With contributions from experts from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in the identified areas. In addition, a thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as nitration, ammoxidation and hydrofluorination is included. This book incorporates appropriate case studies, explanatory notes, and schematics for more clarity and better understanding.

The aim of this book is to cover the very recent developments in asymmetric organocatalysis, focussing on those published since the beginning of 2008. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis with an impressive amount of new catalysts, novel methodologies, and applications in numerous reaction types, such as nucleophilic substitutions, addition reactions, as well as cycloadditions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions, and miscellaneous reactions. This very diverse and intensely developing field is too wide to cover in a single review. The timeliness of the book together with the expected impact is excellent, since nowadays asymmetric organocatalysis is arguably the most intensively developed field in organic chemistry. The book is designed to meet the demands of a postgraduate textbook,containing case studies and Q&A sections, as well as a practical book filled with facts and data useful as a working tool for the practitioner. The book is divided into ten sections, dealing successively with nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds, nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen, nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon, cycloaddition reactions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations, and miscellaneous reactions.

Written for senior undergraduate and graduate students, as well as those chemists unfamiliar with "frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)", this text serves as an introduction to the both the concept and application of FLPs in hydrogenation catalysis. The book begins by setting the stage as it was around the turn of the century. While the dramatic impacts of catalysis were undeniable, there was dependence of such technologies on transition metal chemistry. Contrastingly, the chemistry of main group elements was dominated by Lewis acid-base behavior. However, these perceptions were altered with the discovery of the ability of "frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs)" to activate dihydrogen. The basic features, and mechanisms of action of these unique main group systems are chronicled, while the evolution of the initial findings to applications in catalytic hydrogenation is discussed. A subsequent chapter focuses on the breadth of organic substrates for which borane based FLP hydrogenations are effective. This is furthered with a chapter on the metal-free enantioselective reductions. FLP chemistry is not limited to systems involving boranes and this book also catalogues a range of FLP hydrogenation catalysts involving elements from across the periodic table. The final chapter in the book describes other directions of interest where the application of the concept of FLPs hydrogenation are beginning to emerge. Ideal for course use and self study, this book provides synthetic chemists with a fresh, expert introduction to the field. The reader will be left recognizing that hydrogenation catalysts is a domain no longer limited to transition metals.

Catalysis underpins most modern industrial organic processes. It has become an essential tool in creating a 'greener' chemical industry by replacing more traditional stoichiometric reactions, which have high energy consumption and high waste production, with mild processes which increasingly resemble Nature's enzymes. Metal-Catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes considers the major areas of the field and discusses the logic of using catalysis in industrial processes. This popular book, now available as softback, provides information on oxidation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, C-C bond formation, metathesis and polymerization processes, as well as on the mechanisms involved. In addition two appendices offer a concise treatment of homogeneous and heterogenous catalysis. Numerous exercises referring to problems of catalytic processes, and research perspectives complete the book. This definitive reference source, written by practising experts in the field, provides detailed and up-to-date information on key aspects of metal catalysis.

As 2019 has been declared the International Year of the Periodic Table, it is appropriate that Structure and Bonding marks this anniversary with two special volumes. In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev first proposed his periodic table of the elements. He is given the major credit for proposing the conceptual framework used by chemists to systematically inter-relate the chemical properties of the elements. However, the concept of periodicity evolved in distinct stages and was the culmination of work by other chemists over several decades. For example, Newland's Law of Octaves marked an important step in the evolution of the periodic system since it represented the first clear statement that the properties of the elements repeated after intervals of 8. Mendeleev's predictions demonstrated in an impressive manner how the periodic table could be used to predict the occurrence and properties of new elements. Not all of his many predictions proved to be valid, but the discovery of scandium, gallium and germanium represented sufficient vindication of its utility and they cemented its enduring influence. Mendeleev's periodic table was based on the atomic weights of the elements and it was another 50 years before Moseley established that it was the atomic number of the elements, that was the fundamental parameter and this led to the prediction of further elements. Some have suggested that the periodic table is one of the most fruitful ideas in modern science and that it is comparable to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed at approximately the same time. There is no doubt that the periodic table occupies a central position in chemistry. In its modern form it is reproduced in most undergraduate inorganic textbooks and is present in almost every chemistry lecture room and classroom. This second volume provides chemists with an overview of the important role played by the Periodic Table in advancing our knowledge of solid state and bioinorganic chemistry. It also illustrates how it has been used to fine-tune the properties of compounds which have found commercial applications in catalysis, electronics, ceramics and in medicinal chemistry.

