This book is a volume in the Penn Press Anniversary Collection. To mark its 125th anniversary in 2015, the University of Pennsylvania Press rereleased more than 1,100 titles from Penn Press's distinguished backlist from 1899-1999 that had fallen out of print. Spanning an entire century, the Anniversary Collection offers peer-reviewed scholarship in a wide range of subject areas.

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) entered into force on January 1, 1994. The overall economic impact of NAFTA is difficult to measure since trade and investment trends are influenced by numerous other economic variables, such as economic growth, inflation, and currency fluctuations. The agreement may have accelerated the trade liberalization that was already taking place, but many of these changes may have taken place with or without an agreement. Nevertheless, NAFTA is significant because it was the most comprehensive free trade agreement (FTA) negotiated at the time and contained several groundbreaking provisions. This book provides an overview of North American trade liberalization before NAFTA, an overview of NAFTA provisions, the economic effects of NAFTA, and policy considerations. This book also examines the integration of North America's agricultural and food markets as a result of the North American Free Trade Agreement.

This text incorporates new information and devotes more time and space to the issues of agricultural industrialization and market structure likely to be faced by applied economists.

Responds to a critical need to train students to work in the new world of agricultural markets
Explicitly integrates empirical analysis of issues while maintaining the theoretical and practical issues of applied market analysis
Places a high emphasis on market structure, imperfect competition, vertical coordination, contracting, etc., providing students with the necessary background to understand the new environment in which they will be expected to operate
Includes some introduction to game theory with applications
Contains practical examples, "key questions," exercises, and questions posed to students that can be used by instructors to stimulate classroom discussion.

What Globalization Now Means for Your Business Executives can no longer base their strategies on the assumption that globalization will continue to advance steadily. But how should they respond to the growing pressures against globalization? And what can businesses do to control their destinies in these times of uncertainty? In The New Global Road Map, Pankaj Ghemawat separates fact from fiction by giving readers a better understanding of the key trends affecting global business. He also explains how globalization levels around the world are changing, and where they are likely to go in the future. Using the most up-to-date data and analysis, Ghemawat dispels today's most dangerous myths and provides a clear view of the most critical issues facing policy makers in the years ahead. Building on this analysis, with examples from a diverse set of companies across industries and geographies, Ghemawat provides actionable frameworks and tools to help executives revise their strategies, restructure their global footprints, realign their organizations, and rethink how they work with local governments and institutions. In our era of rising nationalism and increased skepticism about globalization's benefits, The New Global Road Map delivers the definitive guide on how to compete profitably across borders.

In this pathbreaking work, now with a new introduction, Edward S. Herman and Noam Chomsky show that, contrary to the usual image of the news media as cantankerous, obstinate, and ubiquitous in their search for truth and defense of justice, in their actual practice they defend the economic, social, and political agendas of the privileged groups that dominate domestic society, the state, and the global order.

Based on a series of case studies—including the media’s dichotomous treatment of “worthy” versus “unworthy” victims, “legitimizing” and “meaningless” Third World elections, and devastating critiques of media coverage of the U.S. wars against Indochina—Herman and Chomsky draw on decades of criticism and research to propose a Propaganda Model to explain the media’s behavior and performance. Their new introduction updates the Propaganda Model and the earlier case studies, and it discusses several other applications. These include the manner in which the media covered the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement and subsequent Mexican financial meltdown of 1994-1995, the media’s handling of the protests against the World Trade Organization, World Bank, and International Monetary Fund in 1999 and 2000, and the media’s treatment of the chemical industry and its regulation. What emerges from this work is a powerful assessment of how propagandistic the U.S. mass media are, how they systematically fail to live up to their self-image as providers of the kind of information that people need to make sense of the world, and how we can understand their function in a radically new way.

A complete guide to testing, analyzing, verifying, and monitoring real-time systems

More and more of our modern-day systems and devices–from toasters and climate-control systems to airplanes and space shuttles–contain embedded systems to control their functions and ensure that their responses are both timely and correct. With safety a requisite factor, performance validation is a critical aspect of real-time systems. Answering the needs of professionals and students alike, Real-Time Systems: Scheduling, Analysis, and Verification provides a substantial, up-to-date overview of the verification and validation process. It describes several approaches to the problem, and examines the advantages and disadvantages of each approach.

