Archaeologists excavate structures and objects, but they can and should aim to reconstruct the societies of the past and seek to understand them. Artefacts and Archaeology brings together essays written by leading scholars in the fields of Iron Age and Roman archaeology and material finds in Britain in order to examine the ways in which the study of sites, artefacts and ancient societies are interdependent. Artefacts and Archaeology deals with the wide range of objects produced by the Iron Age and Roman cultures, from ironwork, defences and the Roman army and Roman finds. It emphasises the role of the archaeologist as interpreter of people, not things, and shows how object studies can move beyond pure description and instead attempt to communicate with the past. Individual essays discuss Iron Age and Romano-British religion, the Roman army in Wales, Roman bronze, pottery and glass objects, the Roman economy and museum objects, and the collection as a whole offers a fascinating overview of the material culture of Iron Age and Roman western Europe.

An illustrated catalogue and discussion of approximately 100 bronze balsam or balm vessels which are decorated with figurative or non-figurative relief decoration. The catalogue is preceded by a discussion of the proposed typology series, the iconography and manufacture of the vessels throughout the Roman world along with a consideration of the cultural use of these decorative vessels and their archaeological context.

A study of palaeoanthropology and funerary practices on the island of Corsica focusing on data dating from the Mesolithic to the Iron Age. After a detailed discussion of the environmental and archaeological context and of the first human occupation of the island, Helene David presents the methodology for her work and previous research carried out on the island and its history. The sites and their funerary remains are then discussed in turn and in chronological order, followed by a comparison of burial types, treatment of the body, weight, age and sex profiles, funerary architecture and palaeoanthropological findings, between sites and through time. The results are then briefly compared to those found in the neighbouring island of Sardinia. French text.

'Classical' and 'archaeology' are both terms which call for definition. Here the term 'Classical' is interpreted as widely as possible to include material relating to periods from the Bronze Age to the early Byzantine, and to countries from Britain to Turkey. Coverage of 'archaeology' will range from the discovery of sites to conserving and presenting them, from the viewpoint of practising archaeologists working in various parts of the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. This book combines explanation of methods and techniques with case studies of particular sites which demonstrate different themes in, and approaches to, the overall subject. Principles and methods including prospecting, excavation, dating, stratigraphy and presentation are considered alongside an account of the development of Classical archaeology - as seen in the work of famous pioneers such as Evans and Schliemann - to the more scientific approaches used in contemporary projects. Case studies include sites which are currently being studied by the authors. Aimed at A-level students and first-year undergraduates as well as those with a general interest, this is a lively introduction to the ways in which archaeologists interpret Classical sites, enabling informed observation and enhanced understanding of technical publications. It is profusely illustrated and benefits from topical research, with the inclusion of results of current fieldwork.

Roman way-stations' or stopping places along the roadside performed a number of diverse functions, including places to obtain refreshments, warehouses, baths, commercial spaces, shops, stables and open spaces where business could be carried out. This detailed study looks at the topographical and archaeological evidence for these structure, their historical development and their role in various activities to do with the movement of people and goods. Corsi looks at the literary and epigraphic evidence, toponyms, iconography and previous research carried out on this subject. Includes brief summaries in English, French and Spanish.

A number of factors affected peoples choice of gods in ancient Greece, how and where they worshipped them and what they hoped to receive in return. This study focuses on the religious beliefs of mariners, their votive offerings, religious rituals, folklore and the sacred places they held as significant. Romero argues that exposure to other gods and foreign belief systems meant that mariners enjoyed a more open set of religious beliefs. She looks at the material expressions of these beliefs, the sacred places and festivals involved, and mariners adaptation to different circumstances to provide protection against the dangers of the sea and the fear of the unknown. Unfortunately devoid of illustrations. Includes an English summary.

An analysis of the many types of flagons decorated with human faces that were made throughout the Roman Northwest Province from the 1st century onwards. Following comparisons with examples from prehistory, especially from the Near East, Dovener examines types region by region, including northern France, the Rhein and Mosel, Britain, the Danube as well as brief assessments of similar material from Roman North Africa and the Near East. The discussion is followed by a catalogue of vessels, many of which are illustrated.

A study of the production and trade in textiles in the Roman west during the Late Republic. It addresses the problems of interpreting the sources, especially the epigraphic evidence, and attempts a reconstruction of the organisation and economic importance of the industry. Geographically the study looks at Rome and Italy, Gaul, Germany, Britain, Iberia and Africa.

The Peloponnesian War saw enormous Greek civil strife and had long-lasting and deep effects on contemporary society, breaking the order and harmony, and leading to greater class struggle and power clashes. In particular, it opened up a gulf between political and military men with a new style of campaigning. Fornis studies how the features of the war developed, especially in terms of Corinthian and Argive societies. Beginning with an introduction to the war and literary sources, an analysis of the military sphere, the structure and organisation of Corinthian society, social and institutional features which developed and the effects of the fighting, negotiations and stasis, and the long-term impact of the war.

