Is television dead? The classic television era of the 1950s and 1960s, characterized by limited choices of programs broadcast on over the air channels to families as if they were seated around a hearth - and to a nation as if gathered around a campfire - has indeed ended. That early stage of "sharedness" and "scarcity" gave way to the television of "plenty," when satellite and cable and competition reigned, choice was suddenly expanded, and every room in the home had its own television set. And now television offers infinite choices where we can view what we like; when we like; where we like; on a variety of screens, telephones, and Web sites. Some researchers assert that television is not dead but has merely moved from a "collectivist" to an "individualist" phase. Throughout the drastic evolution of this media, thousands of studies have examined the short-term effects of television, such as the evaluation of persuasion campaigns. Yet there is scant research on the overreaching sociological impacts of television and its centrality to Western culture over the past 60 years. This compelling volume of The ANNALS is the first collection of rigorous articles devoted to studying ways in which television has impacted our values, ideologies, institutions, social structure, and culture. Focusing on classic television, these leading experts in media studies delve into the effects on social institutions (namely family and politics) and its effects on values and everyday behavior. These seminal articles lay the groundwork for innovative studies of the numerous ways that television has impacted democracy; social integration (nation and family); trust and suspiciousness; materialism; and identity (social and physical). Students and researchers will find a wealth of inspiration for new research projects. It is a must-have resource for social scientists interested in media studies.

The legacy of emigres in the British film industry, from the silent film era until after the Second World War, has been largely neglected in the scholarly literature. Destination London is the first book to redress this imbalance. Focusing on areas such as exile, genre, technological transfer, professional training and education, cross-cultural exchange and representation, it begins by mapping the reasons for this neglect before examining the contributions made to British cinema by emigre directors, actors, screenwriters, cinematographers, set designers, and composers. It goes on to assess the cultural and economic contexts of transnational industry collaborations in the 1920s, artistic cosmopolitanism in the 1930s, and anti-Nazi propaganda in the 1940s.

This book gives a panoramic view of the rise and growth of Nollywood, Nigeria's movie and home video entertainment industry, into the second largest and most prolific movie-producing industry in the world. It offers an analysis of Nollywood's influence as a local and global cultural force. Scholars from Africa, the African Diaspora and beyond examine the factors that have shaped Nollywood's unique story-telling, production, and distribution system. The volume shows how internal and external economic, social, cultural and technological changes intersect to define Nollywood's film-making and entertainment ethos. It is grounded in sound theoretical perspectives that help readers understand the texts and subtexts of the industry's emergence, transformation, and impact. The range of subjects covered span Nollywood's historical roots in Nigeria pre-colonial traveling/community theatre to colonial era film-making, and its contemporary spin-offs and inspired cousins across Africa and in Europe. It illuminates the interface of artistic, business, cultural and technological innovation and creativity at the heart of Africa's local and global pop culture explosion.

The Amoy-dialect film industry emerged in the 1950s, producing cheap, b-grade films in Hong Kong for direct export to the theatres of Manila Chinatown, southern Taiwan and Singapore. Films made in Amoy dialect - a dialect of Chinese - reflected a particular period in the history of the Chinese diaspora, and have been little studied due to their ambiguous place within the wider realm of Chinese and East Asian film history. This book represents the first full length, critical study of the origin, significant rise and rapid decline of the Amoy-dialect film industry.

Rather than examining the industry for its own sake, however, this book focuses on its broader cultural, political and economic significance in the region. It questions many of the assumptions currently made about the 'recentness' of transnationalism in Chinese cultural production, particularly when addressing Chinese cinema in the Cold War years, as well as the prominence given to 'the nation' and 'transnationalism' in studies of Chinese cinemas and of the Chinese Diaspora. By examining a cinema that did not fit many of the scholarly models of 'transnationalism', that was not grounded in any particular national tradition of filmmaking and that was largely unconcerned with 'nation-building' in post-war Southeast Asia, this book challenges the ways in which the history of Chinese cinemas has been studied in the recent past.

