For far too long chemists and industrialists have relied on the use of aggressive reagents such as nitric and sulphuric acids, permanganates and dichromates to prepare the massive quantities of both bulk and fine chemicals that are needed for the maintenance of civilised life - materials such as fuels, fabrics, foodstuffs, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Such aggressive reagents generate vast quantities of environmentally harmful and often toxic by-products, including the oxides of nitrogen, of metal oxides and carbon dioxide.Now, owing to recent advances made in the synthesis of nanoporous solids, it is feasible to design new solid catalysts that enable benign, mild oxidants to be used, frequently without utilising solvents, to manufacture the products that the chemical, pharmaceutical, agro- and bio-chemical industries require. These new solid agents are designated single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Their principal characteristics are that all the active sites present in the high-area solids are identical in their atomic environment and hence in their energy of interaction with reactants, just as in enzymes.Single-site heterogeneous catalysts now occupy a position of growing importance both academically and in their potential for commercial exploitation. This text, the only one devoted to such catalysts, dwells both on principles of design and on applications, such as the benign synthesis of nylon 6 and vitamin B3. It equips the reader with unifying insights required for future catalytic adventures in the quest for sustainability in the materials used by humankind.Anyone acquainted with the language of molecules, including undergraduates in the physical and biological sciences, as well as graduates in engineering and materials science, should be able to assimilate the principles and examples presented in this book. Inter alia, it describes how clean technology and 'green' processes may be carried out in an environmentally responsible manner.

For far too long chemists and industrialists have relied on the use of aggressive reagents such as nitric and sulphuric acids, permanganates and dichromates to prepare the massive quantities of both bulk and fine chemicals that are needed for the maintenance of civilised life - materials such as fuels, fabrics, foodstuffs, fertilisers and pharmaceuticals. Such aggressive reagents generate vast quantities of environmentally harmful and often toxic by-products, including the oxides of nitrogen, of metal oxides and carbon dioxide.Now, owing to recent advances made in the synthesis of nanoporous solids, it is feasible to design new solid catalysts that enable benign, mild oxidants to be used, frequently without utilising solvents, to manufacture the products that the chemical, pharmaceutical, agro- and bio-chemical industries require. These new solid agents are designated single-site heterogeneous catalysts (SSHCs). Their principal characteristics are that all the active sites present in the high-area solids are identical in their atomic environment and hence in their energy of interaction with reactants, just as in enzymes.Single-site heterogeneous catalysts now occupy a position of growing importance both academically and in their potential for commercial exploitation. This text, the only one devoted to such catalysts, dwells both on principles of design and on applications, such as the benign synthesis of nylon 6 and vitamin B3. It equips the reader with unifying insights required for future catalytic adventures in the quest for sustainability in the materials used by humankind.Anyone acquainted with the language of molecules, including undergraduates in the physical and biological sciences, as well as graduates in engineering and materials science, should be able to assimilate the principles and examples presented in this book. Inter alia, it describes how clean technology and 'green' processes may be carried out in an environmentally responsible manner.

This first book to illuminate this important aspect of chemical synthesis improves the lifetime of catalysts, thus reducing material and saving energy, costs and waste.
The international panel of expert authors describes the studies that have been conducted concerning the way homogeneous catalysts decompose, and the differences between homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts.
The result is a ready reference for organic, catalytic, polymer and complex chemists, as well as those working in industry and with/on organometallics.

Immobilization of chiral catalysts is an important tool for improving overall efficiency of catalytic processes. However, heterogeneous catalysts often suffer from decreased activities and supported but still homogeneous catalysts can help overcome this issue. This book covers the most important concepts of homogeneous supported catalysis with an emphasis on enantioselective processes. It describes the state-of-the-art and latest developments in each area whilst critically evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of this important method. The book encompasses ionically-tagged catalysts, supported organocatalysts, supported ionic liquid phases, catalysis using soluble polymers, catalytic dendrimers, fluorous catalysts, water soluble catalysts and non-covalent immobilization methods. Potential developments and ideas for the future are also highlighted. There is a growing demand for effective and recyclable catalysts so this book, covering all the important methods in the field of supported homogeneous catalysis, will appeal to many researchers in academia and industry.

