Thewritingofthisbookhasbeeninspiredbytheexperienceofteachinga courseonDetectionandSignalProcessingtograduatestudentsoveraperiod ofmanyyears. Itwasstrikingthatstudentswerenotonlyfascinatedbythe variousdetectionprinciplesandtechnicalperformancesofpracticalsystems, butalsobytheprofessionalismoftheinvolved typical physicalengine- ing. Usuallystudentsarethoroughlytaughtindi?erentcoursesofphysics, whicharemostlystudiedasisolated?elds. Thecourseondetectionands- nalprocessingisbasedontypicalresultsthatwereestablishedindi?erent disciplines like optics, solid state physics, thermodynamics, mathematical statistics,Fouriertransforms,andelectroniccircuitry. Theirsimultaneousand interdependentapplicationbroadenstheinsightofmutualrelationsinthev- ious?elds. Forinstancethe?uctuationsofthermalbackgroundradiationcan bederivedeitherwiththeblackbodytheoryorindependentlywithther- dynamicstoarriveatthesameresult. AlsotheappliedFourierrelationsin thefrequencyandtimedomainsarenolongerabstractmathematicalman- ulationsbutpracticaltoolsandprobablyeasiertounderstandintheapplied technique. Estimatesoftheorderofmagnitudeswithcomparisonofrelevant physicale?ectsnecessarybydesigningadeviceareveryinstructive. Ingeneral theachievementsofvariousdisciplinesarebroughttogethertodesignandto evaluatequantitativelythetechnicalperformancesofdetectiontechniques. Thustheinterestfordetectionandsignalprocessingisbothtolearnthe knowledgefordesigningpracticaldetectionsystemsandtogetacquainted withthethinkingofphysicalengineering. The?rstpartofthebookisdevotedtonoisephenomenaandradiation detectors. Fundamentaldescriptionswithquantitativeanalysesoftheund- lyingphysicalprocessesofbothdetectorsandaccompanyingnoiseleadto understandthepotentialswithrespecttosensitivityandoperatingfrequency domain. Thesecondpartdealswithampli?cationproblemsandtherecovery ofrepetitivesignalsburiedinnoise. Thelastpartisdevotedtosolvingthe problemsconnectedwithreachingtheultimatedetectionlimitorquantum limit. Thisisdoneforheterodynedetectionandphotoncounting. Although VIII Preface heterodynedetectionyieldstheultimatesensitivity,itsspatialmodesel- tivityand,ingeneral,thelowspectralpowerdensityofthesignalrequire sophisticatedprovisions. Thisisdiscussedindetail. Theinherentproblemsare analyzedandappropriatetechnicalsolutionsaredescribedtoreachtheul- matesensitivityfordetectingincoherentradiationandcommunicationsignals thatarerandomlyDopplershifted. Theresultsareillustratedwithexamples ofspacecommunication. Hengelo(O),January2006 W. J. Witteman Contents 1 RandomFluctuations...1 1. 1 Introduction...1 1. 2 ThermalNoiseofResistance...2 1. 3 ShotNoise...5 1. 3. 1 SpectralDistribution ...6 1. 3. 2 Photons...10 1. 4 FlickerNoise...10 1. 5 Generation-RecombinationNoise...10 1. 6 ThermalRadiationandItsFluctuations...13 1. 7 TemperatureFluctuationsofSmallBodies...18 1. 7. 1 AbsorptionandEmissionFluctuations...20 2 Signal-NoiseRelations...21 2. 1 SignalLimitation...22 2. 2 BackgroundLimitation...22 2. 2. 1 IdealDetection...24 2. 3 JohnsonNoise...27 2. 4 DarkCurrentNoise...27 2. 5 NoiseandSensitivity...28 2. 6 Ampli?erNoiseandMismatching...28 3 ThermalDetectors...31 3. 1 ThermocoupleandThermopile...31 3. 2 Bolometer...36 3. 2. 1 MetallicBolometer...39 3. 2. 2 Thermistor...40 3. 3 PyroelectricDetector...44 4 VacuumPhotodetectors...51 4. 1 VacuumPhotodiode...52 4. 2 Photomultiplier...56 X Contents 5 SemiconductorPhotodetectors...61 5. 1 Photoconductors...6 1 5. 1. 1 AnalysisoftheDetectionProcess...64 5. 1. 2 FrequencyResponse ...69 5. 2 Photodiodes...69 5. 2. 1 P-NJunction...70 5. 2. 2 Current-VoltageCharacteristic...72 5. 2. 3 PhotonExcitation...75 5. 2. 4 OperationalModes...79 5. 2. 5 OpenCircuit ...80 5. 2. 6 CurrentCircuit...82 5. 2. 7 Reverse-BiasedCircuit...83 5. 3 AvalanchePhotodiodes...