Over the last fifteen years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have mostly been used as ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts. Compared to phosphorus-containing ligands, NHCs tend to bind more strongly to metal centres, avoiding the necessity for the use of excess ligand in catalytic reactions. The corresponding complexes are often less sensitive to air and moisture, and have proven remarkably resistant to oxidation. Recent developments in catalysis applications have been facilitated by the availability of carbenes stable enough to be bottled, particularly for their use as organocatalysts. This book shows how N-heterocyclic carbenes can be useful in various fields of chemistry and not merely laboratory curiosities or simple phosphine mimics. NHCs are best known for their contribution to ruthenium and palladium-catalysed reactions but the scope of this book is much broader. The synthesis of NHC ligands and their corresponding metal complexes are covered in depth. Moreover, the biological activity of NHC-containing complexes, as well as an overview of their theoretical aspects are included. Such metal species are further examined, not only in terms of their catalytic applications, but also of their stereoelectronic parameters and reactivity/stability. Finally, special attention is given to the hot topic of organocatalysis. The book will be of interest to postgraduates, academic researchers and those working in industry.

The book provides a comprehensive treatment of combinatorial development of heterogeneous catalysts. In particular, two computer-aided approaches that have played a key role in combinatorial catalysis and high-throughput experimentation during the last decade - evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks - are described. The book is unique in that it describes evolutionary optimization in a broader context of methods of searching for optimal catalytic materials, including statistical design of experiments, as well as presents neural networks in a broader context of data analysis. It is the first book that demystifies the attractiveness of artificial neural networks, explaining its rational fundamental - their universal approximation capability. At the same time, it shows the limitations of that capability and describes two methods for how it can be improved. The book is also the first that presents two other important topics pertaining to evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks: automatic generating of problem-tailored genetic algorithms, and tuning evolutionary algorithms with neural networks. Both are not only theoretically explained, but also well illustrated through detailed case studies.

Recent Progress in Mesostructured Materials is a selection of oral and poster communications presented during the 5th International Mesostructured Materials Symposium (5th IMMS2006). Authorized by International Mesostructured Material Association (IMMA) and hosted by the Fudan University, China. The scope of this involved field covers both traditional inorganic mesostructured molecular sieves and mesostructured materials like organic polymers, metals, organic-inorganic nanocomposites, and ordered mesoporous carbons, the hot topics in chemistry, crystallization, structure, liquid crystalline, catalysis and materials science. This symposium provided a forum for the presentation of the most novel development and knowledge in the science and technology of mesostructured materials. Papers presented cover a wide range of topics that include synthesis, structure determination, characterisation, modelling, and application in catalysis, adsorption, biochemistry and advanced material sciences.
* This highly visual book is a must for readers looking to stay up-to-date on mesostructure science
* A selection of more than 200 oral and poster papers, covering research aspects/developing trends of mesostructured materials
* An important reference for those working in the material science, catalysis and biotechnology fields

Using new instrumentation and experimental techniques that allow scientists to observe chemical reactions and molecular properties at the nanoscale, the authors of Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis reveal new insights into the surface chemistry of catalysts and the reaction mechanisms that actually occur at a molecular level during catalysis. While each chapter contains the necessary background and explanations to stand alone, the diverse collection of chapters shows how developments from various fields each contributed to our current understanding of nanomolecular catalysis as a whole.

The book describes how the size and shape of materials at the nanoscale can change their chemical and physical properties and promote more efficient reactions with fewer by-products. First it highlights the preparation, characterization, and applications of heterogeneous and supported metal catalysts. Then it covers the engineering of catalytic processes, structure and reaction control, and texturological properties of catalytic systems. The authors explain how surface science can elucidate reaction mechanisms and discuss the growing role of high-throughput experimentation and combinatorial approaches in catalysis.

