These volumes constitute the Proceedings of a Symposium on the Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics, held at the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, July 11, 12, and 13, 1973. The theme of the symposium focussed on the mechanical behavior of brittle ceramics in terms of the characteristics of cracks. The 52 contributed papers by 87 authors, present an overview of the cur rent understanding of the theory and application of fracture mechan ics to brittle ceramics. The program chairmen gratefully acknowledge the financial assistance for the Symposium provided by the Office of Naval Re search, the College of Earth and Mineral Sciences of the Pennsyl vania State University, the Materials Research Center of Lehigh University, Bethlehem, Pennsylvana and Westinghouse Research Laboratories, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Special appreciation is extended to the expert organization provided by the J. Orvis Keller Conference Center of the Pennsyl vania State Conference Center of the Pennsylvania State University. In particular, Mrs. Patricia Ewing should be acknowledged for the excellent program organization and planning. Dean Harold J. O'Brien, who was featured as the after-dinner speaker and who presented a most stimulating talk on the communication between people, also contrib uted to the success of the meeting. Finally, we also wish to thank our joint secretaries for the patience and help in bringing these Proceedings to press. University Park R. C. Bradt Bethlehem D. P. H. Hasselman Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania F. F. Lange July, 1973 v CONTENTS OF VOLUME 1 Contents of Volume 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ."

A multi-authored, edited work. This volume forms a comprehensive treatise on the development, manufacture, testing and applications of a broad range of ceramic, glass ceramic and carbon matrix composite materials developed in the former Soviet Union. For each of these three classes of composite materials, background theory and extensive property data are also given.

Significant progress has been made in recent years in developing silicon nitride ceramics. The advances that have been achieved are mainly based on an increasing understanding of processing and microstructure-properties relationships. New analytical methods and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) coupled with extensive phase equilibria studies have provided new insights into the grain boundary region and offer the possibility to tailor the microstructure for specific applications. Because of the anticipated break-through in industrial applications there are still considerablt; research activities at industrial laboratories as well as other research centres. This volume presents the contributions to the international workshop "Tailoring ofHigh- Temperature Properties of Si3N4-Ceramics" with 60 participants from 12 countries held on 6th - 9th October 1993 at SchloB Ringberg in Germany, the conference site of the Max- Planck-Society. Additionally, it contains all invited papers of the International Conference "Silicon Nitride 93" held before the workshop on 4th - 6th October 1993 in Stuttgart/Germany. The book covers all recent research activities on silicon nitride ceramics and gives an overview with respect to recent developments.

The First All-Union Symposium on Phase-Separation Phenomena in Glasses was held in Lenin grad from April 16 to 18, 1968. The symposium was organized by the Section of the structure of glass and the nature of the glassy state of the Scientific Council for the problem "New Tech nical Materials and Coatings Based on Glass and Refractory Compounds" of the State Committee for Science and Technology of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, by the Scientific Council for the problem "Physicochemical Principles of Production of New Heat-Resistant Inorganic Mate rials" of the Division of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Inorganic Materials, Academy of Sciences of the USSR, by the Leningrad regional board of the D. 1. Mendeleev All-Union Chemi cal Society, and by the 1. V. Grebenshchikov Institute of Silicate Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. The present collection consists of the Proceedings of the Symposium and is No. 3 in Vol. 5 of the series "The Glassy State," published by the Academy of Sciences of the USSR since 1955. The book contains the results of theoretical and experimental investigations of phase sep aration of glasses into two glassy phases, and of the influence of this submicroscopically heter ogeneous structure on certain properties of glass. Metastable phase separation in glasses was discovered about 10 years ago.

This publication presents the proceedings of ICPMSE-3, the third international conference on Protection of Materials and Structures from the Low Earth Orbit Space Environment, held in Toronto April 25-26, 1996. The conference was hosted and organized by Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc, (ITL), and held at the University of Toronto's Institute for Aerospace Studies (UTIAS), where ITL is located. Twenty industrial companies, seven wliversities and eight government agencies from Canada, USA, United Kingdom, France, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and the Netherlands were represented by over 55 participants indicating increasing international co-operation in this critical arena of protection of materials in space. Twenty-five speakers, world experts in their fields, delivered talks on a wide variety of topics on various aspects of material protection in space, Representatives from the Canadian, American, European and Israeli space agencies as well as from leading space research laboratories of major aerospace industries gathered at UTIAS to discuss the latest developments in the field of material and structure protection from the harsh space environment, These proceedings are organized into four sections: a) AONOV and Radiation Effects on Materials and Structures in the Leo Space Environment; b) Interaction of Matter with the LEO Environment; c) Large Scale Coating Process Developments for Protection in LEO; d) Synthesis and Modification of Materials and Surfaces for Protection in LEO, This is the third in our on-going series of bi-annual international space materials conferences wllich began in 1992 in Toronto. Jacob Kleiman, Integrity Testing Laboratory Inc.