This book provides significant knowledge on innovative radio resource management schemes for satellite communication systems that exploit lower layer adaptivity and the knowledge of layer 3 IP QoS support and transport layer behavior. The book integrates competencies considering all the parts of system design: propagation aspects, radio resource management, access protocols, network protocols, transport layer protocols, and more, to cover both broadband and mobile satellite systems.

Power consumption becomes the most important design goal in a wide range of electronic systems. There are two driving forces towards this trend: continuing device scaling and ever increasing demand of higher computing power. First, device scaling continues to satisfy Moore's law via a conventional way of scaling (More Moore) and a new way of exploiting the vertical integration (More than Moore). Second, mobile and IT convergence requires more computing power on the silicon chip than ever. Cell phones are now evolving towards mobile PC. PCs and data centers are becoming commodities in house and a must in industry. Both supply enabled by device scaling and demand triggered by the convergence trend realize more computation on chip (via multi-core, integration of diverse functionalities on mobile SoCs, etc.) and finally more power consumption incurring power-related issues and constraints.

"Energy-Aware System Design: Algorithms and Architectures" provides state-of-the-art ideas for low power design methods from circuit, architecture to software level andoffers design case studies in three fast growing areas of mobile storage, biomedical and security.

Important topics and features:

- Describes very recent advanced issues and methods for energy-aware design at each design level from circuit andarchitecture toalgorithm level, and also covering important blocks including low power main memory subsystem and on-chip network at architecture level

- Explains efficient power conversion and delivery which is becoming important as heterogeneous power sources are adopted for digital and non-digital parts

- Investigates 3D die stacking emphasizing temperature awareness for better perspective on energy efficiency

- Presents three practical energy-aware design case studies; novel storage device (e.g., solid state disk), biomedical electronics (e.g., cochlear and retina implants), and wireless surveillance camera systems.

Researchers and engineers in the field of hardware and software design will find this book an excellent starting point to catch up with the state-of-the-art ideas of low power design.

This book addresses the emerging technology for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA), covering OFDMA physical layer as well as network technology. The book also includes information on IEEE 802.16e and WiMAX networks and also offers a comparison with other OFDMA technologies.

OFDMA is the fastest growing area in the wireless marketplace, and the backbone of systems used in WiMAX. WiMAX is the technology that enables wireless users to communicate at any time from any location without having to find a WiFi hotspot.

Over the past decades, fault diagnosis (FDI) and fault tolerant control strategies (FTC) have been proposed based on different techniques for linear and nonlinear systems. Indeed a considerable attention is deployed in order to cope with diverse damages resulting in faults occurrence.

This book presents bond graph model-based fault detection with a focus on hybrid system models. The book addresses model design, simulation, control and model-based fault diagnosis of multidisciplinary engineering systems. The text beings with a brief survey of the state-of-the-art, then focuses on hybrid systems. The author then uses different bond graph approaches throughout the text and provides case studies.

"Signal Conditioning" is a comprehensive introduction to electronic signal processing. The book presents the mathematical basics including the implications of various transformed domain representations in signal synthesis and analysis in an understandable and lucid fashion and illustrates the theory through many applications and examples from communication systems. The ease to learn is supported by well-chosen exercises which give readers the flavor of the subject. Supplementary electronic material is available on http://extras.springer.com including MATLAB codes illuminating applications in the domain of one dimensional electrical signal processing, image processing, and speech processing. The book is an introduction for students with a basic understanding in engineering or natural sciences.