Designed to be both an introductory text and a handy reference for the practitioner, the book discusses:

• Symbolic logic, automata, and languages in non-real-time systems
• Real-time scheduling and schedulability analysis
• Verification using timed automata and timed petri nets
• Process algebra
• The design and analysis of propositional-logic rule-based systems
• Timing analysis of predicate-logic rule-based systems
• Optimization of rule-based systems
• Model checking, real-time logic, and statecharts

With ample illustrations and examples of a variety of industrial and toy applications, Real-Time Systems: Scheduling, Analysis, and Verification serves as a key resource for every professional who works with real-time systems.

Trade has long been-and will continue to be-a driving force that shapes our world. This book documents the tremendous importance of trade throughout history and its influence toward peaceful coexistence among nations. From ancient to modern times, trade has played an integral role in connecting disparate cultures and places on the earth-indeed, the existence of commercial trade across human civilization means that "globalization" is hardly a recent phenomenon or trend. Daily Life through Trade: Buying and Selling in World History documents how the importance of trade has made it the catalyst for migration, exploration, cultural interchange, and unfortunately, conflict and war throughout history. Author James M. Anderson describes the history of trade and traders' lives, examining how commerce had important consequences in various regions of the world and addressing a wide range of topics, such as fair trade, the World Trade Organization, and the role of trade in sparking world wars. The book's coverage ranges from the earliest times to the present day, and serves not only as an excellent general reference for history students and general readers, but also as valuable supplementary reading for those enrolled in courses in economics and business.

An account of the golden trade of the Moors, and a source book on Saharan trade routes, caravan organization and Sudanese history. The author covers anthropology and economic geography as well as history, as he examines and explores the hot little towns, sharp traders and the brutal rulers. He seeks to encourage and inspire a generation of scholars to discover more about parts of Africa still surprisingly little known to the outside world.

When we donate our unwanted clothes to charity, we rarely think about what will happen to them: who will sort and sell them, and finally, who will revive and wear them. In this fascinating look at the multibillion dollar secondhand clothing business, Karen Tranberg Hansen takes us around the world from the West, where clothing is donated, through the salvage houses in North America and Europe, where it is sorted and compressed, to Africa, in this case, Zambia. There it enters the dynamic world of "Salaula," a Bemba term that means "to rummage through a pile."
Essential for the African economy, the secondhand clothing business is wildly popular, to the point of threatening the indigenous textile industry. But, Hansen shows, wearing secondhand clothes is about much more than imitating Western styles. It is about taking a garment and altering it to something entirely local, something that adheres to current cultural norms of etiquette. By unraveling how these garments becomes entangled in the economic, political, and cultural processes of contemporary Zambia, Hansen also raises provocative questions about environmentalism, charity, recycling, and thrift.

The separation of the ownership from control of a company is a hallmark of many large UK companies, and has been so for nearly a century. Much contemporary debate over corporate governance assumes that this separation is the norm. However, quoted companies are much less common outside the UK and quoted companies in other jurisdictions often have one dominant shareholder, rather than being widely held.
In this book, Brian Cheffins explores the historical foundations of the separation of ownership and control, asking how the widely held company came to prominence and why it has endured in the UK. He synthesizes existing theories on the evolution of ownership and control in the UK and assesses the extent to which they need to be revised in the light of new historical evidence. He provides the first systematic analysis of why and how the UK stock market came to be dominated by institutional shareholders and illustrates the development of key similarities and differences between the UK and US systems through comparative discussions.
Being a blockholder in a large and successful business can provide the private benefits of control and the power associated with being a business leader, so why did those who traditionally owned large blocks of shares want to exit? Leaving one's savings in the hands of managers over whom one has no control seems foolish. Why were investors willing to buy the shares that the blockholders wanted to sell as ownership separated from control, and why have they continued to buy? As ownership separated from control in UK public companies, those who bought shares (including institutional shareholders, who had sufficient fiscal power to take a hands-on role withpublic companies) rarely sought to exercise control over management. Why was this? Even though the widely held company has been a key part of British capitalism for nearly a century, a series of prominent public-to-private deals carried out by private equity buyers mean that this trend may not necessarily continue. The concluding chapter of this book draws on the analytical framework used throughout to assess the possible future of the widely held company in the UK.

