Dr Mohammad Nurunnabi examines the factors that affect the implementation of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in developing countries and answers these specific research questions: - What is the relative impact of accounting regulatory frameworks and politico-institutional factors on the implementation of IFRS in developing countries? - How do cultural factors affect said implementation? - How does a study of implementing IFRS help to build an understanding of a theory of the role of the state in accounting change in developing countries? This follows a mixed methodology approach, in which interviews are conducted, IFRS-related enforcement documents and annual reports are evaluated. More than 138 countries have adopted IFRS, yet the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) does not provide an implementation index. Financial reporting varies by country, even within the area of the world that has apparently adopted IFRS and Nurunnabi offers an important viewpoint that considers the issues of IFRS implementation from various perspectives. This is an invaluable resource for Undergraduate, Masters and PhD students, policy makers (at local, regional and international level) namely the IASB, World Bank, IMF, practitioners and users, giving them the necessary insight into the financial reporting environment and the state's attitude towards accounting transparency. Most importantly, this book contributes to military and democratic political regimes and the Max Weberian view of the theory of the role of the state's attitude towards accounting transparency.

As the world begins to recover from the global pandemic, companies and individuals are faced with increasing risks and uncertainty. There are stock market fluctuations, heightened international tensions, and the full effects of Brexit which are yet to be felt, as well as India and China emerging as economic superpowers challenging for the first time the supremacy of the United States and EU. Coupled with this is the now daily occurrence of cyber attacks, enhanced scrutiny of cultural perspectives within the business world following the #MeToo and Black Lives Matter movements, and ever-present threat of climate change, this issue now front and centre in boardrooms. Amid all this directors are subject to more legal scrutiny than ever. In the six years since the last edition was published, companies' laws and financial regulations have been updated, and there is more diligent and better resourced enforcement of bribery and corruption laws. Shareholders around the world enjoy more extensive rights to hold directors to account than ever before, and directors are less likely to be forgiven for ignoring their responsibilities. They are looking ever more closely at the protection available to them, through both indemnification and directors' and officers' (D&O) insurance, the latter having recently been through the "hardest" market for decades, with reductions in the amount of cover available and significantly increased premiums, partly as a result of the increase in volume and severity of directors' claims. Nonetheless, the exposures that directors face and the extent to which indemnification and insurance may provide protection around the world are still very nuanced; there can be no "one size fits all" approach. The fourth edition of this title features fully updated contributions from leading legal experts around the world on what directors need to be concerned about in 2022 and beyond, together with the protections available. Each chapter follows a set structure (updated for this edition) which includes commentary on the risks of civil, criminal and regulatory claims against directors, and addresses the availability of indemnification and D&O insurance. New features of this edition include greater scrutiny of criminal vs regulatory liability, forecasting of particular trends, and the insurability of fines and penalties in the jurisdictions covered. The fourth edition also includes new chapters on Jersey and Guernsey (Offshore), Sweden (Nordics) and Saudi Arabia. This title will be an essential reference guide for directors, officers, in-house counsel and private practice lawyers advising them. It will provide a starting point for their assessment of today's legal exposures and assist with the management of their business risks.

The past two decades has witnessed unprecedented changes in the corporate governance landscape in Europe, the US and Asia. Across many countries, activist investors have pursued engagements with management of target companies. More recently, the role of the hostile activist shareholder has been taken up by a set of hedge funds. Hedge fund activism is characterized by mergers and corporate restructuring, replacement of management and board members, proxy voting, and lobbying of management. These investors target and research companies, take large positions in `their stock, criticize their business plans and governance practices, and confront their managers, demanding action enhancing shareholder value. This book analyses the impact of activists on the companies that they invest, the effects on shareholders and on activists funds themselves. Chapters examine such topic as investors' strategic approaches, the financial returns they produce, and the regulatory frameworks within which they operate. The chapters also provide historical context, both of activist investment and institutional shareholder passivity. The volume facilitates a comparison between the US and the EU, juxtaposing not only regulatory patterns but investment styles.