This interdisciplinary and international volume offers an innovative and critical exploration of the impact of motherhood on the engagement of women in media and creative industries across the globe. Diverse contributions critically engage with the intersections and overlap between the social categories of worker and mother, and the work of media production and maternal caregiving. Conflicting ideas about, and expectations of, mothers are untangled in the context of the working world of radio, film, television and creative media industries. The book teases out commonalities between experiences that are evident across a number of countries, from Hollywood to Bollywood, as well as examining the differences between class, religion, maternal status and cultural frameworks that surround working mothers in various nation states. It also offers some possibilities for ways forward that can improve the lives of women workers who are also mothers. A timely and valuable contribution to international debates on equality, mothers and motherhood in audiovisual industries, this book will be of interest to scholars and students of media, communication, cultural studies and gender, programmes engaged with work inequalities and motherhood studies, and activists, funders, policymakers and practitioners.

This collection of essays explores the complex issue of film distribution from the invention of cinema into the 1910s. From regional distribution networks to international marketing strategies, from the analysis of distribution catalogs to case studies on individual distributors, these essays written by well-known specialists in the field discuss the intriguing question of how films came to meet their audiences. Among the authors are Richard Abel, Marta Braun, Joseph Garncarz, Andre Gaudreault, Francois Jost, Charlie Keil, Martin Loiperdinger, Viva Paci, Wanda Strauven, and Gregory Waller."

Drawing on first-hand materials collected from the Chinese and Japanese literature as well as interviews with more than twenty filmmakers and scholars Kinnia Shuk-ting Yau provides a solid historical account of the complex interactions between Japanese and Hong Kong film industries from the 1930s to 1970s.

The author describes in detail how Japan's efforts during the 1930s and 1940s to produce a "Greater East Asian cinema" led to many different kinds of collaborations between the filmmakers from China, Hong Kong and Japan, and how such development had laid the foundation for more exchanges between the cinemas in the post-war period. The period covered by the book is the least understood period of the East Asian film history. Filling the gaps surrounding one of the most important but least understood periods of Asian film history this books discusses facts and resources once obscured by controversial issues related to wartime affairs with new insights and perspectives.

This book is an invaluable source of information for understanding how the current East Asian film networks came into existence by looking beyond conventional single-case studies and adopting a transnational perspective in tracing the connections between different film industries.

This work concentrates on tracing the evolution of the so-called "red menace" phenomenon as a means of demonstrating the correlation between growing American paranoia and the success of the anticommunist campaign (1935-1955). The House Committee on Un-American Activities 1947 investigation of Hollywood, the nation's most visible industry, served a critical role in conjuring up anti-red hysteria and fanning the flames of virulent anticommunism. Using conveniently unjust tactics, the Committee "painted" targeted Hollywood personalities red and established the infamous blacklist - certified proof in the minds of many that "subversives" were indeed conspiring from within. A failed attempt on behalf of the "Hollywood Ten" to demonstrate the Committee's undemocratic nature allowed HUAC to forge ahead with its investigation and establish the anticommunist foundation upon which Joseph McCarthy would construct his campaign. Hollywood and Anticommunism stands as an important contribution to McCarthy-era literature and should appeal to all interested in the early Cold War and the impact that unwarranted hysteria has had and continues to have on the growth and development of the nation.