In the preliminary stage of designing new structural hardware to perform a given mission in a fluctuating load environment, there are several factors that the designer should consider. Trade studies for different design configurations should be performed and, based on strength and weight considerations, among others, an optimum configuration selected. The selected design must withstand the environment in question without failure. Therefore, a comprehensive structural analysis that consists of static, dynamic, fatigue, and fracture is necessary to ensure the integrity of the structure. Engineers must also consider the feasibility of fabricating the structural hardware in the material selection process. During the past few decades, fracture mechanics has become a necessary discipline for the solution of many structural problems in which the survivability of structure containing pre-existing flaws is of great interest. These problems include structural failures resulting from cracks that are inherent in the material, or defects that are introduced in the part due to improper handling or rough machining, that must be assessed through fracture mechanics concepts.

The birth of this monograph is partly due to the persistent efforts of the General Editor, Dr. Klaus Timmerhaus, to persuade the authors that they encapsulate their forty or fifty years of struggle with the thermal properties of materials into a book before they either expired or became totally senile. We recognize his wisdom in wanting a monograph which includes the closely linked properties of heat capacity and thermal expansion, to which we have added a little 'cement' in the form of elastic moduli. There seems to be a dearth of practitioners in these areas, particularly among physics postgraduate students, sometimes temporarily alleviated when a new generation of exciting materials are found, be they heavy fermion compounds, high temperature superconductors, or fullerenes. And yet the needs of the space industry, telecommunications, energy conservation, astronomy, medical imaging, etc. , place demands for more data and understanding of these properties for all classes of materials - metals, polymers, glasses, ceramics, and mixtures thereof. There have been many useful books, including Specific Heats at Low Tempera tures by E. S. Raja Gopal (1966) in this Plenum Cryogenic Monograph Series, but few if any that covered these related topics in one book in a fashion designed to help the cryogenic engineer and cryophysicist. We hope that the introductory chapter will widen the horizons of many without a solid state background but with a general interest in physics and materials.

This concise survey describes the requirements on materials operating in high-temperature environments and the processes that increase the temperature capability of metals, ceramics, and composites. The major part deals with the applicable materials and their specific properties, with one entire chapter devoted to coatings. Written for engineering and science students, researchers, and managers in industry.

A variety of ceramic materials has been recently shown to exhibit nonlinear stress strain behavior. These materials include transformation-toughened zirconia which undergoes a stress-induced crystallographic transformation in the vicinity of a propagating crack, microcracking ceramics, and ceramic-fiber reinforced ceramic matrices. Since many of these materials are under consideration for structural applications, understanding fracture in these quasi-brittle materials is essential. Portland cement concrete is a relatively brittle material. As a result mechanical behavior of concrete, conventionally reinforced concrete, prestressed concrete and fiber reinforced concrete is critically influenced by crack propagation. Crack propagation in concrete is characterized by a fracture process zone, microcracking, and aggregate bridging. Such phenomena give concrete toughening mechanisms, and as a result, the macroscopic response of concrete can be characterized as that of a quasi-brittle material. To design super high performance cement composites, it is essential to understand the complex fracture processes in concrete. A wide range of concern in design involves fracture in rock masses and rock structures. For example, prediction of the extension or initiation of fracture is important in: 1) the design of caverns (such as underground nuclear waste isolation) subjected to earthquake shaking or explosions, 2) the production of geothermal and petroleum energy, and 3) predicting and monitoring earthquakes. Depending upon the grain size and mineralogical composition, rock may also exhibit characteristics of quasi-brittle materials."

