneous catalytic production of fuels, providing reaction mechanism schemes, engineering solutions, valuable industry insights, and more.

The book deals with the environmentally friendly cleaning materials functionalized with TiO2, a widely known semiconductor giving rise to redox reactions under artificial or solar irradiation. The role of Titanium dioxide in the worldwide community is introduced first. The fundamental working principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis follow and a critical section on the semiconductor bulk and surface properties open the way to the differences between TiO2 blend features with respect to analogous thin film layouts. Then follows the main section of the book which deals with the techniques applied to manufactured commercial devices, ranging from glasses to textiles and from concrete and other construction materials to paintings. Also road asphalt and other devices, such as photocatalytic air conditioning machines are outlined. Last generation materials, not yet commercialized, and the deposition techniques applied to prepare them are also widely discussed. The final part of the book covers the difficult and modern topic of standardization and comparison of performance of photocatalytic processes and in particular the guidelines proposed by various worldwide organizations for standardization are discussed. The book covers the general matters as well as the practical applications with the supporting methods discussed in detail. This book brings together a team of highly experienced and well-published experts in the field, providing a comprehensive view of the applications of supported titanium dioxide.

The topic of this thesis is catalytic conversion of non-food, abundant, and renewable biomass such as cellulose and chitin to chemicals. In biorefinery, chemical transformation of polymers to valuable compounds has attracted worldwide interest for building sustainable societies. First, the current situation of this hot research area has been summarized well in the general introduction of the thesis, which helps readers to become familiar with this topic. Next, the author explains high-yielding production of glucose from cellulose by using an alkali-activated carbon as a catalyst, resulting in a yield of glucose as high as 88%, which is one of the highest yields ever reported. The characterization of carbon materials has indicated that weak acid sites on the catalyst promote the reaction, which is markedly different from reported catalytic systems that require strong acids. In addition, the first catalytic transformation of chitin with retention of N-acetyl groups has been developed. The combination of mechanocatalytic hydrolysis and thermal solvolysis enables the production of N-acetylated monomers in good yields of up to 70%. The catalytic systems demonstrated in this thesis are unique in the fields of both chemistry and chemical engineering, and their high efficiencies can contribute to green and sustainable chemistry in the future. Meanwhile, mechanistic studies based on characterization, thermodynamics, kinetics, and model reactions have also been performed to reveal the roles of catalysts during the reactions. The results will be helpful for readers to design and develop new catalysts and reaction systems.

This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems.

This book provides researchers in the fields of organic chemistry, organometallic chemistry and homogeneous catalysis with an overview of significant recent developments in the area of metal-ligand cooperativity, with a focus on pincer architectures. The various contributions highlight the widespread impact of M-L co-operativity phenomena on modern organometallic chemistry and catalyst development. The development of efficient and selective catalytic transformations relies on the understanding and fine control of the various elementary reactions that constitutes a catalytic cycle. Co-operative ligands, which actively participate in bond making and bond breaking together to the metal they support, open up new avenues in this area. In particular, buttressing a weak or reactive metal-ligand bond by flanking coordinating arms in a pincer ligand design is proving a versatile strategy to access robust metal complexes that exhibit unusual and selective reactivity patterns.

Advances in Catalysis, Volume 61, fills the gap between journal papers and textbooks across the diverse areas of catalysis research. For more than 60 years, this series has dedicated itself to record and present the latest progress in the field of catalysis, providing the scientific community with comprehensive and authoritative reviews. This series is an invaluable and comprehensive resource for chemical engineers and chemists working in the field of catalysis in both academia and industry.

The series Topics in Current Chemistry presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in modern chemical research. The scope of coverage is all areas of chemical science including the interfaces with related disciplines such as biology, medicine and materials science.The goal of each thematic volume is to give the non-specialist reader, whether in academia or industry, a comprehensive insight into an area where new research is emerging which is of interest to a larger scientific audience.Each review within the volume critically surveys one aspect of that topic and places it within the context of the volume as a whole. The most significant developments of the last 5 to 10 years are presented using selected examples to illustrate the principles discussed. The coverage is not intended to be an exhaustive summary of the field or include large quantities of data, but should rather be conceptual, concentrating on the methodological thinking that will allow the non-specialist reader to understand the information presented. Contributions also offer an outlook on potential future developments in the field.Review articles for the individual volumes are invited by the volume editors.Readership: research chemists at universities or in industry, graduate students

Advances in Catalysis, Volume 60 fills the gap between journal papers and textbooks across the diverse areas of catalysis research, with this updated volume in the series covering Advances in Photocatalysis, Advances in Catalysis for Biomass Conversion, Advances in Catalysis for Methanol to Olefin Conversion, and Advances in Catalysis for Syngas Conversion to Hydrocarbons. For more than 60 years, this series has dedicated itself to record and present the latest progress in the field of catalysis, providing the scientific community with comprehensive and authoritative reviews. It is an invaluable and comprehensive resource for chemical engineers and chemists working in the field of catalysis in both academia and industry.