The first volume from the Adriatic Islands project comprises the results from a thorough survey and mapping of the Dalmatian island of Hvar in Croatia. The area has long played an important role on trade routes between Italy and Illyria and Greece. There is a great deal of Neolithic archaeology, Bronze and Iron age burial monuments and much Greco-Roman material. The bulk of this book is a gazetter of around 800 sites, each of them having been visited by members of the team. The entries include plans, descriptions and references.

Study of experiments in reconstructing the production of Roman terracotta mouldings. Spanish text.

The rich and splendid culture of the ancient Greeks has often been described as emerging like a miracle from a genius of its own, owing practically nothing to its neighbors. Walter Burkert offers a decisive argument against that distorted view, replacing it with a balanced picture of the archaic period "in which, under the influence of the Semitic East, Greek culture began its unique flowering, soon to assume cultural hegemony in the Mediterranean". Burkert focuses on the "orientalizing" century 750-650 B.C., the period of Assyrian conquest, Phoenician commerce, and Greek exploration of both East and West, when not only eastern skills and images but also the Semitic art of writing were transmitted to Greece. He tracks the migrant craftsmen who brought the Greeks new techniques and designs, the wandering seers and healers teaching magic and medicine, and the important Greek borrowings from Near Eastern poetry and myth. Drawing widely on archaeological, textual, and historical evidence, he demonstrates that eastern models significantly affected Greek literature and religion in the Homeric age.

By studying various aspects of the material culture found in Crete, the Cycladic islands and mainland Greece during the early Bronze Age, Karantzali hopes to produce a tighter typological chronology than has previously been established. He believes that by placing developments in parallel and tying up the timescale of changes, a tighter sequence can be obtained and thus a more useful framework for the dating of artefacts of unknown provenance or insecure contexts can be set in place. After cataloguing the sites of Crete and the Cyclades, he proceeds to lay down chronologies for the deramic, matallic and sculptural products of the regions. Comments are offered on theoretical culture models, and all this information is finally amalgamated to establish a model for the direction of influence and indications of exchange (ideas and items) between the coexisting cultures.

An extensive catalogue of graves, sarcophagi, larnakes, funerary customs and artefacts from Late Bronze Age Greece, with a limited amount of discussion on their significance for our understanding of LBA Cretan culture.

In this book Richard Eldridge presents a clear and compact survey of philosophical theories of the nature and significance of art. Drawing on materials from classical and contemporary philosophy as well as from literary theory and art criticism, he explores the representational, expressive, and formal dimensions of art, and he argues that works of art present their subject matter in ways that are of enduring cognitive, moral, and social interest. His discussion, illustrated with a wealth of examples, ranges over topics such as beauty, originality, imagination, imitation, the ways in which we respond emotionally to art, and why we argue about which works are good. His accessible study will be invaluable to students and to all readers who are interested in the relation between thought and art.

This volume presents for the first time in the archaeological history of Greece a full and detailed analysis of the artifacts discovered in the course of a large-scale and intensive regional survey. It sets out the results of a ten-year study of tens of thousands of ceramic and lithic artifacts recovered in the course of the Argolid Exploration Project, an environmental and archaeological survey of the Argolid peninsula in southern Greece conducted by Stanford University.

Estudios para la configuracio n de las facies cera micas altoimperiales en el Sur de la Peni nsula Ibe rica explores economy and trade in the south of the Iberian peninsula during the High Roman Empire. Different methodologies, techniques and approaches to archaeological research are applied in the analysis and study of ceramic contexts in several marketplaces or consumption centres in the area. Special attention is given to ceramic facies predominantly characterised by the presence of fine pottery. In addition, the examination of local ceramics points towards a complexity whose interpretation has been biased until a few decades ago by the presence of wares imported from other Mediterranean regions as a result of the intensity of Roman trade. Furthermore, exploration beyond traditional analytical parameters highlights, for example, the relevance of the phenomenon of pottery vessel imitation.

A comprehensive study which introduces the reader to the vigour and variety of the fourth century AD. After being beset by invasion, civil war and internal difficulties for a century, the Roman Empire that Diocletian inherited in AD 284 desperately needed the organizational drive he brought to the task of putting its administration and defences on a newly secure footing. His successor, Constantine, sustained this consolidation of imperial strength by adopting a vibrant new religion, Christianity. The fourth century AD was a decisive period; its many new challenges and wide cultural diversity are reflected in the pages of its chief historian, Ammianus Marcellinus, and represented by figures as different as Julian the Apostate and St Augustine. Not only providing a vivid narrative of events, this book also draws on archaeological and artistic evidence to illuminate such central issues as economy, social structure, defence, religion and culture. 'The Later Roman Empire' is indispensable to students, and a compelling guide for anyone interested in the cultural development of late antiquity, or in the structure, evolution and fate of empires more generally.