This book introduces and develops Contract Governance as a new approach to contract theory. While the concept of governance has already been developed in Williamson's seminal article, it has, ironically, not received much attention in general contract law theory. Indeed, Contract Governance appears to be an important and necessary complement to corporate governance and in fact, as the second, equally important pillar of governance research in the core of private law. With this in mind, Grundmann, Moeslein, and Riesenhuber provide a novel approach in setting an international and interdisciplinary research agenda for developing contract law scholarship. Contract Governance focuses particularly on the ways in which a governance perspective leads to research questions that have been neglected in traditional contract law scholarship, and how, from a governance perspective, the questions are dealt with in a different manner and style. Combining substantive chapters and commentaries, this collection of essays addresses an array of topics, including: third party impact and contract governance problems in herd behaviour; governance of networks of contracts; governance in long-term contractual relationships; contract governance and rule setting; and contract governance and political dimensions.

The second edition of Critical Company Law provides a framework in which to understand how the company functions in society and a thorough grounding in modern legal doctrine. It shows how modern company law is shaped by a multi-layered history of politics, ideology, economics and power. Through the lens of political economic theory the book shows how the company becomes the mechanism through which the state makes political choices about distributing societies' wealth and through which it responds to economic crises. The current law reflects an economy marked by a disjuncture between the low profits of the productive economy and the high profits of the finance economy. Critical Company Law examines areas of company law to show how they reflect a fragile economy inexorably drawn to social and economic inequality and short-termism. These include: * The Doctrine of Separate Corporate Personality * Groups of Companies and Tort Liabilities * Company Formation and the Constitution * Directors' Duties and Authority * Corporate Capacity * Shares and Shareholders * Raising and Maintaining Capital * Minority Protection In this uniquely hybrid book the legal topics are treated with detail and clarity, providing an engaging introduction to the key topics required for a student of company law.

This edited volume presents fresh empirical research on the emerging outcomes of China's law reforms. The chapters examine China's 'going out' policy by addressing the ways in which the underpinning legal reforms enable China to pursue its core interests and broad international responsibilities as a rising power. The contributors consider China's civil and commercial law reforms against the economic backdrop of an outflow of Chinese capital into strategic assets outside her own borders. This movement of capital has become an intriguing phenomenon for both ongoing economic reform and its largely unheralded underpinning law reforms. The contributors ask probing questions about doing business with China and highlight the astonishing escalation of China's outbound foreign direct investment (OFDI). Law and Policy for China's Market Socialism includes contributions from leading China-law scholars and specialist practitioners from the People's Republic of China, Hong Kong, the United States, the United Kingdom and other countries who all extend the examination of powerful influences on China's law reforms into new areas. Given the forecast for the growth of China's domestic market, those wishing to gain a better understanding and seeking success in the world's most dynamic marketplace will benefit greatly from reading this book. This book is essential reading for anyone interested in Chinese economics and business, Chinese Law, Chinese politics and commercial law.

The role of the business corporation in modern society is a controversial one. Some fear and object to corporate power and influence over governments and culture. Others embrace the corporation as a counterweight to the State and as a vehicle to advance important private objectives. A flashpoint in this controversy has been the First Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, which enshrines the fundamental rights of freedom to speech, religion, and association. The extent to which a corporation can avail itself of these rights goes a long way in defining the corporation's role. Those who fear the corporation wish to see these rights restricted, while those who embrace it wish to see these rights recognized.
The First Amendment and the Business Corporation explores the means by which the debate over the First Amendment rights of business corporations can be resolved. By recognizing that corporations possess constitutionally relevant differences, we discover a principled basis by which to afford some corporations the rights and protections of the First Amendment but not others. This is critically important, because a "one-size-fits-all" approach to corporate constitutional rights seriously threatens either democratic government or individual liberty. Recognizing rights where they should not be recognized unnecessarily augments the already considerable power and influence that corporations have in our society. However, denying rights where they are due undermines the liberty of human beings to create, patronize, work for, and invest in companies that share their most cherished values and beliefs.

In this new textbook, Alan Devlin explains law-and-economics theory in an accessible and straightforward manner. The book explores the relationship between law, economics and legal theory in an international context. Drawing on the neoclassical tradition of economic analysis of law, and showcasing cutting-edge behavioural economic theories relative to law, "Principles of Law and Economics "provides a comprehensive summary of the subject and demonstrates that this influential movement can transform a student s understanding of the law and how it relates to public policy.