With contributions from experts in supported metal catalysis, from both the industry and academia, this book presents the latest developments in characterization and application of supported metals in heterogeneous catalysis. In addition to a thorough and updated coverage of the traditional aspects of heterogeneous catalysis such as preparation, characterization and use in well-established technologies such as Naphtha reforming, the book also includes emerging areas where supported metal catalysis will make significant contributions in future developments, such as fuel cells and fine chemicals synthesis.

The second edition of Supported Metals in Catalysis comes complete with new and updated chapters containing important summaries of research in a rapidly evolving field. Very few other books deal with this highly pertinent subject matter, and as such, it is a must-have for anyone working in the field of heterogeneous catalysis.

This book provides a general overview of syngas technologies as well as an in-depth analysis of the steam reforming process. Syngas is a mixture of hydrogen and carbon oxides which can be made from hydrocarbons, coal and biomass. It is an important intermediate in the chemical industry for manufacture of ammonia, methanol and other petrochemicals as well as hydrogen for refineries and fuel cells. Syngas is playing a growing role in the energy sector, because it can be converted into a number of important energy carriers and fuels. Syngas catalysis creates new options and flexibility in the complex energy network. The steam reforming process is the main technology today for manufacture of syngas. It is a complex intern-mingling of catalysis and heat transfer with restrictions caused by secondary phenomena such as carbon formation. Many of the principles are applicable for other gasification technologies of growing importance. Concepts of Syngas Preparation aims to provide a comprehensive introduction to this complex field of growing importance and gives a detailed analysis of the catalyst and process problems. This book also serves as an important link between science and industry by illustrating how the basic principles can be applied to solve design issues and operational problems.

Carbon-carbon bond formations and functional group transformations are the most fundamental reactions for the construction of molecular frameworks and are at the forefront of organic chemistry research. The Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) type reactions possess the two most important requirements - atom economy and generation of multi-functional groups. The last decade has seen exponential growth of the MBH reaction and its applications. In fact, it is already one of the most powerful carbon-carbon bond-forming methods widely used in organic synthesis. Since the 1990s, more and more research groups have initiated work on different aspects of the MBH reaction. These have focused on the scope of the substrates, novel catalysts (especially chiral catalysts), reaction mechanisms, and synthetic applications. Consequently, there is now a need for a reference detailing the chemistry of this important reaction. This unique book summarizes the MBH reaction, aza-MBH reaction and asymmetric MBH/aza-MBH reaction including the latest research and mechanistic investigations. It provides a complete overview of MBH-type reactions aimed at synthetic organic chemists of all levels within academia and industry. The chapters cover the; origin and growth of the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction; reactant classes and reaction conditions; catalytic mechanisms; achiral and chiral catalytic systems; transformations of functional groups; use of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts and derivatives as starting materials to construct compounds with carbocyclic or heterocyclic frameworks, and the applications of the MBH reaction in synthesizing natural products.

In chemical processes, the progressive deactivation of solid catalysts is a major economic concern and mastering their stability has become as essential as controlling their activity and selectivity. For these reasons, there is a strong motivation to understand the mechanisms leading to any loss in activity and/or selectivity and to find out the efficient preventive measures and regenerative solutions that open the way towards cheaper and cleaner processes. This book covers the fundamental and applied aspects of solid catalyst deactivation in a comprehensive way and encompasses the state of the art in the field of reactions catalyzed by zeolites. This particular choice is justified by the widespread use of molecular sieves in refining, petrochemicals and organic chemicals synthesis processes, by the large variety in the nature of their active sites (acid, base, acid-base, redox, bifunctional) and especially by their peculiar features, in terms of crystallinity, structural order and textural properties, which make them ideal models for heterogeneous catalysis. The aim of this book is to be a critical review in the field of zeolite deactivation and regeneration by collecting contributions from experts in the field which describe the factors, explain the techniques to study the causes and suggest methods to prevent (or limit) catalyst deactivation. At the same time, a selection of commercial processes and exemplar cases provides the reader with theoretical insights and practical hints on the deactivation mechanisms and draws attention to the key role played by the loss of activity on process design and industrial practice.

