Seminar paper from the year 2004 in the subject Economics - Statistics and Methods, grade: 1.00, University of Hamburg, course: Programm: MIBA, 33 entries in the bibliography, language: English, comment: Why was an index like the Human Development Index (HDI) established in the first place? That question and what the HDI really is about is the topic of this paper. The aim is to highlight its uniqueness and show how it differentiates from other measurement tools of human development. This assignment was done with secondary research only. For a topic that young there are efficient internet sources available which were sufficient enough to complete the assignment based on the oral presentation., abstract: Why was an index like the Human Development Index (HDI) established in the first place? That question and what the HDI really is about is the topic of this paper. The aim is to highlight its uniqueness and show how it differentiates from other measurement tools of human development. This assignment was done with secondary research only. For a topic that young there are efficient internet sources available which were sufficient enough to complete the assignment based on the oral presentation.

Master's Thesis from the year 2004 in the subject Business economics - Didactics, Economic Pedagogy, grade: 1,3, European University Viadrina Frankfurt (Oder), 82 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: This study does not focus on the "powerhouses" of internationalisation but rather at the possibilities of an "average" university with up to now rather average numbers of foreign students and an average degree of overall internationalisation. The University of Bielefeld is taken as one example, of how internationalisation can be implemented, what the key processes of internationalisation are and which steps should be taken to foster internationalisation in the future. The first part of this study is having a look at what internationalisation of universities is and how the idea has developed historically. he paper then in the second part describes the main stakeholders and their role in the internationalisation of higher education. In part three and four the key drivers of internationalisation for universities in general and German institutions of higher education in particular are identified. Therefore this paper outlines first the general global trends in higher education in part three and than focuses on specific German and European developments in part four. Special attention will be drawn on the legal changes in the German system of higher education and the EU-harmonisation process. In Chapter five the competitive forces like new market entrants and substitutes will be looked at. The sixth part will describe the specific motivation for internationalisation at the UoB and sketch the environmental situation of the university like the history of the institution, geographical aspects, its profile etc. It then focuses on strategy formulated so far. Parts seven and eight examine the internationalisation efforts on the side of resource allocation and international programmes. The last chapter tries to summarize the strengths and weaknesses of the inte

Copulas provide us with a tool for constructing multivariate distributions with arbitrary marginal distributions and a wide range of dependence structures. The aim of this book is to describe what the practitioner, or scientist, needs to know about copulas. Although the emphasis is on financial applications, the general theory is relevant for any multivariate setting. The outline of the book is as follows. Chapter 2 is a discussion of multivariate distribution functions that are useful for financial data. In chapter 3 we proceed with a discussion of commonly used dependence measures, and we highlight deficiencies of the correlation coefficient. We start chapter 4 by describing the properties a general function must satisfy in order to be a copula, and goes on by describing the properties of the most common copulas. In chapter 5 we discuss the problem of estimating the parameters in a copula, and in chapter 6 we review the recent goodness-of-fit procedures suggested in the literature. Chapter 7 is a short review of some of the main applications of copulas in relation to credit risk models.

The State of Working America, prepared biennially since 1988 by the Economic Policy Institute, includes a wide variety of data on family incomes, wages, taxes, unemployment, wealth, and poverty-data that enable the authors to closely examine the effect of the economy on the living standards of the American people. This edition, like the previous ones, exposes and analyzes the most recent and critical trends in the country.

Praise for previous editions of The State of Working America

"The State of Working America remains unrivaled as the most-trusted source for a comprehensive understanding of how working Americans and their families are faring in today's economy." Robert B. Reich

"It is the inequality of wealth, argue the authors, rather than new technology (as some would have it), that is responsible for the failure of America's workplace to keep pace with the country's economic growth. The State of Working America is a well-written, soundly argued, and important reference book." Library Journal

"If you want to know what happened to the economic well-being of the average American in the past decade or so, this is the book for you. It should be required reading for Americans of all political persuasions." Richard Freeman, Harvard University