Encapsulated Catalysts provides valuable information for chemists, chemical engineers, and materials scientists in this promising area. The book describes many kinds of encapsulated catalysts and their applications in chemistry, including organic, inorganic, hybrid, and biological systems. Unlike other works, which discuss traditional supports, this useful resource uniquely focuses on extremely important topics, such as the encapsulation effects on reactivity and selectivity, the difficulty of their separation from reaction mixture, and/or their sensitivity to reaction conditions, and the limit of their industrial applications. In addition, the book covers the immobilization of homogenous catalysts on inorganic or organic supports and how it enables the separation of homogenous catalysts, as well as the protection or reuse of catalysts.

Homogeneous catalysis using transition metal complexes is an area of research that has grown enormously in recent years. Many amazing catalytic discoveries have been reported by researchers both in industry and in academia.
Homogeneous Catalysis: Understanding the Art gives real insight in the many new and old reactions of importance. It is based on the author's extensive experience in both teaching and industrial practice. Each chapter starts with the basic knowledge and ends with up-to-date concepts.
The focus of this book is on concepts, but many key industrial processes and applications that are important in the laboratory synthesis of organic chemicals are used as examples. The full range of topics is covered, such as fine chemicals, bulk chemicals, polymers, high-tech polymers, pharmaceuticals, but also important techniques and reaction types among other aspects. For a few reactions the process schemes, environmental concerns and safety aspects are included, to encourage catalyst researchers to think about these topics at an early stage of their projects and to communicate with chemical engineers, customers and the end-users.
Homogeneous Catalysis: Understanding the Art provides a balanced overview of the vibrant and growing field of homogeneous catalysis to chemists trained in different disciplines and to graduate students who take catalysis as a main or secondary subject. This book is an invaluable tool for practising professionals and academia, including:

• Chemists in academia with an inorganic, organic, catalytic, etc., chemistry background;
• PhD-students in these fields, and advanced students;
• Research Institutes of Petrochemical industries;
• Fine-chemical industries;
• Pharmaceutical industries;
• Chemical Laboratories of Universities for Organic, Industrial, Inorganic, and Physical Chemistry, and Catalysis;
• Graduate schools.

Currently, there is no other book available that gives insight into so many reactions of importance, while the field of homogeneous catalysis is becoming more and more important to organic chemists, industrial chemists, and academia. This book will provide this background to chemists trained in a different discipline and graduate and masters students who take catalysis as a main or secondary topic.

Research on designing new catalytic systems has been one of the most important fields in modern organic chemistry. One reason for this is the predominant contribution of catalysis to the concepts of atom economy and green chemistry in the 21st century. Gold, considered catalytically inactive for a long time, is now a fascinating partner of modern chemistry, as scientists such as Bond, Teles, Haruta, Hutchings, Ito and Hayashi opened new perspectives for the whole synthetic chemist community. This book presents the major advances in homogeneous catalysis, emphasizing the methodologies that create carbon-carbon and carbon-heteroatom bonds, the applications that create diversity and synthesize natural products, and the recent advances and challenges in asymmetric catalysis and computational research.It provides readers with in-depth information about homogeneous gold-catalyzed reactions and presents several explanations for the scientific design of a catalyst. Readers will be able to understand the entire gold area and find solutions to problems in catalysis.Gold Catalysis - An Homogeneous Approach is part of the Catalytic Science Series and features prominent authors who are experts in their respective fields.

This book presents specific key natural and artificial systems that are promising biocatalysts in the areas of health, agriculture, environment and energy. It provides a comprehensive account of the state of the art of these systems and outlines the significant progress made in the last decade using these systems to develop innovative, sustainable and environmentally friendly solutions. Chapters from expert contributors explore how natural enzymes and artificial systems tackle specific targets such as: climate change, carbon footprint and economy and carbon dioxide utilisation; nitrogen footprint and fixation and nitrous oxide mitigation; hydrogen production, fuel cells and energy from bacteria; biomass transformation and production of added-value compounds, as well as biosensors development. This book provides an important and inspiring account for the designing of new natural and artificial systems with enhanced properties, and it appeals not only to students and researchers working in the fields of energy, health, food and environment, but also to a wider audience of educated readers that are interested in these up-to-date and exciting subjects.Chapter "Carbon Dioxide Utilisation-The Formate Route" is available open access under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License via link.springer.com.

The field of asymmetric catalysis is currently one of the hottest areas in chemistry. This unique book focuses on the mechanism of enantioselectivity in asymmetric catalysis, rather than asymmetric catalysis from the synthetic view. It describes reliable, experimentally and computationally supported mechanisms, and discusses the danger of so-called "plausible" or "accepted" mechanisms leading to wrong conclusions. It draws parallels to enzymatic catalysis in biochemistry, and examines in detail the physico-chemical aspects of enantioselective catalysis.