Catalyst technologies account for over $1 trillion of revenue in the U.S. economy alone. The applications range from medicines and alternative energy fuel cell technologies to the development of new and innovative clothing fibers. In this book, a World Technology Evaluation Center (WTEC) panel of eight experts in the field assesses the current state of research and development in catalysis by nanostructured materials, its sources of funding, and discusses the state of the field with respect to productivity and leadership in various nations around the world. In addition to showing the numerous and highly advantageous practical applications of the field, the panel concludes that Western Europe is currently the most productive region, followed closely by the United States. Still, the research and development output of the People's Republic of China has recently surpassed that of Japan and is now poised to surpass that of the U.S. as well.As such, this assessment is a timely review of the field's progress, taking into account the increasing contributions from Asia, and will be essential reading for professionals, whether they are seeking an in-depth summary of the state of the art or a broad view of trends affecting the discipline.

P-stereogenic ligands were among the first to be used in asymmetric catalysis but synthetic difficulties and prejudices have hampered their development. However, continuous screening for new chiral ligands means that they can no longer be ignored and this rigorous reference source reflects their renaissance. The book is filled with many examples from recent primary literature. The synthetic chemist will easily be able to follow the preparation methods which are accompanied by a description of the challenges and limitations. Those working in homogenous catalysis, and wanting to increase their repertoire of ligands, will be able to establish which have already been used in each reaction and their performance. This book provides comprehensive coverage of the application of P-stereogenic ligands in homogeneous catalysis. It begins with a brief chapter on generalities of P-stereogenic compounds: history, configurational stability, and interconversions among them.The book then goes on to describe the main preparative methods, from resolution of racemates to enantioselective catalysis, before focusing on the catalytic applications of P-stereogenic ligands. Chapter 7 describes the use of the ligands in catalytic hydrogenation and related reactions whereas chapter 8 deals with other reactions, mainly C-C bond forming reactions. The aim of these two final chapters is to give an outline of the usefulness of the ligands in homogeneous catalysis.

Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) has been used on a commercial scale for more than eighty years. It was initially developed for strategic reasons because it offered a source of transportation fuels that was independent from crude oil. Unlike crude, Fischer-Tropsch synthetic crude is rich in olefins and oxygenates, while being sulphur and nitrogen free. Consequently, the catalysis involved in refining it is significantly different and only a few catalysts have been developed for the purpose. Until now, an account of this topic has been missing from the literature, despite mounting interest in the technology. This is the first book to provide a review and analysis of the literature (journal and patent) on the catalysis needed to refine syncrude to transportation fuels. It specifically highlights the impact of oxygenates and how oxygenates affect selectivity and deactivation. This aspect is also related to the refining of biomass derived liquids. Topics covered include: dimerisation / oligomerisation, isomerisation / hydroisomerisation, catalytic cracking / hydrocracking and hydrogenation, catalytic reforming, aromatic alkylation, etherification, dehydration, and some oxygenate and wax specific conversions.

Over the last fifteen years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have mostly been used as ancillary ligands for the preparation of transition metal-based catalysts. Compared to phosphorus-containing ligands, NHCs tend to bind more strongly to metal centres, avoiding the necessity for the use of excess ligand in catalytic reactions. The corresponding complexes are often less sensitive to air and moisture, and have proven remarkably resistant to oxidation. Recent developments in catalysis applications have been facilitated by the availability of carbenes stable enough to be bottled, particularly for their use as organocatalysts. This book shows how N-heterocyclic carbenes can be useful in various fields of chemistry and not merely laboratory curiosities or simple phosphine mimics. NHCs are best known for their contribution to ruthenium and palladium-catalysed reactions but the scope of this book is much broader. The synthesis of NHC ligands and their corresponding metal complexes are covered in depth. Moreover, the biological activity of NHC-containing complexes, as well as an overview of their theoretical aspects are included. Such metal species are further examined, not only in terms of their catalytic applications, but also of their stereoelectronic parameters and reactivity/stability. Finally, special attention is given to the hot topic of organocatalysis. The book will be of interest to postgraduates, academic researchers and those working in industry.

