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Books > Law > Other areas of law > Ecclesiastical (canon) law
This book explores the taxation and exemption of churches and other
religious institutions, both empirically and normatively. This
exploration reveals that churches and other religious institutions
are treated diversely by the federal and state tax systems.
Sectarian institutions pay more tax than many believe. In important
respects, the states differ among themselves in their respective
approaches to the taxation of sectarian entities. Either taxing or
exempting churches and other sectarian entities entangles church
and state. The taxes to which churches are more frequently subject
- federal Social Security and Medicare taxes, sales taxes, real
estate conveyance taxes - fall on the less entangling end of the
spectrum. The taxes from which religious institutions are exempt -
general income taxes, value-based property taxes, unemployment
taxes - are typically taxes with the greatest potential for
church-state enforcement entanglement. It is unpersuasive to
reflexively denounce the tax exemption of religious actors and
institutions as a subsidy. Tax exemption can implement the secular,
non-subsidizing goal of minimizing church-state enforcement
entanglement and thus be regarded as part of a normative tax base.
Taxing the church or exempting the church involves often difficult
trade-offs among competing and legitimate values. On balance, our
federal system of decentralized legislation reasonably make these
legal and tax policy trade-offs, though there is room for
improvement in particular settings such as the protection of
internal church communications and the expansion of the churches'
sales tax liabilities.
Understanding the rules of procedure and the practices of medieval
and early modern courts is of great importance for historians of
every stripe. The authors and editors of this volume present
readers with a description of court procedure, the sources for
investigating the work of the courts, the jurisprudence and the
norms that regulated the courts, as well as a survey of the variety
of courts that populated the European landscape. Not least, the
authors wish to show the relationship between the jurisprudence
that governed judicial procedure and what happened in the court
room. By the end of the thirteenth century, court procedure in
continental Europe in secular and ecclesiastical courts shared many
characteristics. As the academic jurists of the Ius commune began
to excavate the norms of procedure from Justinian's great
codification of law and then to expound them in the classroom and
in their writings, they shaped the structure of ecclesiastical
courts and secular courts as well. These essays also illuminate
striking differences in the sources that we find in different parts
of Europe. In northern Europe the archives are rich but do not
always provide the details we need to understand a particular case.
In Italy and Southern France the documentation is more detailed
than in other parts of Europe but here too the historical records
do not answer every question we might pose to them. In Spain,
detailed documentation is strangely lacking, if not altogether
absent. Iberian conciliar canons and tracts on procedure tell us
much about practicein Spanish courts. As these essays demonstrate,
scholars who want to peer into the medieval courtroom, must also
read letters, papal decretals, chronicles, conciliar canons, and
consilia to provide a nuanced and complete picture of what happened
in medieval trials. This volume will give sophisticated guidance to
all readers with an interest in European law and courts.
The work of St. Bartholomew of Braga, O.P. (1514-1590) appears here
in English for the first time despite its long and enduring
influence in ecclesiastical circles. His meditations on the office
of pastor have provided critical insight bishops since their
initial circulation and have helped form the most famous among
them, including Bartholomew's proteges Charles Borromeo. Pope Paul
VI ordered a copy of Bartholomew's work to be distributed among the
Catholic bishops at the Second Vatican Council. Donald Prudlo's
translation situates St. Bartholomew of the Martyrs in his
historical context as a lynchpin of Catholic Reform and affirms him
as a figurehead of pastoral administration even in our own times.
A dissertacao e estruturada em quatro capitulos: en el o primeiro
CIC/17. O segundo analisa a legislacao contida no can. 139 do CIC
17, O terceiro aprofunda a doutrina do Concilio Vaticano II e a do
Sinodo dos Bispos de 1971 sobre a imagem sacerdotal e a relacao
entre ministerio presbiterale empenhamento politico. O ultimo
debruca se sobre a legislacao do actual Codigo de Dereito Canonico,
estabelecendo uma pontual exegese dos cans. 285,3 e 287,2. Domingos
Sequeira, 1957, conseguiu doutoramento na Pontificia Universidade
Gregoriana em 2003 com a presente tese.