"The Contemporary Hollywood Film Industry" is a collection of essays by leading scholars that examines the state of the U.S. film industry, from the l980s to present day.
Includes important discussions of the industry's labour and star systems, as well as intellectual property and state relations
Considers the role of independent producers, the global marketplace for Hollywood product, corporate changes, and various new media windows, including video, DVD to cable, satellite, and online channels of delivery
Brings together an international team of leading film scholars
Offers a balanced and fresh approach to this important contemporary period in Hollywood

The first substantial overview of the British film industry with emphasis on its genres, stars, and socioeconomic context, British National Cinema by Sarah Street is an important title in Routledge's new National Cinemas series. British National Cinema synthesizes years of scholarship on British film while incorporating the author' fresh perspective and research. Street divides the study of British cinema into four sections: the relation between the film industry and government; specific film genres; movie stars; and experimental cinema. In addition, this beautifully illustrated volume includes over thirty stills from every sphere of British cinema. British National Cinema will be of great interest to film students and theorists as well as the general reader interested in the fascinating scope of British film.

The first substantial overview of the British film industry with emphasis on its genres, stars, and socioeconomic context, British National Cinema by Sarah Street is an important title in Routledge's new National Cinemas series. British National Cinema synthesizes years of scholarship on British film while incorporating the author' fresh perspective and research. Street divides the study of British cinema into four sections: the relation between the film industry and government; specific film genres; movie stars; and experimental cinema. In addition, this beautifully illustrated volume includes over thirty stills from every sphere of British cinema. British National Cinema will be of great interest to film students and theorists as well as the general reader interested in the fascinating scope of British film.

Based on extensive original research, including in studio archives, industrial surveys, official records, trade journals, and English and Chinese newspapers, this book explores the role of the American film industry in the development of cinema in China. It examines the Chinese industry's response to the American industry and the consequences of this response. It also considers the attitudes of Chinese film practitioners towards Hollywood and the contribution of those figures who acted as intermediaries between the two industries. Overall, the book casts much new light on the early development of the film industry in China and demonstrates the huge influence Hollywood had on it. Winner of the inaugural 2021 New Zealand Asia Society Book Award, second prize.

German National Cinema is the first comprehensive history of German film from its origins to the present. In this new edition, Sabine Hake discusses film-making in economic, political, social, and cultural terms, and considers the contribution of Germany's most popular films to changing definitions of genre, authorship, and film form.

The book traces the central role of cinema in the nationa (TM)s turbulent history from the Wilhelmine Empire to the Berlin Republic, with special attention paid to the competing demands of film as art, entertainment, and propaganda. Hake also explores the centrality of genre films and the star system to the development of a filmic imaginary.

This fully revised and updated new edition will be required reading for everyone interested in German film and the history of modern Germany.

From the growth in merchandising and product placement to the rise of the movie franchise, branding has become central to the modern blockbuster economy. In a wide-ranging analysis focusing on companies such as Disney, Dolby, Paramount, New Line and, in particular, Warner Bros., Brand Hollywood provides the first sustained examination of the will-to-brand in the contemporary movie business. Outlining changes in the marketing and media environment during the 1990s and 2000s, Paul Grainge explores how the logic of branding has propelled specific kinds of approach to the status and selling of film. Analyzing the practice of branding, the poetics of corporate logos, and the industrial politics surrounding the development of branded texts, properties and spaces - including franchises ranging from Looney Tunes to Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter to The Matrix - Grainge considers the relation of branding to the emergent principle of 'total entertainment'.

Employing an interdisciplinary method drawn from film studies, cultural studies and advertising and media studies, Brand Hollywood demonstrates the complexities of selling entertainment in the global media moment, providing a fresh and engaging perspective on branding's significance for commercial film and the industrial culture from which it is produced.

From the growth in merchandising and product placement to the rise of the movie franchise, branding has become central to the modern blockbuster economy. In a wide-ranging analysis focusing on companies such as Disney, Dolby, Paramount, New Line and, in particular, Warner Bros., Brand Hollywood provides the first sustained examination of the will-to-brand in the contemporary movie business. Outlining changes in the marketing and media environment during the 1990s and 2000s, Paul Grainge explores how the logic of branding has propelled specific kinds of approach to the status and selling of film. Analyzing the practice of branding, the poetics of corporate logos, and the industrial politics surrounding the development of branded texts, properties and spaces - including franchises ranging from Looney Tunes to Lord of the Rings and Harry Potter to The Matrix - Grainge considers the relation of branding to the emergent principle of 'total entertainment'.