This book, unique in its field, is a comprehensive description of all the methodologies reported for carrying out conjugate addition reactions in a stereoselective way, using small chiral organic molecules as catalysts (organocatalysts). In the last 3-4 years, this has been a rapidly growing field in organic chemistry, and many papers have appeared reporting excellent protocols for carrying out these highly efficient transformations that compete well with other classical approaches using transition metal catalysts. A particularly attractive feature of this transformation relies upon the fact that the conjugate addition (Michael and Hetero-Michael reactions) is an extraordinarily effective means to initiate cascade processes which result in the formation of complex molecules from very small and simple starting blocks. The book, written by noted experts, covers all recent advances in this hot topic, and provides a good state-of-the-art review for organic chemists working in this field and all those who wish to start projects in this area.

The book deals with the environmentally friendly cleaning materials functionalized with TiO2, a widely known semiconductor giving rise to redox reactions under artificial or solar irradiation. The role of Titanium dioxide in the worldwide community is introduced first. The fundamental working principles of heterogeneous photocatalysis follow and a critical section on the semiconductor bulk and surface properties open the way to the differences between TiO2 blend features with respect to analogous thin film layouts. Then follows the main section of the book which deals with the techniques applied to manufactured commercial devices, ranging from glasses to textiles and from concrete and other construction materials to paintings. Also road asphalt and other devices, such as photocatalytic air conditioning machines are outlined. Last generation materials, not yet commercialized, and the deposition techniques applied to prepare them are also widely discussed. The final part of the book covers the difficult and modern topic of standardization and comparison of performance of photocatalytic processes and in particular the guidelines proposed by various worldwide organizations for standardization are discussed. The book covers the general matters as well as the practical applications with the supporting methods discussed in detail. This book brings together a team of highly experienced and well-published experts in the field, providing a comprehensive view of the applications of supported titanium dioxide.

The aim of this book is to cover the very recent developments in asymmetric organocatalysis, focussing on those published since the beginning of 2008. The last decade has witnessed an explosive growth in the field of asymmetric organocatalysis with an impressive amount of new catalysts, novel methodologies, and applications in numerous reaction types, such as nucleophilic substitutions, addition reactions, as well as cycloadditions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions, and miscellaneous reactions. This very diverse and intensely developing field is too wide to cover in a single review. The timeliness of the book together with the expected impact is excellent, since nowadays asymmetric organocatalysis is arguably the most intensively developed field in organic chemistry. The book is designed to meet the demands of a postgraduate textbook,containing case studies and Q&A sections, as well as a practical book filled with facts and data useful as a working tool for the practitioner. The book is divided into ten sections, dealing successively with nucleophilic additions to electron-deficient C=C double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=O double bonds, nucleophilic additions to C=N double bonds, nucleophilic additions to unsaturated nitrogen, nucleophilic substitutions at aliphatic carbon, cycloaddition reactions, oxidations, reductions, kinetic resolutions and desymmetrisations, and miscellaneous reactions.

The book provides a comprehensive treatment of combinatorial development of heterogeneous catalysts. In particular, two computer-aided approaches that have played a key role in combinatorial catalysis and high-throughput experimentation during the last decade - evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks - are described. The book is unique in that it describes evolutionary optimization in a broader context of methods of searching for optimal catalytic materials, including statistical design of experiments, as well as presents neural networks in a broader context of data analysis. It is the first book that demystifies the attractiveness of artificial neural networks, explaining its rational fundamental - their universal approximation capability. At the same time, it shows the limitations of that capability and describes two methods for how it can be improved. The book is also the first that presents two other important topics pertaining to evolutionary optimization and artificial neural networks: automatic generating of problem-tailored genetic algorithms, and tuning evolutionary algorithms with neural networks. Both are not only theoretically explained, but also well illustrated through detailed case studies.