"A truly comprehensive and useful book that provides a reality check on loose statements about U.S. labor markets. It should be cheered by all Americans who earn their living from work." William Wolman, former chief economist, CNBC's Business Week

"The State of Working America provides very valuable factual and analytic material on the economic conditions of American workers. It is the very best source of information on this important subject." Ray Marshall, University of Texas, former U.S. Secretary of Labor

"An indispensable work . . . on family income, wages, taxes, employment, and the distribution of wealth." Simon Head, New York Review of Books

"No matter what political camp you're in, this is the single most valuable book I know of about the state of America, period. It is the most referenced, most influential resource book of its kind." Jeff Madrick, author of The End of Affluence

"This book is the single best yardstick for measuring whether or not our economic policies are doing enough to ensure that our economy can, once again, grow for everybody." Richard A. Gephardt

"The best place to review the latest developments in changes in the distribution of income and wealth." Lester Thurow

"

The State of Working America, prepared biennially since 1988 by the Economic Policy Institute, includes a wide variety of data on family incomes, wages, taxes, unemployment, wealth, and poverty-data that enable the authors to closely examine the effect of the economy on the living standards of the American people. This edition, like the previous ones, exposes and analyzes the most recent and critical trends in the country.

Praise for previous editions of The State of Working America

"The State of Working America remains unrivaled as the most-trusted source for a comprehensive understanding of how working Americans and their families are faring in today's economy." Robert B. Reich

"It is the inequality of wealth, argue the authors, rather than new technology (as some would have it), that is responsible for the failure of America's workplace to keep pace with the country's economic growth. The State of Working America is a well-written, soundly argued, and important reference book." Library Journal

"If you want to know what happened to the economic well-being of the average American in the past decade or so, this is the book for you. It should be required reading for Americans of all political persuasions." Richard Freeman, Harvard University

"A truly comprehensive and useful book that provides a reality check on loose statements about U.S. labor markets. It should be cheered by all Americans who earn their living from work." William Wolman, former chief economist, CNBC's Business Week

"The State of Working America provides very valuable factual and analytic material on the economic conditions of American workers. It is the very best source of information on this important subject." Ray Marshall, University of Texas, former U.S. Secretary of Labor

"An indispensable work . . . on family income, wages, taxes, employment, and the distribution of wealth." Simon Head, New York Review of Books

"No matter what political camp you're in, this is the single most valuable book I know of about the state of America, period. It is the most referenced, most influential resource book of its kind." Jeff Madrick, author of The End of Affluence

"This book is the single best yardstick for measuring whether or not our economic policies are doing enough to ensure that our economy can, once again, grow for everybody." Richard A. Gephardt

"The best place to review the latest developments in changes in the distribution of income and wealth." Lester Thurow

"

Diploma Thesis from the year 2007 in the subject Business economics - Didactics, Economic Pedagogy, grade: 1,0, Berlin School of Economics, 96 entries in the bibliography, language: English, abstract: The purpose of the present thesis is to examine if and to which extent cultures converge in an international business environment and if intercultural competence has a bearing on it. Therefore, theoretical and practical insights in the subject of culture, its implicit and explicit differences, as well as its measurements will be provided. Due to the fact that communication - as a major cultural attribute - is the most obvious level on which cultural differences are recognized, insights in the topic of cross-cultural and intercultural communication will be given. A thorough discussion of the concept of culture and communication is beyond the scope of this paper, but in what follows, an adequate overview of recognized and well-known researchers' theories and findings will be provided. Besides giving theoretical background knowledge, it will be examined whether the internationally defined soft skills of intercultural competence can be seen as an approach towards a universal interculture, likewise a universal communication. The topic of the present thesis will be illustrated by a case study, as well as researched and evaluated by a field study conducted at one of the most culturally diverse organization - the United Nations. Findings should only expose tendencies to confirm or disprove previous research findings in the field of cross-cultural comparative research and intercultural communication. It is not intended to present new empirical findings.

The major focus of this book is on the educational challenges and triumphs in Washington, DC. We examine education in Washington, DC because it is vital to know the conditions under which the residents of the most powerful city in the world are being trained in the academic arena, based on sound empirical evidence.