Employing an interdisciplinary method drawn from film studies, cultural studies and advertising and media studies, Brand Hollywood demonstrates the complexities of selling entertainment in the global media moment, providing a fresh and engaging perspective on branding's significance for commercial film and the industrial culture from which it is produced.

This work concentrates on tracing the evolution of the so-called "red menace" phenomenon as a means of demonstrating the correlation between growing American paranoia and the success of the anticommunist campaign (1935-1955). The House Committee on Un-American Activities 1947 investigation of Hollywood, the nation's most visible industry, served a critical role in conjuring up anti-red hysteria and fanning the flames of virulent anticommunism. Using conveniently unjust tactics, the Committee "painted" targeted Hollywood personalities red and established the infamous blacklist - certified proof in the minds of many that "subversives" were indeed conspiring from within. A failed attempt on behalf of the "Hollywood Ten" to demonstrate the Committee's undemocratic nature allowed HUAC to forge ahead with its investigation and establish the anticommunist foundation upon which Joseph McCarthy would construct his campaign. Hollywood and Anticommunism stands as an important contribution to McCarthy-era literature and should appeal to all interested in the early Cold War and the impact that unwarranted hysteria has had and continues to have on the growth and development of the nation.

One of the world's most prolific creative industries, the Indian movie industry has received scant attention for its spirit of enterprise. Indian Movie Entrepreneurship addresses this omission. For many readers, it might come as a surprise that the Indian movie industry is not just Bollywood and that it has several regional clusters, which are just as vibrant, with a significant output. The authors begin by outlining the contours of Indian cinema and the different regional language hubs that form part of the larger picture. The reader is then offered a glimpse into the actual process of making a film from day zero to release day. The key players in the Indian movie ecosystem are analysed, with the central role of the producer highlighted. Concluding with a look into the future of the entrepreneurial process in the Indian movie industry, the authors illuminate the shifting parameters of distribution and exhibition. Appealing to those interested in understanding the entrepreneurial journey of the Indian movie industry, the book provides a sneak peek into the business landscape of India more broadly.

From the late 1930s to the mid-1950s, five big movie studios-Paramount, Warner Bros., Twentieth Century-Fox, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM), and RKO-dominated Hollywood's film industry. This "big studio system" operated primarily as a series of assembly-line production factories. Ideally, each churned out fifty-two movies a year, enough to supply showcase theaters across the country with a new lineup each week-with profit being the overriding goal.

Of this era, veteran screenwriter Julius Epstein ("Casablanca") said: "It was not called the motion picture industry for nothing. It] was like working at belts in a factory."

Studios assigned the majority of the lower-tier screenplays to directors under long-term contract and expected them to stick to the script and keep productions within the budget. These filmmakers, known as "house directors," often made films quickly, inexpensively, and with limited resources. "Just Making Movies: Company Directors on the Studio System" collects twelve interviews with house directors from this era, all conducted by the author during the 1980s. These previously unpublished interviews provide a clear picture of how the big studio system operated, as told by those who knew it best.

Despite limitations, house directors sometimes made enduring film classics, such as Charles Walters's "Easter Parade," Henry Koster's "The Bishop's Wife," George Sidney's "The Three Musketeers," and Vincent Sherman's "The Hasty Heart." In these interviews the filmmakers talk candidly about working with such superstars as Joan Crawford, Errol Flynn, Richard Burton, Bette Davis, Judy Garland, Cary Grant, Esther Williams, and Lana Turner.

Ronald L. Davis is professor emeritus of history at Southern Methodist University. He is the author of "Van Johnson: MGM's Golden Boy" (University Press of Mississippi) and "The Glamour Factory: Inside Hollywood's Big Studio System."

