Thoroughly updated, Introduction to Polymers, Third Edition presents the science underpinning the synthesis, characterization and properties of polymers. The material has been completely reorganized and expanded to include important new topics and provide a coherent platform for teaching and learning the fundamental aspects of contemporary polymer science.

New to the Third Edition

Part I

This first part covers newer developments in polymer synthesis, including ‘living’ radical polymerization, catalytic chain transfer and free-radical ring-opening polymerization, along with strategies for the synthesis of conducting polymers, dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers and block copolymers. Polymerization mechanisms have been made more explicit by showing electron movements.

Part II

In this part, the authors have added new topics on diffusion, solution behaviour of polyelectrolytes and field-flow fractionation methods. They also greatly expand coverage of spectroscopy, including UV visible, Raman, infrared, NMR and mass spectroscopy. In addition, the Flory–Huggins theory for polymer solutions and their phase separation is treated more rigorously.

Part III

A completely new, major topic in this section is multicomponent polymer systems. The book also incorporates new material on macromolecular dynamics and reptation, liquid crystalline polymers and thermal analysis. Many of the diagrams and micrographs have been updated to more clearly highlight features of polymer morphology.

Part IV

The last part of the book contains major new sections on polymer composites, such as nanocomposites, and electrical properties of polymers. Other new topics include effects of chain entanglements, swelling of elastomers, polymer fibres, impact behaviour and ductile fracture. Coverage of rubber-toughening of brittle plastics has also been revised and expanded.

While this edition adds many new concepts, the philosophy of the book remains unchanged. Largely self-contained, the text fully derives most equations and cross-references topics between chapters where appropriate. Each chapter not only includes a list of further reading to help readers expand their knowledge of the subject but also provides problem sets to test understanding, particularly of numerical aspects.

Table of Contents

CONCEPTS, NOMENCLATURE AND SYNTHESIS OF POLYMERS

Concepts and Nomenclature

The Origins of Polymer Science and the Polymer Industry

Basic Definitions and Nomenclature

Molar Mass and Degree of Polymerization

Principles of Polymerization

Introduction

Classification of Polymerization Reactions

Monomer Functionality and Polymer Skeletal Structure

Functional Group Reactivity and Molecular Size: The Principle of Equal Reactivity

Step Polymerization

Introduction

Linear Step Polymerization

Non-Linear Step Polymerization

Radical Polymerization

Introduction to Radical Polymerization

The Chemistry of Conventional Free-Radical Polymerization

Kinetics of Conventional Free-Radical Polymerization

Free-Radical Polymerization Processes

Reversible-Deactivation (‘Living’) Radical Polymerizations

Non-Linear Radical Polymerizations

Ionic Polymerization

Introduction to Ionic Polymerization

Cationic Polymerization

Anionic Polymerization

Group-Transfer Polymerization

Stereochemistry and Coordination Polymerization

Introduction to Stereochemistry of Polymerization

Tacticity of Polymers

Geometric Isomerism in Polymers Prepared from Conjugated Dienes

Ziegler–Natta Coordination Polymerization

Metallocene Coordination Polymerization

Ring-Opening Polymerization

Introduction to Ring-Opening Polymerization

Cationic Ring-Opening Polymerization

Anionic Ring-Opening Polymerization

Free-Radical Ring-Opening Polymerization

Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

Specialized Methods of Polymer Synthesis

Introduction

Solid-State Topochemical Polymerization

Polymerization by Oxidative Coupling

Precursor Routes to Intractable Polymers

Supramolecular Polymerization (Polyassociation)

Copolymerization

Introduction

Step Copolymerization

Chain Copolymerization

Block Copolymer Synthesis

Graft Copolymer Synthesis

CHARACTERIZATION OF POLYMERS

Theoretical Description of Polymers in Solution

Introduction

Thermodynamics of Polymer Solutions

Chain Dimensions

Frictional Properties of Polymer Molecules in Dilute Solution

Number-Average Molar Mass

Introduction to Measurements of Number-Average Molar Mass

Membrane Osmometry

Vapour Pressure Osmometry

Ebulliometry and Cryoscopy

End-Group Analysis

Effects of Low Molar Mass Impurities upon Mn

Scattering Methods

Introduction

Static Light Scattering

Dynamic Light Scattering

Small-Angle X-Ray and Neutron Scattering

Frictional Properties of Polymers in Solution

Introduction

Dilute Solution Viscometry

Ultracentrifugation

Molar Mass Distribution

Introduction

Fractionation

Gel Permeation Chromatography

Field-Flow Fractionation

Mass Spectroscopy

Chemical Composition and Molecular Microstructure

Introduction

Principles of Spectroscopy

Ultraviolet and Visible Light Absorption Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

