With portland cement and cementitious building products (currently used in over 95% of cement applications) consuming vast quantities of natural resources, constitutse a large proportion of industrial waste and currently represent about 5% of anthropogenic global CO2 emissions, there is an urgent need for innovative, creative, cost-effective and sustainable approaches to reduce the tremendous environmental impact of conventional cement-based technology and applications.

Magnesia cements offer one alternative, witha unique set of properties that set them apart from the conventional Portland based cements, such as superior strength, fire resistance, and exceptional ability to bond to a wide range of aggregates. Sorel cement as well as some magnesium compounds and minerals also have the ability to react with atmospheric carbon dioxide and effectively sequester it via carbonation. This will have obvious appeal as carbon dioxide sequestration is currently center stage as an environmental concern.

This reference handbook provides detailed analysis of the chemistry, properties, manufacture and the classical and new uses for magnesia cements. The focus is on Sorel cement (magnesium oxychloride), magnesium oxysulfate and magnesium phosphate cements. The work is ideally suited for materials scientists, cement chemists and ceramicists researching related subjects at academic institutions, and beyond materials research, for any academic working with construction and remediation, cement clinker, novel cement systems (sustainability), hydration and durability, thermodynamic modeling, waste management, and hydrate characterization. Research engineers working on any aspect of cement systems with environmental impacts will also be highly interested.
Formulary information aids research into more environmentally-friendly cement systems

Property chemistry discussion aids chemical phase analysis and improves impact of formulation

Applications analysis and history of global uses provides support for future environmentally stable industrial, building, and non-building applications "

Aerogels are the lightest solids known. Up to 1000 times lighter than glass and with a density as low as only four times that of air, they show very high thermal, electrical and acoustic insulation values and hold many entries in Guinness World Records. Originally based on silica, R&D efforts have extended this class of materials to non-silicate inorganic oxides, natural and synthetic organic polymers, carbon, metal and ceramic materials, etc. Composite systems involving polymer-crosslinked aerogels and interpenetrating hybrid networks have been developed and exhibit remarkable mechanical strength and flexibility. Even more exotic aerogels based on clays, chalcogenides, phosphides, quantum dots, and biopolymers such as chitosan are opening new applications for the construction, transportation, energy, defense and healthcare industries. Applications in electronics, chemistry, mechanics, engineering, energy production and storage, sensors, medicine, nanotechnology, military and aerospace, oil and gas recovery, thermal insulation and household uses are being developed with an estimated annual market growth rate of around 70% until 2015. The Aerogels Handbook summarizes state-of-the-art developments and processing of inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels, including the most important methods of synthesis, characterization as well as their typical applications and their possible market impact. Readers will find an exhaustive overview of all aerogel materials known today, their fabrication, upscaling aspects, physical and chemical properties, and most recent advances towards applications and commercial products, some of which are commercially available today. Key Features: -Edited and written by recognized worldwide leaders in the field -Appeals to a broad audience of materials scientists, chemists, and engineers in academic research and industrial R&D -Covers inorganic, organic, and composite aerogels -Describes military, aerospace, building industry, household, environmental, energy, and biomedical applications among others

This popular reference offers a clear understanding of the scientific principles of ceramics processing required for the development and production of new advanced ceramics. In the latest edition significant new material has been added to the chapters on raw materials, liquids and surfactants, vapor deposition, printing, coating processes and firing. Contains several new features including processing flow diagrams, tables summarizing important points, 100+ new figures as well as descriptions of defects and their causes which are either itemized in the text or summarized in a table. Also includes numerous problems and examples following each chapter.

An Instructor's Manual presenting detailed solutions to all the problems in the book is available from the Wiley editorial department.

Since time immemorial, we have treasured diamonds for their exquisite beauty and unrivaled hardness. Yet, most of the earth's diamonds lie deep underground and totally unaccessible to us--if only we knew how to fabricate them! In The Diamond Makers Robert Hazen vividly recounts the very human desire to exceed nature and create a synthetic diamond. Spanning centuries of ground-breaking science, instances of bitter rivalry, cases of outright fraud and self-delusion, Hazen blends drama and science to reveal the extraordinary technological advances and devastating failures of the diamond industry. Along the way, readers will be introduced to the brilliant, often eccentric and controversial, pioneers of high-pressure research who have harnessed crushing pressures and scorching temperatures to transform almost any carbon-rich material, from road tar to peanut butter, into the most prized of all gems. Robert M. Hazen is the author of fifteen books, including the bestseller, Science Matters: Achieving Scientific Literacy, which he wrote with James Trefil. Dr. Hazen has won numerous awards for his research and scientific writing.