Independent filmmaking is often regarded as a relatively recent phenomenon, yet the so-called movement has actually existed as long as movies themselves. In this indispensable single-volume reference work, LoBrutto surveys the subject from cinema's inception through the 21st century, with alphabetical entries discussing: BLFilmmakers BLSignificant films BLGenres BLCritical views BLIndustry information BLWorking methods BLAnd more Written in an accessible style and including biographical, critical, factual, and bibliographical information, this remarkable source encompasses films and filmmakers operating independently from the studio system in concept, financing, production, and distribution. Such a broad interpretation of independent filmmaking separates it from that of commercial Hollywood, a conglomerate existing to create product rather than support personal artistic vision. Many of the entries' subjects have rarely been investigated and studied--yet knowledge of independent filmmaking is vital to any understanding the cinematic medium, making this an essential book for any library's film shelves.

As the film industry was establishing itself at the start of the twentieth century, trade associations played a pivotal role in the emergence of the studio system. These producer-distributor trade associations were forums for internal and external conflicts, as well as the true sources of influence and power in early Hollywood. In The Hollywood Trust: Trade Associations and the Rise of the Studio System, Kia Afra provides a detailed account of three successive trade organizations from 1915 to 1928. By examining the Motion Picture Board of Trade, the National Association of the Motion Picture Industry (NAMPI), and the Motion Picture Producers and Distributors of America (MPPDA), Afra outlines the relationships of power in Hollywood's early years, asking questions such as: How and why did the studio system come about, and what were the industrial and institutional forces that impacted Hollywood's development? In order to answer these crucial questions, The Hollywood Trust explores the role played by film industry trade associations in navigating important issues facing the burgeoning studio system, including censorship, public relations, trade practices, government regulation, film distribution, labor conflicts, taxes and tariffs, and exhibitor opposition. A vital look at an under-reported aspect of the studio system, this volume fills a gap in the history of the American film industry. As such The Hollywood Trust will be of particular interest to scholars of film history, as well as those concerned with cultural history and the political economics of entertainment.

The Politics of Nordsploitation takes a transnational approach to exploring Nordic ‘exploitation’ films in their industrial contexts, viewing them as not only political manifestations of domestic considerations but also to position Nordic film cultures in a global context. Incorporating a wide range of films, from international cult classics like They Call Her One Eye (1974), homegrown martial arts films like The Ninja Mission (1984) to contemporary crowd-sourced fan productions like Iron Sky (2012), this volume examines the remarkable diversity of genre-based, commercially and culturally exploitative film production throughout the Nordic countries – emphasized here through the term ‘Nordsploitation’. This volume provides a historical exposition of largely ignored marginal films and film cultural patterns. It also outlines how influential these films have been in shaping the development of Nordic cinema. The effects are visible in the films of the new millennium as previously marginalized practices now enter the mainstream. With sharp insights and new research, The Politics of Nordsploitation redefines the concept of ‘exploitation’ and its role in small nation cinemas.