From fundamental concepts to future directions, Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis offers a well-rounded compilation of noteworthy developments which will continue to expand and transform our understanding of catalysis, particularly in the context of clean energy and environmental applications such as fuel cells.

Chemistry and chemical technology have been at the heart of the revolutionary developments of the 20th century. The chemical industry has a long history of combining theory (science) and practice (engineering) to create new and useful products. Worldwide, the process industry (which includes chemicals, petrochemicals, petroleum refining, and pharmaceuticals) is a huge, complex, and interconnected global business with an annual production value exceeding 4 trillion dollars. Although in industry special focus is in heterogeneous catalysis, homogeneous, enzymatic, photochemical and electrochemical catalysis should not be overlooked; as the major aim is to produce certain chemicals in the best possible way, applying those types of catalysis, which suit a particular process in the most optimal way. Catalysis according to the very definition of it deals with enhancement of reaction rates, that is, with catalytic kinetics. This book unifies the main sub disciplines forming the cornerstone of catalytic kinetics.
* Provides a broad overview catalytic kinetics
* Bridges the gaps that exist between hetero-, homo- and bio-catalysis
* Written by internationally renowned experts in this field

In chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation in a comprehensive way and encompasses the state of the art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration by collecting contributions from experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, a selection of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.

The study of environmental interfaces and environmental catalysis is central to finding more effective solutions to air pollution and in understanding of how pollution impacts the natural environment. Encompassing concepts, techniques, and methods, Environmental Catalysis provides a mix of theory, computation, analysis, and synthesis to support the latest applications in biocatalysis, green chemistry, environmental remediation and our understanding of the interaction of pollutants with natural systems. The book focuses on several aspects of environmental catalysis. Surface catalysis of airborne particles - including ice, trace atmospheric gases, aerosolized soot nanoparticles, and mineral dust surfaces - as well as particles in contact with ground water and their role in surface adsorption, surface catalysis, hydrolysis, dissolution, precipitation, oxidation and ozone decomposition is explored. It continues by presenting catalysis as the key technology for treating emissions and reducing waste by-products. The authors review the theory behind catalytic converters and discuss the effectiveness of several catalysts, including zeolites and nanoparticles, in treating emissions, aromatic hydrocarbons, and chemical warfare agents. They also survey the use of biocatalysis in environmental remediation, and industrial processes, particularly in the production of transportation fuels, fine chemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Then the authors explain how enzymes can remove chlorinated organics and metals and how microbes can metabolize toxic chemicals from groundwater. Lastly, they discuss the principles of green chemistry, including the use of environmentally benign solvents, biphasic catalysts, and other alternative solvents to recover and recycle catalysts based on heavy metals. With increasing ground water pollution, increasing particulates in the atmosphere, and the increasing need to remove pollutants from industrial and automotive sources, Environmental Catal

To meet changing market demands that have stringent emission standards and to ensure proper performance in refinery units, evaluation of novel catalyst designs and results from material characterization and testing of catalysts are of crucial importance for refiners as well as for catalyst manufacturers. This book highlights recent developments in the application of refinery catalysts in selected units such as fluid catalytic cracking (FCC), hydrogen production for hydroprocessing units, hydrotreating, hydrocracking, and sustainable processing of biomass into biofuels.

The field of asymmetric catalysis is currently one of the hottest areas in chemistry. This unique book focuses on the mechanism of enantioselectivity in asymmetric catalysis, rather than asymmetric catalysis from the synthetic view. It describes reliable, experimentally and computationally supported mechanisms, and discusses the danger of so-called "plausible" or "accepted" mechanisms leading to wrong conclusions. It draws parallels to enzymatic catalysis in biochemistry, and examines in detail the physico-chemical aspects of enantioselective catalysis.