Key features of the book include:

• Case law, directives, regulations and statistics from EU, UK and US jurisdictions, providing an international contextualisation of law and economics
• Succinct end-of-chapter summaries highlighting the essential points in each chapter to focus student learning
• Further-reading information at the end of each chapter to guide independent research
• an accessible writing style and attractive text design, which includes frequent tables and diagrams, to facilitate understanding through the clear presentation of facts and discussion

This book is ideal for introductory and intermediate courses in law and economics, as well as for advanced classes both in competition law and in intellectual property. "

Wang Jiang Yu approaches corporate law from a development and political economic perspective, while also giving a detailed analysis of what the law is. Better analyses of US corporate law have studied agency problems and strategically viable responses within the firm, while good studies of EU company law have also factored in questions of harmonization and regulatory arbitrage among jurisdictions. Wang provides us with what might become the leading paradigm for studies on Chinese corporate law: an understanding of how Western corporation forms have been employed and adjusted in China to meet the development agenda of the Chinese government and how this law is evolving in response to the state of the Chinese economy and the periodically adjusted positions of government planners' - David Donald, Professor, Faculty of Law, The Chinese University of Hong KongThis accessible book offers a comprehensive and critical introduction to the law on business organizations in the People's Republic of China. The coverage focuses on the 2005-adopted PRC Company Law and the most recent legislative and regulatory developments in the company law landscape in China. The book covers a wide range of topics including the definitions of companies as compared with other forms of business organizations, incorporation, shareholders rights and legal remedies, corporate governance (including the fiduciary and other duties and liabilities of directors, supervisors and managers), corporate finance (including capital and shares offering), fundamental corporate changes (including mergers & acquisitions, and takeovers), and corporate liquidation and bankruptcy. In addition to presenting strong doctrinal analysis, the author also considers China's unique social, political and economic contexts. Contents: 1. An Overview of the Company Law Regime In China 2. Types of Companies in the Diverse World of Business Organizations in China 3. Corporate Legal Personality and Limited Liability 4. Formation of Companies and the Rules of Capital Maintenance 5. Shareholders and their Rights 6. The General Corporate Governance and Management Structure 7. Fiduciary Duties of the Directors, Supervisors and Management Executives 8. Shareholder Litigation 9. Offering and Trading of Shares in Joint Stock Limited Companies 10. Financial Affairs, Accounting and Profit Distribution 11. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Takeovers 12. Corporate Liquidation and Bankruptcy Index

This book explores the foundations and evolution of modern corporate fiduciary law in the United States and the United Kingdom. Today US and UK fiduciary law provide very different approaches to the regulation of directorial behaviour. However, as the book shows, the law in both jurisdictions borrowed from the same sources in eighteenth- and nineteenth-century English fiduciary and commercial law. The book identifies the shared legal foundations and authorities and explores the drivers of corporate fiduciary law's contemporary divergence. In so doing it challenges the prevailing accounts of corporate legal change and stability in the US and the UK.

In this concise monograph, the great German and European expert on company law, Marcus Lutter, assigns the stockholder his role in the market economy, namely as a player involved in major transactions and one who guarantees diversity and counteracts the concentration of power in the managing bodies particularly by exercising his right to inspect and file suit. Prof. Dr. Dr. Stefan Grundmann, LL.M., Humboldt University Berlin"

The growth of financial conglomerates, offering a range of services hitherto unprecedented, has caused problems for regulators. While conglomerates bring with them many economic benefits (diversification of risk, economies of scope, etc) they also impose costs (systemic risk and conflict of interest abuses). Regulators must ensure that the regulation imposed is sufficiently strong to eradicate these abuses, but at the same time, flexible to allow the benefits of conglomeration to be secured. The Chinese Wall - a regulatory mechanism aimed at stemming the flow of information between one department in a firm to another department, and reconciling conflicts of interest more generally - is singled out for special treatment. The legal position of the device, which has become all the more important in the wake of the recent Law Commission inquiry into the relationship between the Financial Services Act 1986 (and the rules made thereunder) and the general law, is considered in detail. Harry McVea argues that an effective Chinese Wall will in most cases be legally sufficient to absolve a firm from potential liability at general law, but that there are situations where Chinese Walls are not

This new guide to schemes of arrangement draws together all of the elements of the law and practice concerning both creditor and member schemes.
Member schemes of arrangement have become the preferred method of implementing takeovers in the UK. Creditor schemes of arrangement are increasingly used in restructuring matters and the trend in their usage in foreign companies is likely to continue as many credit documents across Europe are arranged and underwritten in London under English law. The book considers the effect given to an English scheme in foreign jurisdictions, and other Private International Law issues.
A major issue for those considering a scheme for creditors is whether a scheme or CVA (Company Voluntary Arrangement) is more appropriate and this book assists the reader by including an analysis of the pros and cons of schemes and CVAs.
There are very few sources of information on schemes of arrangement and the area takes much of its substance from case law. This book, addressing the law and practical issues faced by practitioners on a day-to-day basis, is a first in the field.