Contents:
Part 1. Box Office Champions, Chaotic Dynamics and Herding 1. Rank Revenue and Survival 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exhibition 1.3 Tournaments 1.4 Data 1.5 Survival Model 1.6 Results 1.6.1 Survivors 1.6.2 Survival Rates 1.6.3 Rank and Revenue 1.7 Conclusions 2. Dynamics and Contracting 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supply 2.2.1 Runs and Revenues 2.2.2 Booking and Supply 2.2.3 Contracting 2.2.4 Adaptation 2.2.5 Release Strategies 2.3 Discovery and Dynamics 2.3.1 Search 2.3.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution 2.3.3 Other Models 2.4 Revenue Distributions 2.4.1 Data 2.4.2 Revenue Concentration 2.4.3 Rank and Revenue 2.4.4 Revenue Distribution Dynamics 2.4.5 Identifying the Dynamic 2.5 Explaining the Industry 2.5.1 Launching the Opening 2.5.2 Adaptive Contracting 2.5.3 Admission Pricing 2.5.4 Rentals 2.5.5 Decentralisation 2.6 Conclusions 3. The Breakdown of Herding 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information and Demand Dynamics 3.3 The Model 3.4 Estimates 3.5 The Stable Paretian Model 3.6 Bifurcation 3.6.1 Path to Equilibrium 3.6.2 Correlations 3.7 Results 3.8 Conclusions Part 2. "Wild" Uncertainty, Tough Decisions and False Beliefs 4. Uncertainty and Stars 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Literature 4.2.1 Motion Picture Uncertainty 4.2.2 Stars 4.2.3 Pareto and Levy Distributions 4.3 Modelling Star Power 4.3.1 Modelling Probability Mass 4.3.2. Risk and Survival 4.4 The Movie Data 4.4.1 Sources 4.4.2 The Run 4.4.3 Revenues, Budgets and Profits 4.5 Estimation Results 4.5.1 Revenue Concentration 4.5.2 Opening and Staying Power 4.5.3 Pareto Distribution 4.5.4 The Probability of a Hit 4.5.5 Stars and Hits 4.5.6 Stars and Profit 4.6 'Greenlighting' Movies 4.7 Conclusions 5. Does Hollywood Make Too Many R-rated Movies? 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Production 5.3 'Greenlighting' 5.4 Ranking by Success Rates 5.4.1 Box Office Revenue Success Rates 5.4.2 Return on Production Cost Success Rates 5.5 Ranking by Stochastic Dominance 5.5.1 Revenues 5.5.2 Production Budgets 5.5.3 Rates of Return 5.5.4 Profits and Losses 6. Openings, Legs and Blockbusters 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cascades 6.3 Performance Statistics 6.4 Modelling the Box Office 6.4.1 Budgets 6.4.2 Sequels 6.4.3 Opening Screens 6.4.4 Genre and Rating 6.4.5 Stars 6.5 Conclusions Part 3. Judges, Lawyers and the Movies 7. Motion Picture Antitrust 7.1 Motion Picture Economics 101 7.1.1 Discovering Demand 7.1.2 Determining Supply 7.1.3 Structuring Incentives 7.1.4 Contracts 7.2 The Feature Motion Picture 7.3 Integration and Licensing 7.3.1 Admission Prices 7.3.2 Runs and Clearance 7.3.3 Exotic Deals 7.3.4 Block Booking and Blind Selling 7.3.5 Integration and Contracts 7.4 The Courts' Analyses 7.4.1 Bidding for Licenses 7.4.2 Controlling the First Run 7.4.3 Leveraging Monopoly 7.5 Paramount's Effects 7.6 Conclusions 8. Paramount and the Stock Market 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Studio System 8.3 The Paramount Litigation 8.4 Stock Prices 8.5 Was a Cartel Feasible? 8.6 Winners and Losers 8.7 Conclusions 9. Stochastic Market Structure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Market Power 9.3 Motion Pictures in the Era of Paramount 9.4 Instability 9.5 Turnover of Leaders 9.6 Standard Models are Wrong 9.7 The HHI Does Not Exist 9.8 Conclusions Part 4. A Business of Extremes 10. Profit and the Curse of the Superstar 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Stable Hypothesis 10.3 Profit 10.4 The Stable Distribution 10.5 Estimation 10.6 Stable Probabilities 10.7 Nobody Knows 10.8 Superstars and Profit 10.9 Averages 10.10 The Curse of the Superstar 10.11 Success Breeds Success 10.12 The Angel's Nightmare 10.13 Contracting 10.14 Conclusions 11. Artists 11.1 Introduction 11.2 On Becoming a Superstar 11.3 Artists and Kurtosis 11.4 Career Expectations and Opportunities 11.5 Luck or Talent? 11.6 Competing for Stars 11.7 Artist Contracts 11.8 Pay When You Do Know 11.9 Director Contracts 11.10 Conclusions 12. Extreme Uncertainty 12. 1 Introduction 12.2 Complex Systems 12.2.1 Chaos 12.2.2 Complexity 12.3 Universality 12.4 Deep Order 12.4.1 Increasing Returns to Information 12.4.2 Nobody Knows 12.4.3 Dominance of Extreme Events 12.4.4 Self-similarity 12.4.5 Runs, Legs and Chaos 12.5 Complexity and the Stable Paretian Distribution Epilogue: Managing when "Nobody Knows Anything" 12.6 Probabilities 12.7 Inside and Outside the Studio 12.8 Risk and Decision Bias 12.9 Narrow Framing and Sure Things 12.10 Financing Movies 12.11 Causality and Kim Basinger 12.12 A Skeptical Attitude

