Since then new texts have appeared (such as the Artemidoros palimpsest), and new editions of existing texts (by geographical authorities who include Agatharchides, Eratosthenes, Pseudo-Skylax and Strabo) have been produced. There has been much archaeological research, especially at the perimeters of the Greek world, and a more accurate understanding of ancient geography and geographers has emerged. The topic is therefore overdue a fresh and sustained treatment. In offering precisely that, Duane Roller explores important topics like knowledge of the world in the Bronze Age and Archaic periods; Greek expansion into the Black Sea and the West; the Pythagorean concept of the earth as a globe; the invention of geography as a discipline by Eratosthenes; Polybios the explorer; Strabo's famous Geographica; the travels of Alexander the Great; Roman geography; Ptolemy and late antiquity; and the cultural reawakening of antique geographical knowledge in the Renaissance, including Columbus' use of ancient sources.

This volumes examines Roman pottery and production centers in the bay of Gaditana, modern-day Cadiz. The innovative aspects of this research are several but we will limit them to three: the typological classification from a closer perspective to the mentality of the old potter; the concept of 'social measure', which connects the dimensions of the containers with the type of consumer and social group; and, the ethnoarchaeological aspects applied to the construction of a furnace, which have enabled to better specify various aspects relating to the manufacture of common Roman ceramics. From a methodological point of view, it is proposed a debate about the concept of 'common pottery', which is defined as ceramics intended for a common and multipurpose use, more practical than aesthetic. Likewise, it is exposed the great problem of the typologies, seeking not only a logical classification into types and variants, but also a reference to the artisan work. The theme of the ancient name of Roman ceramic forms is faced in order to call by the old names to the Roman pottery forms found today. The concept of 'social measure', unprecedented in this type of analysis, pretends to reach a social accepted measure, obtained with a statistical study. This measure is that one around which the values are concentrated.

Resumen en Espanol: Existen en Espana restos o referencias de 73 presas de probable adscripcion a epoca romana cuya fecha de construccion se situa entre los siglos I y IV, de las que 45 han podido ser localizadas y caracterizadas con suficiente detalle. Ha sido posible observar como los romanos desarrollaron su tecnica de construccion de presas en la provincia hispana a traves de la evolucion en sus tipologias constructivas y en los emplazamientos escogidos, lo que supone el aprendizaje tras los fracasos en sus primeras realizaciones. Abstract in English: In Spain there are the remains of and references to 73 dams from the Roman era, constructed between the 1st. and 4th. centuries a.C. Fourty five of them have been located and detailed in this study.

Everyone who investigates pre-modern concepts of nature cannot avoid a critical reflection on the ancient understandings of it. Here, "nature" is understood in the sense of a seemingly untouched space, largely independent of human culture. While this concept of "nature" is prevalent in modern times, the reconstruction of ancient ideas is difficult in that concepts of nature, if at all present, emphasize other aspects. For example, the Greek term in pre-Hellenistic times defines the nature of a thing rather than an untouched environment. A word for "nature" in this sense has not been handed down to us in the remaining texts of the Ancient Near East and Classical Antiquity. Nevertheless, such concepts can certainly be reconstructed from descriptions of nature to be found in literature and the representations of natural elements in art. The present volume aims at identifying these concepts of nature in texts as well as in archaeological remains of the Ancient Near Eastern and the Greek culture from the Archaic to the Hellenistic period. Contributions from the fields of archaeology and philology are juxtaposed for each time period in chronological order. This arrangement provides a good overview of the concepts of nature prevailing throughout different period and cultures. | Der Begriff "Natur" wird in modernen, mitteleuropaischen Gesellschaften meist im Sinne eines vermeintlich unberuhrten Raumes verstanden, der weitgehend unbeeinflusst von menschlicher Kultur ist. Fur vormoderne Kulturen lassen sich solche Vorstellungen bzw. Konzepte sehr viel schwieriger nachweisen, da beispielsweise ein Wort fur "Natur" mit der eben genannten Bedeutung in den erhaltenen Texten des Alten Orients und der griechischen Antike so nicht uberliefert zu sein scheint. Gleichwohl werden durchaus Naturelemente in der antiken Literatur, der Flachenkunst sowie in antiken Monumenten beschrieben bzw. abgebildet sowie als integrative Bestandteile genutzt und funktionalisiert. Daraus lassen sich Konzepte von "Natur" herausarbeiten und rekonstruieren. Der vorliegende Band moechte solche "Naturkonzepte" in Texten, Artefakten und Denkmalern des Alten Orients und des griechischen Kulturraumes von der Archaik bis in den Hellenismus identifizieren und einen UEberblick uber die jeweils in einem bestimmten Zeit- und Kulturraum vorherrschenden Vorstellungen sowie deren diachrone Entwicklung geben.