To adequately protect an organization, physical security must go beyond the "gates, guns, and guards" mentality that characterizes most security programs. Creating a sound security plan involves understanding not only security requirements but also the dynamics of the marketplace, employee issues, and management goals. The Complete Guide to Physical Security discusses the assets of a facility people, building, and location and the various means to protect them. It emphasizes the marriage of technology and physical hardware to help those tasked with protecting these assets to operate successfully in the ever-changing world of security.

The book covers specific physical security technologies, such as intrusion detection, access control, and video surveillance systems including networked video. It addresses the reasoning behind installations, how to work with contractors, and how to develop a central station for monitoring. It also discusses government regulations for building secured facilities and SCIFs (Sensitive Compartmented Information Facilities). Case examples demonstrate the alignment of security program management techniques with not only the core physical security elements and technologies but also operational security practices.

The authors of this book have nearly 50 years combined experience in the security industry including the physical security and security management arenas. Their insights provide the foundation for security professionals to develop a comprehensive approach to achieving physical security requirements while also establishing leadership roles that help further the overall mission of their organization.

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This volume brings together the research of many of the world's leading specialists on the Japanese economy to assess how Japan's distinctive economic institutions have operated in the past and how their evolution in the face of changing domestic and international circumstance s will shape the prospects for the Japanese economy in the 21st century.

Over the past half-century, bookselling, like many retail industries, has evolved from an arena dominated by small independent shops to one in which chain stores have significant market share. And as other retail fields, this transformation has often been a less-than-smooth process. But this has been especially pronounced in bookselling, argues Laura J. Miller, because more than most other consumer goods, books are the focus of passionate debate about commercialism. What drives that debate? And why do so many people believe that bookselling should be immune to questions of profit?In "Reluctant Capitalists," Miller looks at a century of book retailing, demonstrating that the independent-chain dynamic is not entirely new. It began a hundred years ago when department stores began selling books, continued through the 1960s with the emergence of national chain stores, and exploded with the formation of "superstores" in the 1990s. The advent of the Internet has further spurred tremendous changes in how booksellers approach their business. All of these changes have met resistance from book professionals and readers who believe that the book business should not be captive to market forces, but should also embrace more noble priorities. Miller uses historical data and interviews with bookstore customers and members of the book industry to explain why books evoke such distinct and heated reactions. She reveals why customers seek out certain bookstores and why book professionals identify so strongly with different types of books. In the process, she also teases out the meanings of retailing and consumption in American culture at large, underscoring her point that consumer behavior is inevitablypolitical, with consequences for communities as well as commercial institutions.

Originally published in the Great Depression this accessible volume was aimed not only at the academic economist, but also the general reader. The cycles of panic, boom and bust are discussed and solutions provided as to how to get over the bust periods as efficiently as possible. The commodities of wheat and gold are discussed in detail, and comparisons made between UK and US budget surpluses and deficits.

Surveying government and crowd responses ranging from the late Middle Ages through to the early modern era, Buchanan Sharp's illuminating study examines how the English government responded to one of the most intractable problems of the period: famine and scarcity. The book provides a comprehensive account of famine relief in the late Middle Ages and evaluates the extent to which traditional market regulations enforced by thirteenth-century kings helped shape future responses to famine and scarcity in the sixteenth century. Analysing some of the oldest surviving archival evidence of public response to famine, Sharp reveals that food riots in England occurred as early as 1347, almost two centuries earlier than was previously thought. Charting the policies, public reactions and royal regulations to grain shortage, Sharp provides a fascinating contribution to our understanding of the social, economic, cultural and political make-up of medieval and early modern England.