This book focuses on direct nitrogenation strategies to incorporate one or more N-atoms into simple substrates especially hydrocarbons via C-H and/or C-C bond cleavage, which is a green and sustainable way to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds. The book consists of seven chapters demonstrating interesting advances in the preparation of amines, amides, nitriles, carbamides, azides, and N-heterocyclic compounds and illustrating the mechanisms of these novel transformations. It offers an accessible introduction to nitrogenation reactions for chemists involved in N-compound synthesis and those interested in discovering new reagents and reactions. Ning Jiao is a Professor of Chemistry at Peking University, China.

There have been enormous recent advances in our ability to produce and trap samples of translationally cold molecules (below 1 K) and ultracold molecules (below 1 mK). Molecules such as NH3, OH and NH have been cooled from room temperature to the milliKelvin regime by a variety of methods including buffer-gas cooling and Stark deceleration. Bose-Einstein condensates have been produced for dimers of both bosonic and fermionic alkali metal atoms, and the first signatures of ultracold triatomic and tetraatomic molecules have been observed. This book will include both cooling of molecules from high temperatures and formation of molecules in ultracold atomic gases; molecules in cold ionic gases and in helium droplets will also be covered. .

It has become a tradition that every four years, the Universite Catholique de Louvain and the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven jointly organize a symposium devoted to the scientific bases for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. These meetings bring together researchers from academia and industry and offer a forum for discussions on the chemistry involved in the preparation of industrial heterogeneous catalysts.

This volume containing the Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Scientific Bases for the Preparation of Heterogeneous Catalysts consists of papers summarizing most of the 139 oral communications and posters selected by the international scientific committee, composed of 27 experts in the field of catalyst preparation, holding an industrial or academia appointment.

The contributions focus on the aspects of catalyst preparation. The main topics are: new approaches in catalyst preparation; advanced preparations of nanoporous and mesoporous catalysts; catalysts preparation for special performances and purposes; catalysts for environmental purposes; and molecular catalysis. Emphasis is put on the role that catalysis can play as an essential element of sustainable development.

This volume compiles 63 peer-reviewed scientific papers documenting the latest developments in the application of homogeneous, heterogeneous, and immobilized homogenous catalysts used in organic synthesis. Catalysis of Organic Reactions consists of primary research articles accompanied by experimental sections that emphasize chemical processes with actual and potential applications in industry. Each chapter represents current and outstanding research by recognized leaders in the field. Organized into five major symposia, topics include selective homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemical and pharmaceuticals, solid acid catalysis, selective oxidation, amination, chiral catalysis, combinatorial technologies, nanoparticles, environmentally friendly catalysis, and more. The collection also presents the award-winning research of Jean Lessard, concerning the scope and limitations of electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organic compounds at Raney Metal Electrodes, and Richard Larock, relating to palladium-catalyzed annulation and migration reactions. These proceedings are of interest to the chemical scientists and engineers whose special interest is to apply homogenous and heterogeneous catalysts in organic synthesis of pharmaceutical, fine, and commodity chemicals.

Supramolecular catalysis is involved in assimilation or growth of biological products and it has advantages over conventional catalysis in dealing with systems beyond molecules to mimic the biological catalytic processes. Principles and Advances in Supramolecular Catalysis shows how a supramolecular catalytic reaction proceeds and how interactions among molecules provide vessels or specific binding sites to carry out chemical reactions. The utilities of such catalytic reactions in waste, hazard management, medicine, food, etc. are explained in this book. The book focuses on examples to provide a fundamental basis so that, in the future, supramolecular catalytic reactions are utilised in the field of chemical, biological, biophysical sciences and technologies. Features: Discusses fundamental and interdisciplinary aspects of supramolecular catalysis Narrates mechano-chemical and stimuli-guided supramolecular catalytic reactions Divulges the intriguing aspects of self-replications and self-assembling performed through supramolecular catalysis Incorporates supramolecular catalytic reactions of metal-organic frameworks as artificial metalloenzymes

This volume documents developments in the study of catalysis relating to organic synthesis and its application in industrial processes. It surveys a wide range of homo- and heterogeneous catalysis for industrial and pharmaceutical chemicals. It covers enantioselective hydrogenation, catalyzed hydrogens and oxidation, carbonylation, hydroaminomethylation, and more.