The goal of this book is to show the high potential of chiral sulfur-containing ligands to promote numerous asymmetric catalytic transformations. The important number of reports appeared in the literature over the last 35 years often highlighted spectacular results in terms of efficiency and enantioselectivity, allowing access to many biologically important molecules, which clearly demonstrates that these ligands can now be recognised as real competitors to the more usual phosphorus- or nitrogen-containing ligands. A key point of reference for post-graduate students, researchers and academics.

There have been enormous recent advances in our ability to produce and trap samples of translationally cold molecules (below 1 K) and ultracold molecules (below 1 mK). Molecules such as NH3, OH and NH have been cooled from room temperature to the milliKelvin regime by a variety of methods including buffer-gas cooling and Stark deceleration. Bose-Einstein condensates have been produced for dimers of both bosonic and fermionic alkali metal atoms, and the first signatures of ultracold triatomic and tetraatomic molecules have been observed. This book will include both cooling of molecules from high temperatures and formation of molecules in ultracold atomic gases; molecules in cold ionic gases and in helium droplets will also be covered. .

In recent years, there has been an explosion in knowledge and research associated with the field of enzyme catalysis and H-tunneling. Rich in its breath and depth, this introduction to modern theories and methods of study is suitable for experienced researchers those new to the subject. Edited by two leading experts, and bringing together the foremost practitioners in the field, this up-to-date account of a rapidly developing field sits at the interface between biology, chemistry and physics. It covers computational, kinetic and structural analysis of tunnelling and the synergy in combining these methods (with a major focus on H-tunneling reactions in enzyme systems). The book starts with a brief overview of proton and electron transfer history by Nobel Laureate, Rudolph A. Marcus. The reader is then guided through chapters covering almost every aspect of reactions in enzyme catalysis ranging from descriptions of the relevant quantum theory and quantum/classical theoretical methodology to the description of experimental results. The theoretical interpretation of these large systems includes both quantum mechanical and statistical mechanical computations, as well as simple more approximate models. Most of the chapters focus on enzymatic catalysis of hydride, proton and H" transfer, an example of the latter being proton coupled electron transfer. There is also a chapter on electron transfer in proteins. This is timely since the theoretical framework developed fifty years ago for treating electron transfers has now been adapted to H-transfers and electron transfers in proteins. Accessible in style, this book is suitable for a wide audience but will be particularly useful to advanced level undergraduates, postgraduates and early postdoctoral workers.

The use of catalysts as a means of facilitating and expediting polymer synthesis has become an essential industrial tool over the past forty years. This book provides a comprehensive survey of the entire field of catalysis in polymer synthesis covering the majority of essential aspects from basic organic, organometallic and bio-chemistry to industrial production. Particular emphasis is placed on 'precision polymerization', where the catalyst plays a key role in the fabrication of innovative polymers. Precision polymerization enables the production of polymers with precisely controlled structures, molecular weight, distribution and stereochemistry, free from defects. New catalysis is now used in addition polymerization, polycondensation and polyadditions for various monomers of vinyl, diene, acetylene, hetero-multiple bond, ring-opening and enzyme-substrate types. By utilising precision polymerization, highly functional and high performance polymers for future demands will be created. Intended as a polymer synthesis text for advanced undergraduate and graduate courses, this book will also serve as a valuable reference source for polymer chemists researching catalytic functions with reaction mechanisms in academia and industry, stimulating the discovery of new catalysts and consequently, the design of innovative high performance materials.