The merging of the concept of introduction of asymmetry of the wave vector space of the charge carriers in semiconductors with the modern techniques of fabric- ing nanostructured materials such as MBE, MOCVD, and FLL in one, two, and three dimensions (such as ultrathin ?lms, nipi structures, inversion and accumu- tion layers, quantum well superlattices, carbon nanotubes, quantum wires, quantum wire superlattices, quantumdots, magnetoinversionand accumulationlayers, qu- tum dot superlattices, etc. ) spawns not only useful quantum effect devices but also unearth new concepts in the realm of nanostructured materials science and related disciplines. It is worth remaking that these semiconductor nanostructures occupy a paramount position in the entire arena of low-dimensional science and technology by their own right and ?nd extensive applications in quantum registers, resonant tunneling diodes and transistors, quantum switches, quantum sensors, quantum logic gates, heterojunction ?eld-effect, quantum well and quantum wire trans- tors, high-speed digital networks, high-frequency microwave circuits, quantum cascade lasers, high-resolution terahertz spectroscopy, superlattice photo-oscillator, advanced integrated circuits, superlattice photocathodes, thermoelectric devices, superlattice coolers, thin ? lm transistors, intermediate-band solar cells, micro- tical systems, high-performanceinfrared imaging systems, bandpass ?lters, thermal sensors, optical modulators, optical switching systems, single electron/molecule electronics, nanotube based diodes, and other nanoelectronic devices.

Boron Oxide plays a key role in numerous glasses of high technological importance, yet its role in glass structure is far from clear. Indeed, in recent years there have been serious chal lenges to previous structure concepts for both crystalline and glassy borates. These challenges were sufficient to warrant a re examination of the structure of borate glasses using the most pow erful tools currently available. To provide a suitable forum for this undertaking, a four-day conference on "Boron in Glass and Glass Ceramics" was convened at Alfred University, June 3-8, 1977 to review the best scientific thinking on structure and to debate conflicting views and discuss properties and applications of borate glasses. This conference was also the first in a New University series on Glass Science to be rotated among Alfred University, The Pensyl vania State University, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, and the University of Missouri-Rolla. The present volume represents the proceedings of the first conference in this series. The volume begins with a review of the remarkable contribution of Jan Krogh-Moe to the understanding of the structure of Borate glasses. This review, authored by Professor N. J. Kreidl, concludes by dedicating the proceedings of this conference as a Krogh-Moe Fest schrift. The volume continues with a historical review by D. L. Griscom, originally prepared for circulation to the contributors prior to the conference. An Epilogue to the opening chapter brings the survey up-to-date in light of the conference papers."

This book is the first introduction/reference to the computer simulation of glass materials, which are growing in their applications such as telephone technology, construction materials, aerospace materials and more. Written by the leading experts and active practitioners from across the world, this book provides a comprehensive review of the fundamentals and practical applications of atomistic simulations of inorganic glasses. After providing a concise overview of both classical and first principles simulation methods, the second part of the book focuses on practical examples of the application of atomistic simulations in the research of different glass systems: silica, silicate, aluminosilicate, borate, chalcogenide and halide glasses. Up-to-date information will be provided on simulations (both classical and ab initio methods) of these glass systems, and current challenges facing these systems will be discussed. Students and researchers in the fields of materials science, particularly glass science and ceramic engineering, inorganic solid state chemistry, computational materials and materials modeling will benefit from this important new book.

The nature of concrete is rapidly changing, and with it, there are rising concerns. Thoroughly revised and updated, this fourth edition of Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control and Specification addresses current industry practices that provide inadequate durability and fail to eliminate problems with underperforming new concrete and defective testing. Many specifications now require additional criteria in an attempt to improve durability or other properties. This book discusses the trend towards adding performance requirements to existing prescriptive specifications. It also explores the matter of prescription versus performance specification and especially the specification of non-strength-related performance such as durability. What's new in the Fourth Edition: Examines water-to-cement ratio as a declining criterion of quality and durability Discusses the diminishing availability of suitable natural sands and growing industry concerns regarding the environmental impact of their use Considers advances in concrete admixtures and their ever-increasing use Advocates reliability of testing as a vital feature of the shift from prescriptive to performance specifications Addresses cement replacement materials as they relate to greenhouse gas and sustainability Concrete Mix Design, Quality Control and Specification explores producing, designing, controlling, or specifying concrete, and addresses issues related with sustainability and the impact of new concrete materials such as ready mixed geopolymers, magnesium oxide, and calcium carbonate. The text is an ideal resource for concrete technologists, producers and specifiers, and contractors on large projects

"Firing Ceramics" is the first textbook in the English language devoted entirely to the subject of firing in over fifty years. Most existing books on ceramic manufacturing processes cover the entire spectrum from raw material to finishing. These texts often have only one or two chapters devoted to the firing process. This book has been written solely on the firing process to serve not only as an in-depth textbook for our ceramic schools but as a firing handbook for anyone who manufactures ceramics.This book is divided into three parts with Part I describing what happens inside a kiln to the ceramic itself plus what kiln furniture may be required and how to develop the firing cycle. Part II deals with all the different kinds of kilns that exist and how to select the right kind for your job. Lastly, Part III is devoted to the latest in firing practice, industry by industry.