This book report the advances in the synthesis of new nanomaterials for the remediation of natural waters, groundwaters, and wastewaters. The authors describe synthetic routes for the assembly of different nanomaterials for the removal of contaminants by adsorption, catalytic degradation, and antibacterial activity. The hazardous effects of nanomaterials in aquatic ecosystems are discussed. This book presents the trends in the development of advanced technologies available in the market based on nanomaterials for more efficient water remediation. The authors also discuss sustainable management of water resources according to the new technologies developed and the improved efficiency of remediation processes.

Over the past twenty-five years ceramics have become key materials in the development of many new technologies as scientists have been able to design these materials with new structures and properties. An understanding of the factors that influence their mechanical behavior and reliability is essential. This book will introduce the reader to current concepts in the field. It contains problems and exercises to help readers develop their skills. This is a comprehensive introduction to the mechanical properties of ceramics, and is designed primarily as a textbook for advanced undergraduates in materials science and engineering. It will also be of value as a supplementary text for more general courses and to industrial scientists and engineers involved in the development of ceramic-based products, materials selection and mechanical design.

This thesis addresses the surprising features of zero-temperature statics and dynamics of several spin glass models, including correlations between soft spins that arise spontaneously during avalanches, and the discovery of localized states that involve the presence of two-level systems. It also presents the only detailed historiographical research on the spin glass theory. Despite the extreme simplicity of their definition, spin glasses display a wide variety of non-trivial behaviors that are not yet fully understood. In this thesis the author sheds light on some of these, focusing on both the search for phase transitions under perturbations of Hamiltonians and the zero-temperature properties and responses to external stimuli. After introducing spin glasses and useful concepts on phase transitions and numerics, the results of two massive Monte Carlo campaigns on three-dimensional systems are presented: The first of these examines the de Almeida-Thouless transition, and proposes a new finite-size scaling ansatz, which accelerates the convergence to the thermodynamic limit. The second reconstructs the phase diagram of the Heisenberg spin glass with random exchange anisotropy.

This book presents insights in green techniques used in conventional and advanced machining. It consists of various experimental case studies conducted by the authors on green machining of difficult-to-machine materials, polymer and ceramic materials. Effects of green techniques / processes on machining properties like material removal rate, surface quality, geometric accuracy, productivity, and environment while machining various materials are reported.

This book provides fundamental knowledge of ceramics science and technology in a compact volume. Based on inorganic chemistry, it is intended as a reader for graduate students and young researchers beginning work in ceramics. The importance of the book is that it provides a scientific understanding of structure, properties, and processing from the chemical aspect, leading to creation of future ceramics. Ceramics have high hardness, strength, thermal and chemical stability, as well as various electromagnetic functions. To take full advantage of ceramics, their use has been advanced to engineering and electronic ceramics. Most ceramics have been fabricated by powder processing, and new technologies have also evolved such as CVD and sol-gel methods: new ceramics aimed at new functions of highly pure oxides and artificial nitrides, carbides, and borides; fine ceramics focused on precise control of composition and microstructure; and design of unique morphology, such as nanoparticles, nanofibers, nanosheets, mesoporous materials, and hybrids. Materials are composed of atoms and molecules. They are assembled into crystals and are amorphous, leading to 3-D micro/nano structures. In addition to the topics described above, this book shows the importance of chemistry for materials design at the nanometer scale, and that chemistry develops new fields of environment, energy, informatics, biomaterials, and other areas.

This book investigates the enhancement of properties of acacia wood and its surface treatment for high strength bio-composites. It describes the tensile, flexural and impact strength, surface behaviour, morphological analysis, infrared spectral functional analysis, thermal properties analysis and dielectrical properties of acacia wood bio-composites. It reports efforts on the optimization of fabrication techniques to prepare acacia wood reinforced bio-composites based on PLA, PHA, Etc. The book also reports on environmental impact analysis of acacia wood bio-composites. A special chapter is dedicated to the nano-enhancement of acacia wood bio-composites and their possible use in applications in terms of sustainability and economics.