The characterization, as much as possible, of the production process in the historic frame where it developed provide us with a clear understanding of the factors leading to the creation of a craft pottery neighbourhood closely linked to the municipium Isturgi Triumphale (Los Villares de Andujar, Jaen, Espana), and to the development of its intense activity of ceramic production throughout the I and II centuries AD. The rationale of this study is to reconcile and armonize a logic structure derived from a starting hypothesis, with the application of a wide range of estimation methodologies (anthropology, ethnoarcheology, archaeometry, etc.), determined by the nature and integral vocation of a dissertation with the characteristics that we propose. The work, organised in seven chapters, is arranged around two main themes: chapters 2 and 3 refer to the combined factors that lead to the creation of a ceramic manufacturing settlement such as we found on Los Villares de Andujar, i.e. the physical factors in the form of material resources and the geographical factors in the form of markets and product distribution derived from the location within the province; chapters 4 and 5 go into detail on the specialization and indi- vidualization of the techniques applied for the manufacturing of vases, its development and evolution through time by means of the characterization of the production of the Isturgitan workshops."

ThismonographpresentstheresultsofthefirstplannedarchaeologicalexcavationsintheimportantItalo GreekAbbeyofGrottaferratathatwasfoundednearRomebySt.NilusofRossanoin1004overtheruinsofagrandRomanvilla.Theresearchfocusesonthetransformationofthesettlementandonthesocial, economicandculturaldynamicsfromLateAntiquitytotheRenaissanceandithasrevealedtheexistenceofpreviouslyunknownLateAntiqueandEarlyMedievalsites.PotteryvesselsmadeinRomeandinSouthernItalyinthe11th - 12thcenturiesandwallsmadeofRomanspoliabelongedtoSt.Nilus monastery.Themonasteryofthattimehadachurch, adormitoryandasortofborgowithagriculturalworkers dwellings, stablesandwarehouses.ArchaeologicalresearchhasalsoshedlightontheworkscommissionedbyCommendatoryAbbotsbetweenthe15thand18thcenturies.TheimportantresultsofthisResearchProjectwerealsothankstothepossibilityofcomparingthedataofGrottaferratawiththosethatcamefromthefirstarchaeologicalexcavationsrecentlyundertakeninItalo GreekmonasteriesinSouthernItaly."

This volume is the result of five years of research about the juridical Latinization policy developed by Rome in the West, focusing on the integration -under the protection of the Latinity- of a set of Hispanian communities, promoted -in the Republican era- to colonial status and -during the Roman Empire- to the municipal. This research aims to raise the plausibility, from the existence in Augustan age of fifty 'oppida of ancient Latium', and many literary, archaeological, epigraphic and numismatic evidences scattered in the preserved documentation, that Rome had introduced in Hispania a Latin colonization policy similar to the one established in Italy and Gallia Cisalpina, amended in constitutional aspects but similar in their goals and results. The author posits that this fact would explain a set of historical phenomena and behaviours related to the existence of privileged communities in the field: that is, the involvement of the Iberian provinces in the Roman military and political conflicts, the force of military recruitment, the intensity of the italic migration flow, the socioeconomic integration of Hispanian communities in the western Mediterranean trade routes, and the widespread dissemination of the institutions, forms and cultural goods of the Roman italic koine. Therefore, this volume is intended to enrich and encourage the present historiographic debate, and setting the guidelines of what might have been the diffusion process of the Latium in Hispania Citerior in the Republican era.

The book looks at the worship of the goddess Nemesis within the context of the Roman ludi and offers the first entire collection and analysis of all known archaeological finds and findings that connect the cult of Nemesis with Roman amphitheatres. Several central aspects of the ancient games are thus emphasized: The political and religious dimension of the events as well as the significance and localization of its most representative goddess Nemesis. The goddess can be attributed to a figurative meaning for the demonstration and restoration of the Roman claim for justice - presented in the amphitheatre, where the most complete cross-section of Roman society came together.

95 colour illustrations. The Athens Acropolis and its Museum constitute an integrated architectural and artistic unity, one of the most important in the history of global civilization. This informative and attractive guidebook is designed to be a useful travel companion; its descriptions and interpretative analyses help show the monuments in a new way, through an understanding of the historical, artistic and political events that contributed to their creation. Through the text and the illustrations we get to know the gods and heroes who were worshipped on the Acropolis, the leaders who envisaged the major projects, the artists who brought them to fruition, as well as the innovative ideas they applied, and the Athenian citizens who admired and enjoyed these achievements.