As recently as 20 years ago, ceramics were widely ignored as potential biomaterials. Interest in bioceramics has increased dramatically over the past decade to the point where it is anticipated they will be the materials of choice for many orthopedic, otologic, maxillofacial and dental applications during the decade of the '90s. Alumina ceramics are being used extensively as articulating comJ1onents in total joint prostheses because of Ithe materials low coefficient of friction and excellent wear resistances. Alumina ceramics are also being used in dental and maxillofacial applica tions because of the materials excellent biocompatibility. Because of its ability to chemically bond to bone, hydroxyapatite is rapidly becoming the material of choice for many dental and maxillofacial applications. For the past decade, one of the most widely researched topics in the field of orthopedics has been the clinical evaluation of joint prostheses based upon stabili zation via tissue ingrowth. It appears that the next generation of joint prostheses will be based upon direct chemically bonding to bone using hydroxyapatite, surface-active glass or surface-active glass ceramics coatings. Resorbable bioceramics are limited to temporary bone space fillers, periodontal pockets treatment and resorbable pharma ceutical delivery systems. Bioceramics is a comprehensive reference textbook covering the history of bio ceramics, present status of bioceramics, and prediction for future use of bioceramics. This book will serve as a major reference for students, as well as experienced bio material researchers. The book presents the state-of-the-art of bioceramics as of 1991."

Accessible and generously illustrated in full colour, this reference spans the history of glass, the raw materials and the manufacturing process, as well as its many products. Informative and compact, this convenient guide is appropriate for anyone interested in glass. Revised throughout for this new edition.

I express my sincere gratitude to NATO Science Committee for granting me the financial award to organize and direct the Advanced Research Workshop on "MULTILAYERED and FIBRE-REINFORCED COMPOSITES: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS" that was held in Kiev, Ukraine, during the period of June 2 - 6, 1997, in collaboration with Professor S. A. Firstov of the Frantsevich Institute for Problems of Materials Science, National Academy of Sciences, Kiev, Ukraine. In this context I wish to convey special thanks to Dr. J. A. Raussell-Colom, NATO Programme Director for Priority Area on High Technology, for his kind efforts and continuous guidance in the course of organizing the Workshop. I appreciate sincerely the opportunity of working closely with Professor Firstov and acknowledge with deep gratitude his outstanding contribution in co-directing the Workshop. I wish to express my special thanks to Dr. N. Orlovskaya of the Frantsevich Institute, for her outstanding contribution towards both the organization and conduct of the Workshop. I wish to convey my sincere thanks to Professor V. V. Skorohord, Deputy Director of the Frantsevich Institute, on behalf of the same Institute, for hosting the Workshop and welcoming the participants to l{iev. The very kind efforts of the members of the Scientific Advisory Committee, the Local Organizing Committee and the Staff of the Frantsevich Institute towards the organization and conduct of the Workshop, are gratefully appreciated. I convey my full indebtedness to all researchers who participated in the Workshop."

This volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on the behavior and reliability of ceramic macro and micro scale systems. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Topics include Design and Testing Challenges for Ceramic Joints; Structural Design, Testing and Life Prediction of Monolithic and Composite Components; Mechanical Behavior, Design, and Reliability of Small Scale Systems; Environmental Effects on Mechanical Properties; and more. This is a valuable reference for researchers in ceramics engineering.

This volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on bioceramics and porous ceramics. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. It includes papers from two symposia: "Porous Ceramics: Novel Developments and Applications" and "Next Generation Bioceramics." Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of bioceramics and porous ceramics. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers working in ceramics engineering.

This volume provides a one-stop resource, compiling current research on ceramic coatings and interfaces. It is a collection of papers from The American Ceramic Society s 32nd International Conference on Advanced Ceramics and Composites, January 27-February 1, 2008. Papers include developments and advances in ceramic coatings for structural, environmental, and functional applications. Articles are logically organized to provide insight into various aspects of ceramic coatings and interfaces. This is a valuable, up-to-date resource for researchers in industry, government, or academia who work in ceramics engineering.