This open access proceedings of the 14th International Council for Applied Mineralogy Congress (ICAM) in Belgorod, Russia cover a wide range of topics including applied mineralogy, advanced and construction materials, ore and industrial minerals, mineral exploration, cultural heritage, etc. It includes contributions to geometallurgy, industrial minerals, oil and gas reservoirs as well as stone artifacts and their preservation. The International Congress on Applied Mineralogy strengthens the relation between the research on applied mineralogy and the industry.

This book presents a wide range of synthesis and characterization techniques to produce ceramic nanomaterials specially developed to be used in environmental applications. The book cover synthesis using hydrothermal, chemical vapor deposition, sol-gel, emulsification, magneto-sputtering, among other process and modern characterization techniques with detail. The use of the synthesized materials in eco-friendly approaches such as photocatalysis, solar energy efficiency improvement, absorbents, sensors, solar cells, biofuels and waste reuse are reported in detail.

This book comprises select proceedings of the International Conference on Futuristic Trends in Materials and Manufacturing (ICFTMM 2018). The book includes latest research on conventional materials, advanced metals and alloys, polymeric materials and composites. In addition to the characterization of different advanced materials, the book also discusses their applications in various fields such as marine, automotive, aerospace, sporting equipment, and infrastructure. The book offers an insight into the manufacturing of cost-effective and high performance materials products. The contents of this book will be useful for students, academicians, and researchers working in the field of materials science and engineering.

This book covers a variety of topics related to machine manufacturing and concerning machine design, product assembly, technological aspects of production, mechatronics and production maintenance. Based on papers presented at the 6th International Scientific-Technical Conference MANUFACTURING 2019, held in Poznan, Poland on May 19-22, 2019, the different chapters reports on cutting-edge issues in constructing machine parts, mechatronic solutions and modern drives. They include new ideas and technologies for machine cutting and precise processing. Chipless technologies, such as founding, plastic forming, non-metal construction materials and composites, and additive techniques alike, are also analyzed and thoroughly discussed. All in all, the book reports on significant scientific contributions in modern manufacturing, offering a timely guide for researchers and professionals developing and/or using mechanical engineering technologies that have become indispensable for modern manufacturing.

The present doctoral dissertation contributes to the analysis of glass panels subjected to blast load, concentrating on monolithic and laminated glass prior to glass fracture. A straightforward graphical solution for monolithic glass is presented to identify maximum deformation and maximum principal stress for small and large deformations for static and idealized blast load without software. On the basis of experimental tests, load duration factors kmod for impact and blast load design for annealed glass, heat strengthened glass and fully tempered glass are proposed. In addition, design strength values for impact and blast design based on the European and German standards are suggested. As a result, blast pressure capacity charts for monolithic fully tempered glass plates subjected to idealized blast load are presented. Moreover, design temperatures of interlayer in blast design situation based on empirical data in accordance with Eurocode are determined for vertical double glazed and triple glazed units for Germany, showing that laminated glass should not be regarded with monolithic glass approach in general.

Fundamentals of Inorganic Glasses, Third Edition, is a comprehensive reference on the field of glass science and engineering that covers numerous, significant advances. This new edition includes the most recent advances in glass physics and chemistry, also discussing groundbreaking applications of glassy materials. It is suitable for upper level glass science courses and professional glass scientists and engineers at industrial and government labs. Fundamental concepts, chapter-ending problem sets, an emphasis on key ideas, and timely notes on suggested readings are all included. The book provides the breadth required of a comprehensive reference, offering coverage of the composition, structure and properties of inorganic glasses.

This book investigates the effect of sintering temperature on willemite based glass-ceramic doped with different content of Er2O3. It is the first to report research on producing willemite by using waste materials and using trivalent erbium (Er3+) as a dopant. This book provides a survey of the literature on glass and glass-ceramic, while comprehensive experiments and analysis have been performed on the material used.

This book discusses the fundamental of bending actuation with a focus on ionic metal composites. It describes the applications of ionic polymer metal composite (IPMC) actuators, from conventional robotic systems to compliant micro robotic systems used to handle the miniature and fragile components during robotic micro assembly. It also presents mathematical modelings of actuators for engineering, biomedical, medical and environmental systems. The fundamental relation of IPMC actuators to the biomimetic systems are also included.