In der Geografie, als einer Leitwissenschaft in Sachen
"Landschaft", definiert man aktuell Stadtelandschaften als
massstablich und raumlich ganz unterschiedliche Ebenen. Diese
lassen sich auf einzelne Stadte, auf bestimmte Stadtregionen und
selbst auf Metropolregionen oder die seit 1918 eingefuhrte
Megalopolis projizieren. Historiker verstehen unter einer
"Stadtelandschaft" meist ein Gebiet mittlerer Groessenordnung mit
unterschiedlich starker Urbanisierung, wobei in der
"Stadtlandschaft" Stadte und Markte, Burger und Handler im
umschriebenen Raum zwangslaufig eine dominierende Rolle spielen.
Der interterritoriale Vergleich fuhrt uns einerseits hinaus in die
Welt der europaischen Urbanitat, andererseits liegt ein deutlicher
Fokus auf den grossen wie kleinen Stadten Suddeutschlands. In Farbe
und Ausfuhrlichkeit analysieren die Autoren dort die Stadtkultur
vom Mittelalter bis zur Moderne. Politische, soziale und
oekonomische Netzwerke werden ebenso behandelt wie spannende
interstadtische Bezuge durch Reisende, Gelehrsamkeit, Schulen,
Literatur oder Musik. Teildisziplinen wie die Historische
Ortsnamenforschung runden das Bild ab.
In the late sixteenth century, after the Council of Trent and the
Catholic Reformation, the confessional became a key means to
improve morals and religious life - and, for the Catholic clergy of
New Spain, a new avenue through which they might reach the
consciences of Spaniards and improve their treatment of indigenous
peoples. To this end, the bishops of the province of Mexico drafted
a directorio in 1585 to guide the priesthood in fulfilling its duty
according to current ecclesiastical ideals and social realities.
That document, published here in English for the first time, offers
an unrivaled view of the religious, social, and economic history of
colonial Mexico. Though never widely circulated, the Directorio
para confesores (Directory for Confessors) contains an encyclopedic
description of life in Mexico three generations after the European
invasion. In addition to summarizing sixteenth-century Spanish
concerns in the provinces, the Directory offers insight into the
Catholic Church's moral judgments on many aspects of colonial life.
Translated by distinguished scholar Stafford Poole, the document
embodies a remarkable knowledge of scripture and law and reflects
the concerns of the Spanish crown and what was happening in New
Spain. The Directory instructs its clergy audience in the proper
methods to combat superstition among the Spaniards, helps them
navigate the variety of business contracts used in Creole society
at the time, and details the obligations of those in various social
stations, from viceroys to tavern keepers. It also condemns the
forced labor of native people under the repartimiento system,
especially in the mines. Rendered in clear prose and illuminated
with helpful introductory chapters by Poole and John F. Schwaller,
extensive annotations, and a glossary of terms, this volume offers
unparalleled insights into life and thought in sixteenth-century
New Spain.
Religion, Law, and the Present Water Crisis documents current and
impending global water shortages and opposes policies of
commodification and privatization of water ownership by
multinational water corporations. On the basis of the religions of
the world, Richard A. Hughes appeals to pure, running water as a
symbol of the sacred. Furthermore, he argues that all bodies of
freshwater are commons and that they should be protected by the
public trust doctrine. In addition, he contends that there is a
right to water and that this right is independent, free-standing,
and the prerequisite of other human rights, applying to all states
and occupied territories. The increasing acidification of the
oceans makes it mandatory to protect them under the reserved water
right doctrine and to designate them as "national parks" of the
seas. More generally, this book presents a synthesis of water
studies and encompasses the religions of the world, theologies of
baptism, American water law doctrines, public trust doctrine with
special attention to Islamic water law, and international water law
treaties. Clean water is a necessity of life. Therefore, it is
compelling to recognize the urgency of water scarcity and the need
to guarantee the purity of and accessibility to water for all
people.