Contents:
Part 1. Box Office Champions, Chaotic Dynamics and Herding 1. Rank Revenue and Survival 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Exhibition 1.3 Tournaments 1.4 Data 1.5 Survival Model 1.6 Results 1.6.1 Survivors 1.6.2 Survival Rates 1.6.3 Rank and Revenue 1.7 Conclusions 2. Dynamics and Contracting 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Supply 2.2.1 Runs and Revenues 2.2.2 Booking and Supply 2.2.3 Contracting 2.2.4 Adaptation 2.2.5 Release Strategies 2.3 Discovery and Dynamics 2.3.1 Search 2.3.2 Bose-Einstein Distribution 2.3.3 Other Models 2.4 Revenue Distributions 2.4.1 Data 2.4.2 Revenue Concentration 2.4.3 Rank and Revenue 2.4.4 Revenue Distribution Dynamics 2.4.5 Identifying the Dynamic 2.5 Explaining the Industry 2.5.1 Launching the Opening 2.5.2 Adaptive Contracting 2.5.3 Admission Pricing 2.5.4 Rentals 2.5.5 Decentralisation 2.6 Conclusions 3. The Breakdown of Herding 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Information and Demand Dynamics 3.3 The Model 3.4 Estimates 3.5 The Stable Paretian Model 3.6 Bifurcation 3.6.1 Path to Equilibrium 3.6.2 Correlations 3.7 Results 3.8 Conclusions Part 2. "Wild" Uncertainty, Tough Decisions and False Beliefs 4. Uncertainty and Stars 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Related Literature 4.2.1 Motion Picture Uncertainty 4.2.2 Stars 4.2.3 Pareto and Levy Distributions 4.3 Modelling Star Power 4.3.1 Modelling Probability Mass 4.3.2. Risk and Survival 4.4 The Movie Data 4.4.1 Sources 4.4.2 The Run 4.4.3 Revenues, Budgets and Profits 4.5 Estimation Results 4.5.1 Revenue Concentration 4.5.2 Opening and Staying Power 4.5.3 Pareto Distribution 4.5.4 The Probability of a Hit 4.5.5 Stars and Hits 4.5.6 Stars and Profit 4.6 'Greenlighting' Movies 4.7 Conclusions 5. Does Hollywood Make Too Many R-rated Movies? 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Production 5.3 'Greenlighting' 5.4 Ranking by Success Rates 5.4.1 Box Office Revenue Success Rates 5.4.2 Return on Production Cost Success Rates 5.5 Ranking by Stochastic Dominance 5.5.1 Revenues 5.5.2 Production Budgets 5.5.3 Rates of Return 5.5.4 Profits and Losses 6. Openings, Legs and Blockbusters 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Cascades 6.3 Performance Statistics 6.4 Modelling the Box Office 6.4.1 Budgets 6.4.2 Sequels 6.4.3 Opening Screens 6.4.4 Genre and Rating 6.4.5 Stars 6.5 Conclusions Part 3. Judges, Lawyers and the Movies 7. Motion Picture Antitrust 7.1 Motion Picture Economics 101 7.1.1 Discovering Demand 7.1.2 Determining Supply 7.1.3 Structuring Incentives 7.1.4 Contracts 7.2 The Feature Motion Picture 7.3 Integration and Licensing 7.3.1 Admission Prices 7.3.2 Runs and Clearance 7.3.3 Exotic Deals 7.3.4 Block Booking and Blind Selling 7.3.5 Integration and Contracts 7.4 The Courts' Analyses 7.4.1 Bidding for Licenses 7.4.2 Controlling the First Run 7.4.3 Leveraging Monopoly 7.5 Paramount's Effects 7.6 Conclusions 8. Paramount and the Stock Market 8.1 Introduction 8.2 The Studio System 8.3 The Paramount Litigation 8.4 Stock Prices 8.5 Was a Cartel Feasible? 