This book summarizes the current status of research on bilayer lipid membranes (planar lipid bilayers and spherical liposomes). In addition to describing the properties of lipid bilayers and examining biomembrane phenomena, the book has two other objectives. The first is to present practical methods for the formation and study of lipid bilayers with either aqueous or metal-lipid bilayer interfaces. The second aim is to treat planar lipid bilayers as a new type of interfacial adsorption phenomena. The first nine chapters cover properties of biomembranes, basic principles of membrane biophysics, transport, electrochemistry, physiology, bioenergetics, and photobiology. Chapter 10 presents the following topics: lipid bilayers in medicine, supported lipid bilayers as sensors, a short discussion of liposomes, and solar energy transduction via semiconductor septum photovoltaic cells based on natural photosynthesis.

This volume dedicated to the memory of Marcel Sergent who was a leader in this field for many years, addresses past achievements and recent developments in this vibrant area of research. Large classes of ligated transition metal clusters are produced either exclusively or most reliably by means of high-temperature solid-state reactions. Among them, the Chevrel-Sergent phases and related materials have generated enormous interest since their discovery in 1971. Today, these materials and their numerous derivatives still constitute a vivid area of research finding some applications not only in superconductivity, but also in catalysis, optics or thermoelectricity to mention a few.

Deals with a new and promising field developed during the last two decades on the boundary between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysis. This book presents general information on catalysis for a wide range of organic reactions, e.g., hydrogenation and oxidation reactions, and polymerization transformations. Special attention is paid to electro- and photochemical stimulation of catalytic processes in the presence of immobilized metal complexes. Other topics covered are the quantitative data on the comparison of catalyses by mobile and immobilized metal complexes; main factors affecting the activity of these catalytic systems and methods of optimizing their control; and specific problems of catalysis by fixed complexes (e.g., ligand exchange and electron transfer in metal polymer systems, macromolecular effects and polyfunctional catalysis).

Volume I contains a brief review of adsorption history and its development for practical purposes up until now. It also presents some important information on adsorbents and catalysts as well as on the methods of their characterization. The part of this volume dealing with practical industrial applications includes chapters presenting advanced technical tools for high capacity adsorption separation of liquid and gas mixtures, development of new adsorbents for removal of hazardous contaminants from combustion flue gases and wastewaters, degasification of coal seams and fabrication of inorganic membranes and their applications. A comprehensive review is also included on contemporary utility of self-assembled monolayers, adsorption proteins and their role in modern industry, adsorption methods in technology of optical fibre glasses, sol-gel technology, solid desiccant dehumidification systems, etc. The articles give both the scientific backgrounds of the phenomena discussed and emphasize their practical aspects.

The chapters give not only brief current knowledge about the studied problems, but are also a source of topical literature on the subject. A comprehensive bibliography on adsorption principles, design data and adsorbent materials for industrial applications for the period 1967-1997 concludes the book.

On January 1988, the ascertained and economically accessible reserves of Natural Gas (NG) amounted to over 144,000 billion cubic meters worldwide, corresponding to 124 billion tons of oil equivalents (comparable with the liquid oil reserves, which are estimated to be 138 billion TOE). It is hypothesized that the volume of NG reserve will continue to grow at the same rate of the last decade. Forecasts on production indicate a potential increase from about 2,000 billion cubic meters in 1990 to not more than 3,300 billion cubic meters in 2010, even in a high economic development scenario. NG consumption represents only one half of oil: 1.9 billion TOE/y as compared to 3.5 of oil. Consequently, in the future gas will exceed oil as a carbon atom source. In the future the potential for getting energetic vectors or petrochemicals from NG will continue to grow.

The topics covered in "Natural Gas Conversion V" reflect the large global R&D effort to look for new and economic ways of NG exploitation. These range from the direct conversion of methane and light paraffins to the indirect conversion through synthesis gas to fuels and chemicals. Particularly underlined and visible are the technologies already commercially viable.

These proceedings prove that mature and technologically feasible processes for natural gas conversion are already available and that new and improved catalytic approaches are currently developing, the validity and feasibility of which will soon be documented. This is an exciting area of modern catalysis, which will certainly open novel and rewarding perspectives for the chemical, energy and petrochemical industries.