The series Topics in Organometallic Chemistry presents critical overviews of research results in organometallic chemistry. As our understanding of organometallic structure, properties and mechanisms increases, new ways are opened for the design of organometallic compounds and reactions tailored to the needs of such diverse areas as organic synthesis, medical research, biology and materials science. Thus the scope of coverage includes a broad range of topics of pure and applied organometallic chemistry, where new breakthroughs are being achieved that are of significance to a larger scientific audience. The individual volumes of Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are thematic. Review articles are generally invited by the volume editors. All chapters from Topics in Organometallic Chemistry are published OnlineFirst with an individual DOI. In references, Topics in Organometallic Chemistry is abbreviated as Top Organomet Chem and cited as a journal.

Gold has traditionally been regarded as inactive as a catalytic metal. However, the advent of nanoparticulate gold on high surface area oxide supports has demonstrated its high catalytic activity in many chemical reactions. Gold is active as a heterogeneous catalyst in both gas and liquid phases, and complexes catalyse reactions homogeneously in solution. Many of the reactions being studied will lead to new application areas for catalysis by gold in pollution control, chemical processing, sensors and fuel cell technology. This book describes the properties of gold, the methods for preparing gold catalysts and ways to characterise and use them effectively in reactions. The reaction mechanisms and reasons for the high activities are discussed and the applications for gold catalysis considered.

Valentine P. Ananikov, Irina P. Beletskaya: Alkyne and alkene insertion into metal-heteroatom and metal-hydrogen bonds the key stages of hydrofunctionalization process.- Akihiko Ishii* and Norio Nakata: The Mechanism for Transition Metal-Catalyzed Hydrochalcogenation of Unsaturated Organic Molecules.- A. L. Reznichenko and Kai C. Hultzsch: Early Transition Metal (Group 3-5, Lanthanides and Actinides) and Main Group Metal (Group 1, 2, and 13) Catalyzed Hydroamination.- Naoko Nishina and Yoshinori Yamamoto: Late transition metal catalyzed hydroamination.- Sumod A. Pullarkat and Pak-Hing Leung: Chiral Metal Complex Promoted Asymmetric Hydrophosphinations.- Masato Tanaka: Recent Progress in Transition Metal-Catalyzed Addition Reactions of H-P(O) Compounds with Unsaturated Carbon Linkages.- Christian Bruneau: Group 8 metals-catalyzed O-H bond addition to unsaturated molecules.- Giorgio Abbiati, Egle M. Beccalli, Elisabetta Rossi: Groups 9 and 10 metals-catalyzed O-H bond addition to unsaturated molecules.- Nuria Huguet and Antonio M. Echavarren: Gold-Catalyzed O-H Bond Addition to Unsaturated Organic Molecules.- Akiya Ogawa: Transition-Metal-Catalyzed S-H and Se-H Bonds Addition to Unsaturated Molecules."

In this thesis, the focus is on the study of new catalytic properties of unsupported nanoporous metals in heterogeneous organic reactions under liquid-phase conditions. The author was the first to fabricate nanoporous copper with tunable nanoporosity and apply it for organic reactions. The catalyst can be reused up to ten times without loss of catalytic activity. In addition, the author developed the highly selective semihydrogenation of alkynes using nanoporous gold as a catalyst for the first time, affording Z-alkenes in 100% selectivity, which cannot be realized by traditional catalysts. All of the results described here will help readers to develop new catalytic performance of nanoporous metals for organic reactions.

Catalysis for Sustainability: Goals, Challenges, and Impacts explores the intersection between catalytic science and sustainable technologies as a means to addressing current economic, social, and environmental problems. These problems include harnessing alternative energy sources, pollution prevention and remediation, and the manufacturing of commodity products. The book describes the nature of catalysis regarding sustainability and presents challenges to accomplishing sustainability as well as the significance of proven or potential success. The contributors have backgrounds in academia and industry to create a more integrated picture of the issues involving sustainability and catalysis. Broad in scope, the book covers topics such as traditional metal-mediated catalysis, organocatalysis, biocatalysis, biomimicry, and heterogeneous catalysis. It includes chapters dedicated to specific research areas of catalysis as they pertain to their effectiveness, their economic and environmental benefits, and the challenges researchers face in actualizing solutions. It also contains a chapter on the application of life cycle analysis to catalytic processes, demonstrating the need to holistically consider the sustainable impacts of a process. The book can be read in a straightforward fashion or skimmed without forfeiting understanding of the narrative on the strategies and intentions of research and development. Throughout the book the requirements of sustainability are measured by the triple bottom line of environmental, economic, and social impacts. It highlights real-world implementations of catalytic processes in drug development, manufacturing, polymers, and energy. Catalysis for Sustainability: Goals, Challenges, and Impacts is a strong and versatile text. It provides an introduction to the field and the issues with which it is concerned, as well as a detailed and far-reaching discussion on current achievements and future progress.