Canon Law: A Comparative Study with Anglo-American Legal Theory, by
the Reverend John J. Coughlin, explores the canon law of the Roman
Catholic Church from a comparative perspective. The Introduction to
the book presents historical examples of antinomian and legalistic
approaches to canon law (antinomianism diminishes or denies the
importance of canon law, while legalism overestimates the function
of canon law in the life of the Catholic Church). The Introduction
discusses these approaches as threats to the rule of law in the
Church, and describes the concept of the rule of law in the thought
of various Anglo-American legal theorists. Chapter One offers an
overview of canon law as the "home system" in this comparative
study. The remaining chapters consider antinomian and legalistic
approaches to the rule of law in light of three specific issues:
the sexual abuse crisis, ownership of church property, and the
denial of Holy Communion to Catholic public officials. Chapters Two
and Three discuss the failure of the rule of law as a result of
antinomian and legalistic approaches to the sexual abuse crisis.
Chapters Four and Five compare the concept of property in canon law
with that of liberal political theory; they discuss the ownership
of parish property in light of diocesan bankruptcies, the
relationship between church property and the law of the secular
state, and the secularization of Catholic institutions and their
property. Chapters Six and Seven raise the indeterminacy claim with
regards to canon law and the arguments for and against the denial
of Holy Communion to Catholic public officials. Although the three
issues arise in the context of the United States, they raise
broader theoretical issues about antinomianism, legalism, and the
rule of law. Throughout the comparative study, American legal
theory functions to clarify these broader issues in canon law. The
concluding chapter offers a synthesis of this comparative study.
This book approaches the subject of late Roman law from the
perspective of legal practice revealed in courtroom processes, as
well as more "informal" types of dispute settlement. From at least
the early fourth century, leading bishops, ecclesiastics, and
Christian polemicists participated in a vibrant culture of forensic
argument, with far-reaching effects on theological debate, the
development of ecclesiastical authority, and the elaboration of
early "Canon law." One of the most innovative aspects of late Roman
law was the creation and application of new legal categories used
in the prosecution of "heretics." Leading Christian polemicists not
only used techniques of argument learnt in the late Roman
rhetorical schools to help position the Church within the structure
of Empire, but also used those techniques in cases involving
accusations against "heretics" -- thus defining and developing the
concept of Christian orthodoxy itself.
This is one of the first volumes to appear in a landmark new series, The Oxford History of the Laws of England. It traces the history of the reception and role of the canon law in England between 597 and 1649, examining both the establishment of ecclesiastical courts and the heads of jurisdiction within them. Legal practice is viewed against the background of the formal canon law.
The foundation for all scholarly study in biblical law is the shared assumption that the Covenant Code, as contained in Exodus 20:23-22:33 is the oldest code of laws in the Hebrew Bible, and that all other laws are later revisions of that code. In A Law Book for the Diaspora, John Van Seters strikes at that foundation. He argues that those laws in the Covenant Code that are similar to Deuteronomy and the Holiness Code are in fact later than both of these, dependent on them as sources, and therefore cannot be taken as the foundation of Hebrew Law. A persuasive presentation of a controversial thesis, A Law Book for the Diaspora will have a dramatic and far-reaching impact on the study of Hebrew Law. No student of the Hebrew Bible can afford to ignore it.
When first published in 1958, The Canons of the Council of Sardica, AD 343 at once became the standard account of the canons passed by the Western bishops assembled at Serdica in 343 and the thinking on Church matters that lay behind them. In this new edition Hamilton Hess has updated his account in the light of recent literature, included new material and the full texts of the canons, and translated all quotations into English to reach a wider audience. Three new opening chapters make a fresh contribution to the study of early church history in giving a comprehensive analysis of the rise of the conciliar movement from its earliest beginnings to the fourth-century establishments of councils as exclusively episcopal legislative assemblies. It is also shown that the emergence of canon law was a gradual evolutionary process leading towards the sixth-century organization of canonical collections as juridical ecclesiastical codes parallel with and complementary to the contemporary civil codes of the Roman empire.