The business world creates a variety of problematic challenges. "Exploring: Using 2 x 2 Matrices to Analyze Situations" demonstrates ways to target salient issues quickly, which in turn will seize the attention of senior executives. Ruth Williams, program director for a large multi-national corporation, explores techniques to show how to resolve difficult circumstances and provides an alternative to traditional reports generally used for explaining complex situations.

"Exploring" gives the average businessperson tools they need to learn how to assess situations "before" problems arise, bringing together a number of 2 x 2 matrix explorations, which all represent real situations. Implementing a 2 x 2 square, divided into four equal quadrants, Williams has formulated a system that is able to analyze a complex problem by breaking it into smaller units. These particulars will teach you how to observe and analyze in order to be prepared for actual times of crisis. You'll also learn how to assimilate information quickly to help you identify the key drivers of the situation.

With her extensive experience in assessing difficult situations by establishing the cause of the problems and identifying possible solutions, Williams offers a valuable resource for any business with "Exploring."

As a sequel to the South India: Human Development Report and the West and Central India Human Development Report this report contains a compilation of economic and social data based on a primary survey of four states in Northern India: Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Punjab, and erstwhile Uttar Pradesh.

Many historians of insurance have commented on the disconnect between the rise of English life insurance companies in the early eighteenth century and the mathematics behind the sound pricing of life insurance products that was developed at about the same time. Insurance and annuity promoters typically ignored this mathematical work. Bellhouse explores this issue, and shows that the early mathematical work was not motivated by insurance but instead by the fair valuation of life contingent contracts related to property. Even the work of the mathematician James Dodson in the creation of the Equitable Life Assurance Society, offering sound actuarially based premiums, did not change the industry in any significant way. The tipping point was a crisis in 1770 in which the philosopher and mathematician Richard Price, as well as other mathematicians, showed that a dozen or more recently formed annuity societies could not meet their financial obligations and were inviable.

A blueprint for understanding and interpreting essential economic information

From the publishers of The Economist, the renowned international business weekly, this practical resource offers a detailed road map of all the major—and many of the less well-known—economic indicators in existence today. Explaining exactly what they are, why they are significant, how reliable they are, and—perhaps, most importantly—how to interpret them, it covers over 100 indicators, including:

• GDP
• Population, employment, unemployment
• Public expenditure
• Personal and disposable income
• Fixed investments
• Imports and exports
• Nominal exchange rates
• Money supply and money stock
• Wages, earnings, and labor costs.

Clearly organized, accurate, and accessible, The Economist Guide to Economic Indicators is an indispensible reference for understanding key economic data from around the world.

Success in today's global business environment requires a thorough knowledge of important economic figures and a firm grasp of their meaning. Now, The Economist Guide to Economic Indicators provides you with a detailed road map of all the major—and many of the less well-known—indicators that exist worldwide.

Economic indicators provide invaluable insights into how different economies and different markets are performing, enabling practitioners to adjust their investment strategies in order to achieve the best return. However, in order to make the right decisions, you must know how to interpret the relevant indicators. The Economist Guide to Economic Indicators enables you to read—and use—indicators accurately and effectively.

Covering approximately 100 indicators—including GDP, population, exchange rates, disposable income, public expenditure, and bond yields—this practical resource explains exactly what they are, why they are significant, where and when they're published, and how reliable they are. Perhaps most importantly, the Guide shows you how to interpret these indicators correctly, providing straightforward guidelines through which you can distill such vital information as start and end points for changes, inflational influences, time frames, and yardsticks for judging future trends.

Organized to highlight linkages and aid interpretation, and incorporating data for the fifteen largest industrial countries, this concise, accessible guide is essential for anyone eager to be brought up to speed on these key economic measurements.