Excavations conducted at Morgantina by Princeton University and the University of Illinois have revealed substantial Iron Age remains beneath the Greek town on the Cittadella hilltop. In this volume Robert Leighton presents a full study of this extensive protohistoric settlement in Sicily. The broad scope of evidence, particularly the survival of long houses and tombs with much of their structures and contents preserved, permits an unusually thorough examination of indigenous cultural traditions prior to the foundation of the Greek town in the Archaic period. An illustrated catalogue of the finds presents more than 700 artifacts from the site, most of which are previously unpublished.

The author discusses all the excavated protohistoric areas in detail, and presents a full range of maps, plans, excavation photographs, reconstruction drawings, and radiocarbon dates. The diverse body of finds includes a wide variety of pottery forms as well as tools and ornaments of both metal and stone that document local crafts, metallurgy, and numerous aspects of daily life. In studying these objects, Leighton draws on parallels with material from the Italian peninsula and considers the evidence of the historical sources, revealing links between Sicily and Italy in the protohistoric period.

Originally published in 1993.

The Princeton Legacy Library uses the latest print-on-demand technology to again make available previously out-of-print books from the distinguished backlist of Princeton University Press. These paperback editions preserve the original texts of these important books while presenting them in durable paperback editions. The goal of the Princeton Legacy Library is to vastly increase access to the rich scholarly heritage found in the thousands of books published by Princeton University Press since its founding in 1905.

This volume presents the study of a number of variants of Romano-Hispanic burial rituals. The research was carried out focusing on structural typologies, the analyses of materials found in the necropolis, the development of the burial practices, and the specificity of a variety of solutions (local and regional) adopted by the inhabitants of Roman Spain. This study is not only based on a primarily archaeological approach, but also takes into account other disciplines such as ancient history, iconography, anthropology and the history of religions. The main purpose of the study is to update the current state of research in burial rites in classical cultures and, above all, Hispanic cultural practices. All this provides plenty of largely new information that will enlighten future research.

The buildings and artefacts uncovered by Canadian excavations at Stymphalos (1994-2001) shed light on the history and cult of a small sanctuary on the acropolis of the ancient city. The thirteen detailed studies collected in Stymphalos: The Acropolis Sanctuary illuminate a variety of aspects of the site. Epigraphical evidence confirms that both Athena and Eileithyia, goddess of childbirth, were worshipped in the sanctuary between the fourth and second centuries BCE. The temple and service buildings are modest in size and materials, but the temple floor and pillar shrine suggest that certain stones and bedrock outcrops were held as sacred objects. Earrings, finger rings, and other jewelry, along with almost 100 loomweights, indicate that women were prominent in cult observances. Many iron projectile points (arrowheads and catapult bolts) suggest that the sanctuary was destroyed in a violent attack around the mid-second century, possibly by the Romans. A modest sanctuary in a modest Arcadian city-state, the acropolis sanctuary at Stymphalos will be a major point of reference for all archaeologists and historians studying ancient Arcadia and all southern Greece in the future.

The Middle Helladic period has received little attention, partially because of scholars' view of it as merely the prelude to the Mycenaean period and partially because of the dearth of archaeological evidence from the period. In this book, Helene Whittaker demonstrates that Middle Helladic Greece is far more interesting than its material culture might at first suggest. Whittaker comprehensively reviews and discusses the archaeological evidence for religion on the Greek mainland, focusing on the relationship between religious expression and ideology. The book argues that religious beliefs and rituals played a significant role in the social changes that were occurring at the time. The arguments and conclusions of this book will be relevant beyond the Greek Bronze Age and will contribute to the general archaeological debate on prehistoric religion."

Mass produced at a variety of locations, principally in Gaul and Germany, between the beginning of the first century and the mid third century CE, Gallo-Roman terra sigillata was consumed in very large quantities across the western provinces of the Roman Empire. The large number of records - over 425,000 - now published inNames on Terra Sigillata - the potters, their individual name dies, the associated forms, and the numbers recovered from find sites - have provided an international resource for fresh, quantitatively-based approaches to the study of terra sigillata, as presented here in Seeing Red. Twenty-six essays by leading international scholars in the field cover a range of themes including: the organization of production, distribution (inter- and intra-provincial as well as beyond the frontiers), chronology, linguistics, consumption, deposition, and iconography. The geographical scope ranges from Britain in the north-west of the Roman Empire, to the Iberian peninsula, and the western Mediterranean in the south, and from France to the lower Danube, including the Czech Republic and Poland in Central Europe.

The first volume of Young Lukanian Archaeologists (YLA) sub-series examines monumental votive offerings (tripods or pedestals which supported statues, or fragments of statuary groups more complex) by Western Greeks of Magna Graecia and Sicily (also Massaliotes and Etruscans) in the Sanctuary of Apollo at Delphi between 6th and 4th centuries BC. The presence of Italian and Sicilian cities, from the lists of teorodochi and prosseni in the sanctuary, coincides with the most prosperous period of their history. Some of these dedications are known only through literary sources, while others are still detectable in the themenos. These are fragments with inscriptions that refer to imposing and prestigious offerings. The data collected show that the most important dedications are related to the 6th-4th centuries BC.