This volume constitutes the Proceedings of the November 8-10, 1982 Conference on EMERGENT PROCESS METHODS FOR HIGH TECHNOLOGY CERAMICS, held at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. It was the nineteenth in a series of "University Conferences on Ceramic Sci ence" initiated in 1964 by four institutions of which North Carolina State University is a charter member, along with the University of California at Berkeley, Notre Dame University, and the New York State College of Ceramics at Alfred University. More recently, ceramic oriented faculty in departments at the Pennsylvania State University and Case-Western Reserve University have joined the four initial institutions as permanent members of the consortium. These research oriented conferences, each uniquely concerned with a timely ceramic theme, have been well attended by audiences which typically were both international and interdisciplinary in character; their published Proceedings have been well received and are frequently cited. This three day conference addressed the fundamental scientific background as well as the technological state-of-the-art of several novel methods which are beginning to influence present and future directions for non-traditional ceramic processing, thus affecting many of the advanced ceramic materials needed for a wide variety of research and industrial applications. The number, the importance and the application of new ceramic processing techniques have expanded considerably during the last ten years."

This volume entitled Advanced Science and Technology of Sintering, contains the edited Proceedings of the Ninth World Round Table Conference on Sintering (IX WRTCS), held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia, September 1-4 1998. The gathering was one in a series of World Round Table Conferences on Sintering organised every four years by the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts (SASA) and the International Institute for the Science of Sintering (IISS). The World Round Table Conferences on Sintering have been traditionally held in Yugoslavia. The first meeting was organised in Herceg Novi in 1969 and since then they have regularly gathered the scientific elite in the science of sintering. It is not by chance that, at these conferences, G. C. Kuczynski, G. V. Samsonov, R. Coble, Ya. E. Geguzin and other great names in this branch of science presented their latest results making great qualitative leaps in the its development. Belgrade hosted this conference for the first time. It was chosen as a reminder that 30 years ago it was the place where the International Team for Sintering was formed, further growing into the International Institute for the Science of Sintering. The IX WRTCS lasted four days. It included 156 participants from 17 countries who presented the results of their theoretical and experimental research in 130 papers in the form of plenary lectures, oral presentations and poster sections.

This Proceedings contains the edited papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative NDE held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, Aug. 7-12, 1983. In it, papers have been arranged topically by chapters and subsections rather than by order of presentation at the Review. The editors believe that this format is preferable as a reference volume. Thus, the Proceedings contains nine chapters and subsections which provide broad coverage of topics of current interest in NDE research and development. The Review was sponsored by the Center for Advanced NDE, Ames Laboratory of the U. S. Department of Energy, in cooperation with the Office of Basic Energy Sciences, USDOE, the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, the Materials Laboratory of the Air Force Wright Aeronautical Laboratories, and the Naval Sea Systems Command. Approximately 275 attendees representing various government agencies, industry, and academia participated in the technical presentations, poster sessions, and discussions. This Review, possibly the most comprehensive annual symposium in NDE, emphasizes both basic research and early engineering applications; it provides a valuable forum for the transfer of technical information. Para graphs given below provide a brief summary of the contents of the Proceedings. Chapter 1 consists of four papers that discuss elements of NDE Reliability and contains the keynote paper given by Dr. J. M. Coffey of the NDT Applications Centre, Central Electricity Generating Board, Manchester, England. In his paper, Dr."

In the decade since glass-ceramics first became mass-pro duced articles of commerce, they have become a popular subject for research and invention, as attested to by the 773 references cited in this book. Discovered almost accidentally during re search on photosensitive glasses, thermally crystallized glass ceramics have been distinguished by the rapid pace of their utili zation for distinctive new products. This promise has been recognized throughout the world, and original contributions have appeared from nearly every country having an ongoing glassmaking capability. Particularly numerous have been the publications and the ideas, scientific and technolOgi cal, issuing from the USSR. For several years, the annual All Union Conference on the Glassy State has been dominated by papers on catalyzed crystallization of glasses. With regard to new prod uct lines, we learn about slag-based sitaUs (glass-ceramics) and also about specialty items derived by radiation-assisted crystalli zation in glasses, photo-sitaUs. A. I. Berezhnoi has written a comprehensive review of the publications on this topic, which includes a balanced weighting to the contributions from the USSR and the USA, and also introduces advances from Britain, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Japan, and other centers of activity."