Statistical Rethinking: A Bayesian Course with Examples in R and Stan builds your knowledge of and confidence in making inferences from data. Reflecting the need for scripting in today's model-based statistics, the book pushes you to perform step-by-step calculations that are usually automated. This unique computational approach ensures that you understand enough of the details to make reasonable choices and interpretations in your own modeling work. The text presents causal inference and generalized linear multilevel models from a simple Bayesian perspective that builds on information theory and maximum entropy. The core material ranges from the basics of regression to advanced multilevel models. It also presents measurement error, missing data, and Gaussian process models for spatial and phylogenetic confounding. The second edition emphasizes the directed acyclic graph (DAG) approach to causal inference, integrating DAGs into many examples. The new edition also contains new material on the design of prior distributions, splines, ordered categorical predictors, social relations models, cross-validation, importance sampling, instrumental variables, and Hamiltonian Monte Carlo. It ends with an entirely new chapter that goes beyond generalized linear modeling, showing how domain-specific scientific models can be built into statistical analyses. Features Integrates working code into the main text Illustrates concepts through worked data analysis examples Emphasizes understanding assumptions and how assumptions are reflected in code Offers more detailed explanations of the mathematics in optional sections Presents examples of using the dagitty R package to analyze causal graphs Provides the rethinking R package on the author's website and on GitHub

How to Divide When There Isn't Enough develops a rigorous yet accessible presentation of the state-of-the-art for the adjudication of conflicting claims and the theory of taxation. It covers all aspects one may wish to know about claims problems: the most important rules, the most important axioms, and how these two sets are related. More generally, it also serves as an introduction to the modern theory of economic design, which in the last twenty years has revolutionized many areas of economics, generating a wide range of applicable allocations rules that have improved people's lives in many ways. In developing the theory, the book employs a variety of techniques that will appeal to both experts and non-experts. Compiling decades of research into a single framework, William Thomson provides numerous applications that will open a large number of avenues for future research.

Probability and Statistics have been widely used in various fields of science, including economics. Like advanced calculus and linear algebra, probability and statistics are indispensable mathematical tools in economics. Statistical inference in economics, namely econometric analysis, plays a crucial methodological role in modern economics, particularly in empirical studies in economics.This textbook covers probability theory and statistical theory in a coherent framework that will be useful in graduate studies in economics, statistics and related fields. As a most important feature, this textbook emphasizes intuition, explanations and applications of probability and statistics from an economic perspective.

The most comprehensive and most up-to-date one-volume reference work available on U.S. states. Salem Press's popular The Fifty States is designed to serve the needs of students, researchers, and the general public seeking historical and current statistical information on individual American states.

Dieses Buch stellt eine einfache und verstandliche Einfuhrung in die OEkonometrie dar. Dabei werden grundlegende Theorien und Methoden erklart und mit Hilfe der freien Statistiksoftware Gretl direkt umgesetzt. Gretl ermoeglicht eine menugesteuerte Bedienung, sodass die Leser behutsam in die Welt der OEkonometrie eingefuhrt werden. Zahlreiche Gretl-Skripte unterstutzen die Leser beim Verstandnis und bei der Anwendung oekonometrischer Grundlagen und erleichtern damit den Lernprozess. Es eignet sich fur Studenten sowie Praktiker, die ihre Kenntnisse im Bereich der OEkonometrie aufbessern moechten.

Der Autor hinterfragt die regelmassig auftretenden Falle fehlerhafter Rechnungslegung, welche die Deutsche Prufstelle fur Rechnungslegung (DPR) mit der BaFin aufdeckt. Er erarbeitet dazu ein breites Spektrum an Einflussfaktoren auf fehlerhafte Rechnungslegung und diskutiert bedeutsame Einzelfalle zur Rolle der Entlohnung und des Aktienhandels des Managements. Der Schwerpunkt seines Buches liegt auf einer Untersuchung des Zusammenhangs mit der Unternehmensfinanzierung. Die empirische Auswertung zeigt erstmalig, wie Unternehmen nach der Veroeffentlichung fehlerhafter Rechnungslegung ihre Unternehmensfinanzierung andern. Daruber hinaus liefert der Autor eine Analyse der Fehlermeldungen, die u. a. haufig verletzte Rechnungslegungsregeln aufzeigt.