The most comprehensive guide to all cross-border reorganisation techniques available to European companies, European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations is the ideal reference tool for lawyers, auditors, notaries and scholars working in the field.
Providing everything a practitioner needs to co-ordinate a successful cross-border merger, the book analyses the EU Directives and how they have been applied in each of the main EU/EEA member states. The diverging rules for each jurisdiction are highlighted and explained enabling quick comparisons to be made between countries for assessing feasibility of the chosen technique.
As well as the requirements, formalities and potential pitfalls of cross-border mergers, each country analysis addresses the relevant aspects of corporate, employment and tax law such as informing shareholders and employees, verification of the legality of the merger, and language requirements.
The book also considers other cross-border reorganisation techniques, such as demergers, partial demergers, the transfer of branches of activity, the creation of a Societas Europaea or a Societas Cooperativa Europea, and the cross-border transfer of a company's head office or registered office, providing a practical guide to the best possible solution for a practitioner's client. European Cross-Border Mergers and Reorganisations is an easy-to-use reference work for legal, tax and audit professionals involved in mergers.

Freedom of establishment is one of the four fundamental freedoms of the European Union. The principle is that natural persons who are European Union Citizens, and legal entities formed in accordance with the law of a Member State and having its registered office, central administration or principal place of business within the EU, may take up economic activity in any Member State in a stable and continuous form regardless of nationality or mode of incorporation. This book examines the way in which EU law has influenced how national courts in Europe assert jurisdiction in cross-border corporate disputes and insolvencies, and the mechanism which allows them to decide which national law should apply to the substance of the dispute. The book also considers the potential for EU Member States to compete for devising national corporate and insolvency legislation that will attract incorporations or insolvencies.
Central to the book is the concept of national choice of law. In considering the impact of freedom of establishment on private international law for corporations, the book uniquely analyses both corporate and insolvency law together, presenting the topic in the broadest possible sense.
Importantly, the doctrine of abuse in corporate and insolvency law is covered, raising the question of 'forum shopping' and regulatory competition which underpins the intersection between freedom of establishment and private international law. Through examination of the most recent and leading judgments of the European Court of Justice in Centros and Cadbury Schweppes, the book derives certain conclusions as to the operation of the doctrine of abuse and the limits thereof in the context of freedom of establishment.
Being the first in the field to examine the leading ECJ cases of Inspire Art, Sevic and Cartesio regarding the real seat doctrine, the book makes the judgment that there is no incompatibility as such between the doctrine and the freedom of establishment.
Ultimately, the book analyses to what extent diversity in the corporate and insolvency laws of the Member States should be preserved, so as to encourage competition between jurisdictions in Europe.

Article 102 TFEU prohibits the abuse of a dominant position as incompatible with the internal market. Its application in practice has been controversial with goals as diverse as the preservation of an undistorted competitive process, the protection of economic freedom, the maximisation of consumer welfare, social welfare, or economic efficiency all cited as possible or desirable objectives. These conflicting aims have raised complex questions as to how abuses can be assessed and how a dominant position should be defined.
This book addresses the conceptual problems underlying the tests to be applied under Article 102 in light of the objectives of EU competition law. Adopting an interdisciplinary approach, the book covers all the main issues relating to Article 102, including its objectives, its relationship with other principles and provisions of EU law, the criteria for the assessment of individual abusive practices, and the definition of dominance. It provides an in-depth doctrinal and normative commentary of the case law with the aim of establishing an intellectually robust and practically workable analytical framework for abuse of dominance.

Everything you need to know about growing and selling a business: the opportunities, the pitfalls, advice to avoid, advice to seek, how to succeed and break free from today's struggles, who to trust and how to achieve your dreams. Chris Averill, successful entrepreneur, has been through it all and knows the inside tricks. In this time of crisis, his blueprint is the one all budding entrepreneurs need to read.; Over 50 practical tips from Chris and other successful business owners on how to get your business ready for sale, who to sell to and how to make the most money from the sale.; "I commend this volume to anyone embarking on a startup, or those who work with entrepreneurs. It is a wart and all, first-person tale of how to grow a company and make a fortune - and what to do afterwards!" - Luke Johnson