As 2019 has been declared the International Year of the Periodic Table, it is appropriate that Structure and Bonding marks this anniversary with two special volumes. In 1869 Dmitri Ivanovitch Mendeleev first proposed his periodic table of the elements. He is given the major credit for proposing the conceptual framework used by chemists to systematically inter-relate the chemical properties of the elements. However, the concept of periodicity evolved in distinct stages and was the culmination of work by other chemists over several decades. For example, Newland's Law of Octaves marked an important step in the evolution of the periodic system since it represented the first clear statement that the properties of the elements repeated after intervals of 8. Mendeleev's predictions demonstrated in an impressive manner how the periodic table could be used to predict the occurrence and properties of new elements. Not all of his many predictions proved to be valid, but the discovery of scandium, gallium and germanium represented sufficient vindication of its utility and they cemented its enduring influence. Mendeleev's periodic table was based on the atomic weights of the elements and it was another 50 years before Moseley established that it was the atomic number of the elements, that was the fundamental parameter and this led to the prediction of further elements. Some have suggested that the periodic table is one of the most fruitful ideas in modern science and that it is comparable to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection, proposed at approximately the same time. There is no doubt that the periodic table occupies a central position in chemistry. In its modern form it is reproduced in most undergraduate inorganic textbooks and is present in almost every chemistry lecture room and classroom. This second volume provides chemists with an overview of the important role played by the Periodic Table in advancing our knowledge of solid state and bioinorganic chemistry. It also illustrates how it has been used to fine-tune the properties of compounds which have found commercial applications in catalysis, electronics, ceramics and in medicinal chemistry.

Catalysis underpins most modern industrial organic processes. It has become an essential tool in creating a 'greener' chemical industry by replacing more traditional stoichiometric reactions, which have high energy consumption and high waste production, with mild processes which increasingly resemble Nature's enzymes. Metal-Catalysis in Industrial Organic Processes considers the major areas of the field and discusses the logic of using catalysis in industrial processes. This popular book, now available as softback, provides information on oxidation, hydrogenation, carbonylation, C-C bond formation, metathesis and polymerization processes, as well as on the mechanisms involved. In addition two appendices offer a concise treatment of homogeneous and heterogenous catalysis. Numerous exercises referring to problems of catalytic processes, and research perspectives complete the book. This definitive reference source, written by practising experts in the field, provides detailed and up-to-date information on key aspects of metal catalysis.

Gold has traditionally been regarded as inactive as a catalytic metal. However, the advent of nanoparticulate gold on high surface area oxide supports has demonstrated its high catalytic activity in many chemical reactions. Gold is active as a heterogeneous catalyst in both gas and liquid phases, and complexes catalyse reactions homogeneously in solution. Many of the reactions being studied will lead to new application areas for catalysis by gold in pollution control, chemical processing, sensors and fuel cell technology. This book describes the properties of gold, the methods for preparing gold catalysts and ways to characterise and use them effectively in reactions. The reaction mechanisms and reasons for the high activities are discussed and the applications for gold catalysis considered.

Using new instrumentation and experimental techniques that allow scientists to observe chemical reactions and molecular properties at the nanoscale, the authors of Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis reveal new insights into the surface chemistry of catalysts and the reaction mechanisms that actually occur at a molecular level during catalysis. While each chapter contains the necessary background and explanations to stand alone, the diverse collection of chapters shows how developments from various fields each contributed to our current understanding of nanomolecular catalysis as a whole.

The book describes how the size and shape of materials at the nanoscale can change their chemical and physical properties and promote more efficient reactions with fewer by-products. First it highlights the preparation, characterization, and applications of heterogeneous and supported metal catalysts. Then it covers the engineering of catalytic processes, structure and reaction control, and texturological properties of catalytic systems. The authors explain how surface science can elucidate reaction mechanisms and discuss the growing role of high-throughput experimentation and combinatorial approaches in catalysis.

From fundamental concepts to future directions, Surface and Nanomolecular Catalysis offers a well-rounded compilation of noteworthy developments which will continue to expand and transform our understanding of catalysis, particularly in the context of clean energy and environmental applications such as fuel cells.

This book focuses on direct nitrogenation strategies to incorporate one or more N-atoms into simple substrates especially hydrocarbons via C-H and/or C-C bond cleavage, which is a green and sustainable way to synthesize nitrogen-containing compounds. The book consists of seven chapters demonstrating interesting advances in the preparation of amines, amides, nitriles, carbamides, azides, and N-heterocyclic compounds and illustrating the mechanisms of these novel transformations. It offers an accessible introduction to nitrogenation reactions for chemists involved in N-compound synthesis and those interested in discovering new reagents and reactions. Ning Jiao is a Professor of Chemistry at Peking University, China.