This volume offers a comprehensive and consistently theological
interpretation of Canon Law. It is inspired by the key conciliar
notion of "communio ecclesiarum", implying a structural and human
reality in which is embodied a theological dimension, namely, the
grace conceded by means of word and sacrament and guaranteed by
apostolic succession, for which Canon Law is founded, not only
anthropologically and sociologically, but also theologically. The
whole of Canon Law, in this perspective, conforms to and clarifies
the original elements of the church: word, sacrament, apostolic
succession and charism. It also agrees with Hans Urs von
Balthasar's notion that Canon Law has the function of guaranteeing
that the church as "communio" is and continues to be a community in
love: in that love whose origin is Jesus Christ and which is given
to humanity by the Holy Spirit.
This is the fourth volume of a series entitled `Current Legal Issues' that are published each Summer as a sister volume to `Current Legal Problems'. The interaction of religious practice and the law raises a number of difficult and fascinating issues. What exactly do we mean by religious faith? To what extent are the Courts competent to pass judgement on disputes arising within religious organizations? Are some religious faiths more legitimate than others? Should the law grant special privileges to religious believers? - for example exemption from provisions in human rights legislation which would otherwise restrict their activities.
This book describes in detail the ways in which the life of the
Church of England is affected by law. It deals with a great many
topics including canonical jurisprudence, ecclesiastical
government, the ministry of clergy and laity, faith, doctrine and
liturgy, the churches' rites and the management of property and
finance. Each of these subjects is studied and analyzed critically
and where appropriate comparisons are made with the Roman Catholic
Church.
Five general themes emerge: first is the degree to which the
church can be said to be regulated; the second concerns the
increasingly important use of administrative rules created
executively at national and diocesian level to supplement the
churches formal law; the third examines the relationship between
the formal law and the pastoral values of clarity, certainty and
flexibility; the fourth theme is the applicability of secular law;
the final theme is the comparison with the canon law of the Roman
Catholic Church. Thus the book provides for the first time a
comprehensive, descriptive and critical analysis of the legal
framework of the Church of England and the regulatory instruments
which operate within this framework.
First published in 1996. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor &
Francis, an informa company.
Die vorliegende Arbeit moechte zeigen, wie Karl Barth in seiner
Auseinandersetzung mit dem Religionsbegriff zu den Thesen 'Religion
als Unglaube' und 'die christliche Religion als die einzig
wirkliche und wahre Religion' in der Kirchlichen Dogmatik (KD) 17 -
Gottes Offenbarung als Aufhebung der Religion -gelangt. Sie
beschaftigt sich mit Barths AEusserungen zum Verhaltnis von
Religion und Wahrheit im Zeitraum von 1909 bis 1938 und richtet
sich auf die konstruktive Rolle von 'Religion' und damit auf die
Frage, welche argumentative Rolle und Funktion Barth dem
Religionsbegriff zuweist. Daruber hinaus koennte die konstruktive
Rolle von 'Religion' in Barths Theologie der zeitgenoessischen
Religionswissenschaft eine neue Perspektive eroeffnen.
Die Vorstellungen von den Osmanen schwanken in ihren Nachbarlandern
und uberhaupt im Abendland. Eingebettet in eine romanhafte
Rahmenhandlung werden Geschichte, Soziologie und Psychologie der
Osmanen des 18. Jahrhunderts vor ihrer zunehmenden Verwestlichung
im 19. Jahrhundert dargestellt und zeigen ein Selbstverstandnis,
das in abgewandelter Form vor allem auch heute noch nachschwingt.
Insgesamt vermitteln sie einen verstandnisvolleren Blick in die
Entwicklung des Islam.