Building and architecture flourished throughout the Roman Empire. The Romans discovered new techniques to solve problems but also to impress the world. They built aqueducts to bring water into their cities and towns, grand baths for cleansing and socialising, and elaborate villas for the cream of their society. In this book, scientist and archaeologist Tony Rook takes the reader through Roman building techniques. He explores the structures that were found throughout the Roman Empire, including roads, bridges and aqueducts, as well as the Romans' answer to under-floor heating - the hypocaust - and vaults, domes, tiles and pipes. Lavishly illustrated with stunning photographs and the author's own detailed line drawings, Roman Building Techniques looks at Roman innovations, practices and materials in a thorough yet readable way.

This volume presents a catalogue and typology of Roman and Late Antique iron artefacts from the predominantly rural northeastern region of the Iberian Peninsula, including agricultural implements, tools related to building work and military equipment. Spanish text.

The frontier of Hadrian's Wall, once the most heavily fortified border of the Roman Empire, is an ever-popular destination for both walkers and those fascinated by the remarkable remnants of Rome's occupation. In this guide, the reader is invited on an archaeological adventure, not just to the Wall's well-known sites, but to its many forgotten places along the way - sites every bit as important as the iconic forts and milecastles. The author presents a landscape which is not simply a piece of dramatic rural scenery, but a living and vibrant entity, and explores some of the many theories surrounding the Wall and its origins. Clifford Jones is an archaeologist, lecturer and author. He began digging at the age of nine under the mentorship of Sir Mortimer Wheeler. An expert on Roman frontier infrastructure, he has conducted extensive research of Hadrian's Wall, and is the author of Hadrian's Coastal Route: Ravenglass to Bowness-on-Solway (also published by The History Press).

This study examines the various institutions, legal devices and policies by which the Roman Empire secured a regular supply of grain to the army and the city of Rome. Palomera shows that although overseen centrally by the annona these measures differed fundamentally from province to province from the Alimenta in Italy, to fiscal concessions to coloni in North Africa, and the more active political participation and control exercised by the city-states of the Greek speaking east. Spanish text.

The Running of the Roman Household explores the real 'every-day' life of the Romans and the effort required to run a Roman household. It considers the three elements of housework - supply, maintenance and disposal. It is divided into sections on how the Romans collected water and fuel, milled flour and produced thread; how they cleaned the house, illuminated it, did the washing up, cleaned their clothes, got rid of waste water and sewage, and threw out their rubbish. The evidence is taken from literary, archaeological and artistic sources, and often compared to historical or modern parallels from communities using the same methods.

This volume presents papers from a round table conference held in St Petersburg in 2005. After an introductory survey of the key issues in contemporary studies of Archaic Greece by John Boardman, the papers deal with the following major themes: Archaic art; the Greek polis (forms and rates of development); and colonisation (models and evolution, relations between Greeks and non-Greeks). Attention is directed to the Greek city-states of the Mediterranean and Black Sea regions, to the penetration of Greek culture to the East and West, and to the trade relations of the Greek cities.

The ruins of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Ostia have excited the imagination of scholars and tourists alike since early modern times. The removal of volcanic debris at Pompeii and Herculaneum, and the clearance of centuries of accumulated soil and vegetation from the ancient port city of Rome at Ostia, have provided us with the most important evidence for Roman urban life. Work goes on at all three sites to this day, and they continue to produce new surprises. Pompeii is the subject of numerous books, but the other two cities are nothing like as well-served. This book, written by an archaeologist, historian and teacher with a lifelong interest in the Roman world, is designed for students of A-level and university courses on Classical Civilization who need a one-stop introduction to all three sites. Its principal focus is status and identity in Roman cities, and how they were expressed through institutions, public buildings and facilities, private houses and funerary monuments, against a backdrop of the history of the cities, their rise, their destruction, preservation and excavation. The reader is also guided towards other reading material and Internet sites that now offer unprecedented access to the cities.

This study uses zooarchaeological remains to trace change and continuity during the transformation of the Roman west from the 3rd to 7th centuries AD. Research is focused on the fertile Middle Belgian and Dutch loess region, and in particular four urbanized sites - Tournai, Maastricht, Namur and Liberchies. A profound change in the management and exploitation of animal resources is identified from Antiquity to the Merovingian period, with the disappearance of indicators of centralised systems of urban beef supply, an increase in pork consumption, and less diversity in the consumption of birds and seafood. French text.