8.6 Winners and Losers 8.7 Conclusions 9. Stochastic Market Structure 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Market Power 9.3 Motion Pictures in the Era of Paramount 9.4 Instability 9.5 Turnover of Leaders 9.6 Standard Models are Wrong 9.7 The HHI Does Not Exist 9.8 Conclusions Part 4. A Business of Extremes 10. Profit and the Curse of the Superstar 10.1 Introduction 10.2 The Stable Hypothesis 10.3 Profit 10.4 The Stable Distribution 10.5 Estimation 10.6 Stable Probabilities 10.7 Nobody Knows 10.8 Superstars and Profit 10.9 Averages 10.10 The Curse of the Superstar 10.11 Success Breeds Success 10.12 The Angel's Nightmare 10.13 Contracting 10.14 Conclusions 11. Artists 11.1 Introduction 11.2 On Becoming a Superstar 11.3 Artists and Kurtosis 11.4 Career Expectations and Opportunities 11.5 Luck or Talent? 11.6 Competing for Stars 11.7 Artist Contracts 11.8 Pay When You Do Know 11.9 Director Contracts 11.10 Conclusions 12. Extreme Uncertainty 12. 1 Introduction 12.2 Complex Systems 12.2.1 Chaos 12.2.2 Complexity 12.3 Universality 12.4 Deep Order 12.4.1 Increasing Returns to Information 12.4.2 Nobody Knows 12.4.3 Dominance of Extreme Events 12.4.4 Self-similarity 12.4.5 Runs, Legs and Chaos 12.5 Complexity and the Stable Paretian Distribution Epilogue: Managing when "Nobody Knows Anything" 12.6 Probabilities 12.7 Inside and Outside the Studio 12.8 Risk and Decision Bias 12.9 Narrow Framing and Sure Things 12.10 Financing Movies 12.11 Causality and Kim Basinger 12.12 A Skeptical Attitude

From their very inception, European cinemas undertook collaborative ventures in an attempt to cultivate a transnational "Film-Europe." In the postwar era, it was DEFA, the state cinema of East Germany, that emerged as a key site for cooperative practices. Despite the significant challenges that the Cold War created for collaboration, DEFA sought international prestige through various initiatives. These ranged from film exchange in occupied Germany to partnerships with Western producers, and from coproductions with Eastern European studios to strategies for film co-authorship. Uniquely positioned between East and West, DEFA proved a crucial mediator among European cinemas during a period of profound political division.

"Moviegoing in America" catalogs the social and cultural change that has attended America's favorite pastime from the days of the nickelodeon to the dominance of the multiplex. Bringing together an impressive range of historical scholarship, Gregory A. Waller charts the evolution of film exhibition and reception as a function of changing patterns of American community, identity, and consumption.

Pairing notable current research with extensive primary material - drawn from trade accounts, popular magazines, and exhibitor handbooks - "Moviegoing in America" deepens our understanding of the role of film in everyday life by exploring the movie theater as commercial venue, physical environment, public sphere, community centerpiece, and all-important site where audiences experience the movies and experience themselves as an audience.