During the last one and a half decades, wireless sensor networks have witnessed significant growth and tremendous development in both academia and industry. A large number of researchers, including computer scientists and engineers, have been interested in solving challenging problems that span all the layers of the protocol stack of sensor networking systems. Several venues, such as journals, conferences, and workshops, have been launched to cover innovative research and practice in this promising and rapidly advancing field. Because of these trends, I thought it would be beneficial to provide our sensor networks community with a comprehensive reference on as much of the findings as possible on a variety of topics in wireless sensor networks. As this area of research is in continuous progress, it does not seem to be a reasonable solution to keep delaying the publication of such reference any more. This book relates to the second volume and focuses on the advanced topics and applications of wireless sensor networks. Our rationale is that the second volume has all application-specific and non-conventional sensor networks, emerging techniques and advanced topics that are not as matured as what is covered in the first volume. Thus, the second volume deals with three-dimensional, underground, underwater, body-mounted, and societal networks. Following Donald E. Knuth's above-quoted elegant strategy to focus on several important fields (The Art of Computer Programming: Fundamental Algorithms, 1997), all the book chapters in this volume include up-to-date research work spanning various topics, such as stochastic modeling, barrier and spatiotemporal coverage, tracking, estimation, counting, coverage and localization in three-dimensional sensor networks, topology control and routing in three-dimensional sensor networks, underground and underwater sensor networks, multimedia and body sensor networks, and social sensing. Most of these major topics can be covered in an advanced course on wireless sensor networks. This book will be an excellent source of information for graduate students majoring in computer science, computer engineering, electrical engineering, or any related discipline. Furthermore, computer scientists, researchers, and practitioners in both academia and industry will find this book useful and interesting.

Securing communications is a challenging task. A ?rst attempt at security involves learning basic cryptography, and applying encryption algorithms to make messages unintelligible to adversaries. However, rarely is the task of securing a message - changesosimple.Whenonestepsbackandcontemplateshowtosecuretheexchange of communications, one realizes that the challenge is fundamentally one of bui- ing a complete solution. For example, one must ensure that all entities involved have proper and authenticated cryptographic material, or one must ensure that one veri?ably knows to whom one is communicating, or one must understand how the communication process takes place so as to make certain there are no vulnerabilities introduced by the communication process itself. Thislastissue, namelythatsecuritymethodsareoftenbuiltwithoutconsideration to how communication takes place, represents a fundamental gap where much of modern security research has fallen short.The security literature is ?lled with a mass of articles on cryptographic primitives and, although there are still many theoretical hurdlestobeovercomebythecryptographiccommunity,mostoftheseshortcomings areacademicandtherearenownumeroustextbooksoncryptographythatcanprovide thebasicintroductionneededtoemploycryptographicprimitives. Ontheothersideof thecoin,thesecurityliteratureisalso?lledwithamassofarticlesdevotedtobuilding secure protocols and, similarly, there are now numerous textbooks on computer securitythatprovidetheinstructionneededtodesignsecureprotocols.Unfortunately, the issue of how communication takes place or, more speci?cally, whether there are any speci?c issues that might arise or be circumvented because message exchanges aretakingplaceononemediumversusanother(e.g., wirelesscommunicationversus wired communication), is generally neglected.

In the last two decades, the field of time-frequency analysis has evolved into a widely recognized and applied discipline of signal processing. Besides linear time-frequency representations such as the short-time Fourier transform, the Gabor transform, and the wavelet transform, an important contribution to this development has undoubtedly been the Wigner distribution (WD) which holds an exceptional position within the field of bilinear/quadratic time-frequency representations.