This book gathers selected papers from the Chinese Materials Conference 2018 (CMC2018) held in Xiamen City, Fujian, China, on July 12-16, 2018. The Chinese Materials Conference (CMC) is the Chinese Materials Research Society's most important conference series and has been held annually since the early 1990s. The 2018 edition consisted of 32 domestic symposia, 2 international symposia and 1 international materials forum. This proceedings book covers the fields of advanced ceramic materials and polymer materials, and presents recent original research results from more than 300 research groups in various universities and research institutes.

This book provides a solid background for understanding the immediate past, the ongoing present, and the emerging trends of additive manufacturing, with an emphasis on innovations and advances in its use for a wide spectrum of manufacturing applications. It contains contributions from leading authors in the field, who view the research and development progress of additive manufacturing techniques from the unique angle of developing high-performance composites and other complex material parts. It is a valuable reference book for scientists, engineers, and entrepreneurs who are seeking technologically novel and economically viable innovations for high-performance materials and critical applications. It can also benefit graduate students and post-graduate fellows majoring in mechanical, manufacturing, and material sciences, as well as biomedical engineering.

This book focus on the challenges faced by cutting materials with superior mechanical and chemical characteristics, such as hardened steels, titanium alloys, super alloys, ceramics and metal matrix composites. Aspects such as costs and appropriate machining strategy are mentioned. The authors present the characteristics of the materials difficult to cut and comment on appropriate cutting tools for their machining. This book also serves as a reference tool for manufacturers working in industry.

This is the first book devoted to the role of chemical synthetic techniques in the development of advanced ceramic materials. It bridges the gap between existing volumes dealing with the properties of ceramic materials, for example their mechanical properties, and those on chemistry. The author describes the variety of advanced ceramics and their conventional synthesis and fabrication. This is followed by a description of the range of non-conventional synthetic methods. The basic chemistry of the synthesis is described and well-illustrated by reference to ceramics made on both laboratory and industrial scales. This resource book will be of value to anyone working with advanced ceramics in research laboratories, and to postgraduate students and research workers in chemistry, material science, physics, metallurgy and mechanical engineering departments involved with ceramic materials.

This book highlights the processing, characterization and applications of various green composites. Composites are known for their unique properties, which are derived by combining two or more components. This yields properties such as greater strength and rigidity than that of the individual components, as well as reduced weight. To help achieve such outcomes, the book discusses the potential applications of hybrid bio-composites and sisal-fiber-reinforced epoxidized non-edible oil-based epoxy green composites.

This book presents a unique collection of up-to-date applications of graphene for water science. Because water is an invaluable resource and the intelligent use and maintenance of water supplies is one of the most important and crucial challenges that stand before mankind, new technologies are constantly being sought to lower the cost and footprint of processes that make use of water resources as potable water as well as water for agriculture and industry, which are always in desperate demand. Much research is focused on graphene for different water treatment uses. Graphene, whose discovery won the 2010 Nobel Prize in physics, has been a shining star in the material science in the past few years. Owing to its interesting electrical, optical, mechanical and chemical properties, graphene has found potential applications in a wide range of areas, including water purification technology. A new type of graphene-based filter could be the key to managing the global water crisis. According to the World Economic Forum's Global Risks Report, lack of access to safe, clean water is the biggest risk to society over the coming decade. Yet some of these risks could be mitigated by the development of this filter, which is so strong and stable that it can be used for extended periods in the harshest corrosive environments, and with less maintenance than other filters on the market. The graphene-based filter could be used to filter chemicals, viruses, or bacteria from a range of liquids. It could be used to purify water, dairy products or wine, or in the production of pharmaceuticals. This book provides practical information to all those who are involved in this field.

This book highlights the production of green composites from various sustainable raw materials. We now live in an environmentally conscious era, in which sustainable raw materials (renewable, biodegradable, recycled), sustainable processing sequences, the production of recyclable and biodegradable products, and avoiding the depletion of renewable resources are key considerations with regarding to producing any product. The textile sector is no exception. Accordingly, this book addresses these aspects in connection with textiles, and discusses how they can be actively practiced.