Between the Sack of Rome by the Gauls in 390 BC and the middle of the second century BC, a part-time army of Roman peasants, under the leadership of the ruling oligarchy, conquered first Italy and then the whole of the Mediterranean. The loyalty of these marrauding heroes, and of the Roman population as a whole, to their leaders was assured by a share in the rewards of victory, rewards which became steadily less accessible as the empire expanded - promoting a decline in loyalty of cataclysmic proportions. Wars, rural impoverishments, civil discord and slavery are a few of the subjects covered in this study.

The minting of coinage in a territory without previous monetary history or tradition reflects a series of political, social and cultural changes that took place in order to make it possible. Such changes can be traced in the archaeological record thanks to elements apparently as different as coins, ceramics, epigraphy, funerary rites or architecture; these changes thus emerge as some of the most significant points in the colonization process that took place throughout the second century B.C. and at the beginning of the next century in the valley of Cabrera de Mar (ancient Ilduro) and the Laietani territory. This book is exclusively devoted to the mint of Ilduro, its main goal being to study not only the issues produced by the workshop in detail, but also the role that this coinage had in the monetarization of a changing society, that of the Laietani, which had never previously needed to use coinage. To do so, the author of this study endeavours to answer the following questions in as much depth as possible: Who minted the coins? Why? What for? How? Where? When? How many? With the aim of answering the aforementioned questions, this volume has been organized into ten chapters divided in three broader sections dedicated to studying, specifically, each one of the aspects involved in the production of this mint. The chapters considering the location of the workshop and the legends used are fundamental to answer the questions of who minted the coins and where. On the other hand, aspects such as metrology, typology and the technique (metallographic analysis) used by the mint are essential to understand how the coins were minted, and also to put forward a hypothesis as regards the use given to the coin issues discussed in the present study. Finally, the chapters dedicated to the production, classification and chronology of the issues should answer such important questions as when and how much money was put into circulation. This is a book that, in addition to increasing our knowledge of Iberian numismatics, brings us closer to the evolution and production of the coin issues minted in present-day northeastern Spain in general and to the Ilduro workshop in particular.

An esteemed teacher offers a major reassessment of the history of Greece from prehistoric times to the rise of Alexander. This is a work of prodigious scholarship written in grand style.

John Fine surveys the archaeological work that has revealed so much about the civilization of Crete and Mycenaean Greece, and discusses the age of colonization during which Greek colonies were established from the Crimea to the Nile, from the Caucasus to Spain. Analyzing social and economic developments, as well as foreign and inter-city affairs, he assesses the history, culture, and democracy of Athens, and Sparta's institutions and military exploits; recounts the Greeks' relations and then war with the Persian empire; details alliances, struggles, and the varying fortunes of the Greek city-states; and relates the rise of Macedon. Fine treats the Greeks' story in the context of events elsewhere in the eastern Mediterranean. Throughout he indicates the nature of the evidence on which our present knowledge is based, masterfully explaining the problems and pit-falls in interpreting ancient accounts. "The Ancient Greeks" is a splendid narrative history and a refreshing reinterpretation that will please students of ancient history, and everyone interested in early civilizations.

Fifty-five literary and documentary texts, from various sources, in honour of Eric Turner. (Egyptian Exploration Society, Graeco-Roman Memoir 68, 1981)

Few regions possess so many and mainly complete Roman bridles as do the Vesuvian sites. Singular find conditions permit both comprehensive antiquarian-historian analyses of their production, functionality, and everyday use and new approaches to their typology and chronology. The 103 catalogued specimens belong to four types of bronze headstalls, namely metallic noseband, bitless metal bridle ("hackamore"), multipartite metallic bridle ("metallic halter"), and muzzle as well as two types of bits, namely snaffle bit with circular cheekpieces and curb bit. All of them occurred in more or less numerous variants of local or provincial origin. Special attention is paid to the reconstruction of application methods and combinations of types as well as the replica of a snaffle bit with circular cheekpieces. Bitless metal bridles followed Greek models, multipartite metallic bridles Celtiberian ones and, in combination with Thracian or Italian curb bits, formed typical military bridles. All Campanian finds came from civilian contexts such as luxury villae, villae rusticae, urban houses, and workshops. Thanks to find circumstances they can be attributed to draught animals, beasts of burden or mounts (horse, donkey, mule) which also showed up in stables and skeletal remains.