The WD was first defined in quantum mechanics as early as 1932 by the later Nobel laureate E. Wigner. In 1948, J. Ville introduced this concept in signal analysis. Based on investigations of its mathematical structure and properties by N.G. de Bruijn in 1967, the WD was brought to the attention of a larger signal processing community in 1980. The WD was soon recognized to be important for two reasons: firstly, it provides a powerful theoretical basis for quadratic time-frequency analysis; secondly, its discrete-time form (supplemented by suitable windowing and smoothing) is an eminently practical signal analysis tool.

The seven chapters of this book cover a wide range of different aspects of the WD and other linear time-frequency distributions: properties such as positivity, spread, and interference term geometry; signal synthesis methods and their application to signal design, time-frequency filtering, and signal separation; WD based analysis of nonstationary random processes; singular value decompositions and their application to WD based detection and classification; and optical applications of the WD. The size of the chapters has been chosen such that an in-depth treatment of the various topics isachieved.

The hidden costs of artificial intelligence—from natural resources and labor to privacy, equality, and freedom.

What happens when artificial intelligence saturates political life and depletes the planet? How is AI shaping our understanding of ourselves and our societies? Drawing on more than a decade of research, award‑winning scholar Kate Crawford reveals how AI is a technology of extraction: from the minerals drawn from the earth to the labor pulled from low-wage information workers to the data taken from every action and expression.

Crawford reveals how this planetary network is fueling a shift toward undemocratic governance and increased inequity. Rather than taking a narrow focus on code and algorithms, Crawford offers us a material and political perspective on what it takes to make AI and how it centralizes power. This is an urgent account of what is at stake as technology companies use artificial intelligence to reshape the world.

Designed for information systems professionals, including IS, DP, MIS, LAN, and systems managers, this text provides a source of introductory information for those involved with decision-making processes related to information systems. Suitable as a University course text in MIS programs, the book also covers the subject in sufficient detail for the more technically orientated. This text describes how to reap the benefits of improved efficiency and productivity through the use of document imaging systems that reduce access time and enhance document integrity.

An in-depth, comprehensive treatment of the principles of electronic warfare (EW). Written by leading experts in the field, this authoritative book takes a systematic approach to exploring EW theory, mathematical models, and quantitative analysis. It offers a detailed examination of the basic targets of EW operations, a thorough presentation of critical radar jamming methods, and definitions of the effectiveness criteria for EW systems and techniques. Key areas covered include: mathematical models for active, passive and active-passive jamming signals; jamming methods based on the use of false radar and thermal targets; the effectiveness of specific jamming methods; a mathematical definition of electronic antiaircraft defense systems as targets; and the reduction of radar detectability. This is a useful resource for practitioners and academics interested in the development and application or radio electronic systems for military and civilian use.

The aim of this book is to provide an advanced introduction to inertial data processing (determination of attitude, velocity and position) along with design architectures and algorithms used to aid the inertial navigation system (INS). The emphasis is on the high-end sensors and systems used in aerospace applications (known as 'navigation grade' or 'nav grade'). The subject of inertial navigation systems and how to aid them (reduce their inherent error drift) is complex and multi-disciplinary. Mathematics and physics along with electrical, mechanical and software engineering all are involved. This book has been written to serve as an introduction for students and those new to the field. Specialized topics such as rotation matrices, quaternions and relevant stochastic processes are covered in the book. The reader is expected to have a basic understanding of vectors, matrices and matrix multiplication as well as freshman-level differential and integral calculus. The basics of inertial position/velocity/attitude updating are first presented with respect to a conceptually simple inertially-fixed reference frame before the impact of the spheroidal rotating earth is covered. Similarly, the key concepts of the Kalman filter are first presented in the context of a scalar filter. Important aspects of the prediction error covariance and Kalman gain equations are thus covered in an intuitive sense before the full matrix formulations are described. By the end of the book, a thorough treatment of modern aided-INS architectures is provided.

The objective of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012) is to facilitate an exchange of information on best practices for the latest research advances in the area of communications, networks and intelligence applications. These mainly involve computer science and engineering, informatics, communications and control, electrical engineering, information computing, and business intelligence and management.

"Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Green Communications and Networks 2012 (GCN 2012)" will focus on green information technology and applications, which will provide in-depth insights for engineers and scientists in academia, industry, and government. The book addresses the most innovative research developments including technical challenges, social and economic issues, and presents and discusses the authors' ideas, experiences, findings, and current projects on all aspects of advanced green information technology and applications.

Yuhang Yang is a professor at the Department of Electronic Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Maode Ma is an associate professor at the School of Electrical & Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University.

This textbook presents the mathematical theory and techniques necessary for analyzing and modeling high-performance global networks, such as the Internet. The three main building blocks of high-performance networks are links, switching equipment connecting the links together and software employed at the end nodes and intermediate switches. This book provides the basic techniques for modeling and analyzing these last two components. Topics covered include, but are not limited to: Markov chains and queuing analysis, traffic modeling, interconnection networks and switch architectures and buffering strategies.

Terrestrial Trunked Radio (TETRA) has become the tool to design any type of public security systems, in particular due to the strongly increased security demands for mobile systems. In this book, the authors show how TETRA can be strongly improved and these improvements will most probably be part of future TETRA standards. The areas examined include channel assignment and multiple access techniques, video transmission, wireless LAN integration, and the establishment of multiple wireless mesh networks. Since the requirements for these networks is security, the authors show that innovative techniques such as those based on chaotic signals can be used in order to maximize security.

The book is a vital reference point for researchers with ambition to find the general solution for modern problems of public safety.

The Wireless Identification and Sensing Platform (WISP) is the first of a new class of RF-powered sensing and computing systems. Rather than being powered by batteries, these sensor systems are powered by radio waves that are either deliberately broadcast or ambient. Enabled by ongoing exponential improvements in the energy efficiency of microelectronics, RF-powered sensing and computing is rapidly moving along a trajectory from impossible (in the recent past), to feasible (today), toward practical and commonplace (in the near future). This book is a collection of key papers on RF-powered sensing and computing systems including the WISP. Several of the papers grew out of the WISP Challenge, a program in which Intel Corporation donated WISPs to academic applicants who proposed compelling WISP-based projects. The book also includes papers presented at the first WISP Summit, a workshop held in Berkeley, CA in association with the ACM Sensys conference, as well as other relevant papers. The book provides a window into the fascinating new world of wirelessly powered sensing and computing.

The first comprehensive analysis of the application of Low Earth Orbital Satellites (LEO) in personal communication networks. This new book describes the characteristic design features, discusses the issues to be considered during the design of LEO satellite communications networks, and presents analytical frameworks for evaluating their performance.

Despite the explosion of networking services and applications in the past decades, the basic technological underpinnings of the Internet have remained largely unchanged. At its heart are special-purpose appliances that connect us to the digital world, commonly known as switches and routers. Now, however, the traditional framework is being increasingly challenged by new methods that are jostling for a position in the "next-generation" Internet. The concept of a network that is becoming more programmable is one of the aspects that are taking center stage. This opens new possibilities to embed software applications inside the network itself and to manage networks and communications services with unprecedented ease and efficiency.

In this edited volume, distinguished experts take the reader on a tour of different facets of programmable network infrastructure and applications that exploit it. Presenting the state of the art in network embedded management and applications and programmable network infrastructure, the book conveys fundamental concepts and provides a glimpse into various facets of the latest technology in the field. "

Survivable Optical WDM Networks investigates different approaches for designing and operating an optical network with the objectives that (1) more connections can be carried by a given network, leading to more revenue, and (2) connections can recover faster in case of failures, leading to better services. Different networks wavelength-routed WDM networks, wavelength-routed WDM networks with sub-wavelength granularity grooming, and data over next-generation SONET/SDH over WDM networks are covered. Different approaches are proposed to explore every aspect of a protection scheme such as:

(1) Protection granularity: a. At wavelength granularity. b. At sub-wavelength granularity

(2) Protection entity: a. Path protection. b. Sub-path protection. c. Segment protection.

(3) Routing: a. Single-path routing. b. Multi-path routing.

Tradeoffs between different objectives, e.g., resource efficiency vs. recovery time, are explored and practical approaches are proposed and analyzed."