Am 15. September 1680 fand die feierliche Translation der Reliquien
der Katakombenheiligen Sergius, Bacchus, Hyacinthus und Erasmus im
Kloster St. Gallen statt. Als Director musicae bekam der
Stiftsorganist Pater Valentin Muller (Molitor) die Aufgabe, die
Musik fur die Feier zu verfassen. 1681 wurde ein Teil des dafur
komponierten Repertoires unter dem Titel Missa una cum tribus
Mottetis in Solemni Translatione SS. MM. Sergii, Bacchi, Hyacinthi
et Erasmi ab octo vocibus concertantibus, et 7. Instrumentis, sed
tantium quatuor necessariis in Monasterio S. Galli decantata
herausgegeben. Der im Kloster St. Gallen produzierte Musikdruck
enthalt ein vollstandiges Ordinarium missae (Kyrie, Gloria, Credo,
Sanctus und Agnus Dei) sowie drei Motetten. Grandios ist die
aufwendige Besetzung mit zwei vierstimmigen Choeren sowie einem
reichen, dem Festcharakter angemessenen Instrumentarium. Die Musik
stellt damit ein wertvolles Zeugnis des benediktinischen
Musikrepertoires dar, wie es im Kloster St. Gallen in der zweiten
Halfte des 17. Jahrhunderts gepflegt wurde. Der vorliegende Band
enthalt die vollstandige kritische Ausgabe der 1681 erschienenen
Werke von Pater Valentin Muller (Molitor) sowie eine historische
Einleitung.
Shu'ayb al-'Arna'ut war ein zeitgenoessischer Hadith-Gelehrter, der
einen grossen Teil des Hadith-Kanons und daruber hinaus
klassifiziert hat. In diesem Band wird zum ersten Mal seine
Methodologie vorgestellt. Anhand einer komparativen Analyse wird
ein exemplarischer Korpus von Hadithen untersucht, um die
Charakteristika der Methodologie von al-'Arna'ut feststellen zu
koennen. Zudem werden seine Beurteilungen von Hadithen mit denen
von al-Tahanawi und al-'Albani verglichen. Die Autorin zeigt in
diesem Buch auf, wie zeitgenoessische Hadith-Gelehrte mit den
Erkenntnissen fruherer Gelehrter umgehen, welche Herausforderungen
und neuen Entwicklungen dabei entstanden sind.
Obwohl die Apostolische Paenitentiarie das alteste Dikasterium der
Roemischen Kurie ist, gehoert sie zugleich zu den unbekannteren
Dikasterien. Ihr Hauptcharakteristikum ist ihre exklusive und fast
ausschliessliche Zustandigkeit im Forum internum. Ihre Aufgaben
sind vielfaltig und umfassen den Strafnachlass von reservierten
Zensuren genauso wie die Gewahrung verschiedener Gnadenerweise und
von Ablassen. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt Kompetenzen, konkrete
Aufgaben, personelle Zusammensetzung und spezifische
Verfahrensweisen der Apostolischen Paenitentiarie anhand der
geltenden Rechtsgrundlagen dar. Dabei werden fortlaufend unter
vergleichendem Aspekt die AEnderungen, Erganzungen und
Modifikationen mit vorangegangenen Gesetzes- und Normenkomplexen
gepruft und ausgewertet.
Die Autorin schliesst eine Lucke in der Dogmengeschichte des
Rechtsgedankens der Nichtigkeit sittenwidriger Vereinbarungen. Sie
weist nach, dass die Kanonistik des Hochmittelalters im
Zusammenhang mit der Entwicklung des Grundsatzes "pacta sunt
servanda" eigene, neue inhaltliche Kriterien fur die Zulassigkeit
von Vereinbarungen einfuhrte und spater einen theologisch
begrundeten Begriff der "boni mores" schuf. Dieser wich von dem
roemisch-rechtlichen Begriff der guten Sitten in der Legistik ab.
Der Rechtsgedanke der Begrenzung der Vertragsfreiheit durch die
guten Sitten als allgemeines und moralisches Kriterium ist heute in
138 BGB verankert. Die Untersuchung zeigt, dass er auf das
naturrechtlich begrundete Verstandnis der "boni mores" im
kirchlichen Recht des Hochmittelalters zuruckzufuhren ist.
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