Mass Spectroscopy

PHASE STRUCTURE AND MORPHOLOGY OF BULK POLYMERS

The Amorphous State

Introduction

The Glass Transition

Factors Controlling the Tg

Macromolecular Dynamics

The Crystalline State

Introduction

Determination of Crystal Structure

Polymer Single Crystals

Semi-Crystalline Polymers

Liquid Crystalline Polymers

Defects in Crystalline Polymers

Crystallization

Melting

Multicomponent Polymer Systems

Introduction

Polymer Blends

Block Copolymers

PROPERTIES OF BULK POLYMERS

Elastic Deformation

Introduction

Elastic Deformation

Elastic Deformation of Polymers

Viscoelasticity

Introduction

Viscoelastic Mechanical Models

Boltzmann Superposition Principle

Dynamic Mechanical Testing

Frequency Dependence of Viscoelastic Behaviour

Transitions and Polymer Structure

Time–Temperature Superposition

Effect of Entanglements

Non-Linear Viscoelasticity

Elastomers

Introduction

Thermodynamics of Elastomer Deformation

Statistical Theory of Elastomer Deformation

Stress–Strain Behaviour of Elastomers

Factors Affecting Mechanical Behaviour

Yield and Crazing

Introduction

Phenomenology of Yield

Yield Criteria

Deformation Mechanisms

Crazing

Fracture and Toughening

Introduction

Fundamentals of Fracture

Mechanics of Fracture

Fracture Phenomena

Toughened Polymers

Polymer Composites

Introduction to Composite Materials

Matrix Materials

Types of Reinforcement

Composite Composition

Particulate Reinforcement

Fibre Reinforcement

Nanocomposites

Electrical Properties

Introduction to Electrical Properties

Dielectric Properties

Conduction in Polymers

Polymer Electronics

Answers to Problems

Index

Problems and Further Reading appear at the end of each chapter.

With clear explanations, real-world examples and updated ancillary material, the 11th edition of Environmental Chemistry emphasizes the concepts essential to the practice of environmental science, technology and chemistry. The format and organization popular in preceding editions is used, including an approach based upon the five environmental spheres and the relationship of environmental chemistry to the key concepts of sustainability, industrial ecology and green chemistry. The new edition provides a comprehensive view of key environmental issues, and significantly looks at diseases and pandemics as an environmental problem influenced by other environmental concerns like climate change.

Features:

The most trusted and best-selling text for environmental chemistry has been fully updated and expanded once again

The author has preserved the basic format with appropriate updates including a comprehensive overview of key environmental issues and concerns

New to this important text is material on the threat of pathogens and disease, deadly past pandemics that killed millions, recently emerged diseases and the prospects for more environment threats related to disease

This outstanding legacy appeals to a wide audience and can also be an ideal interdisciplinary book for graduate students with degrees in a variety of disciplines other than chemistry

New! Long-awaited companion website featuring additional ancillary material

Table of Contents



Environmental Chemistry: An Essential Discipline in Coping with Challenges Facing Humankind

The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry

Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry

Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry

Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry

Water Pollutants and Water Pollution

World Water Crisis and Climate Change: Water Renovation and Recycling

The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry

Particles in the Atmosphere

Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants

Organic Air Pollutants

Photochemical Smog

The Endangered Global Atmosphere

The Geosphere and Geochemistry

Soil: Earth’s Lifeline

The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry

Resources and Sustainable Materials

Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything

The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes

Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment

The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry

Toxicological Chemistry

Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances

Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry

Fundamentals of Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry: Sustainable Science, Fourth Edition covers university-level environmental chemistry, with toxicological chemistry integrated throughout the book. This new edition of a bestseller provides an updated text with an increased emphasis on sustainability and green chemistry. It is organized based on the five spheres of Earth’s environment: (1) the hydrosphere (water), (2) the atmosphere (air), (3) the geosphere (solid Earth), (4) the biosphere (life), and (5) the anthrosphere (the part of the environment made and used by humans).

The first chapter defines environmental chemistry and each of the five environmental spheres. The second chapter presents the basics of toxicological chemistry and its relationship to environmental chemistry. Subsequent chapters are grouped by sphere, beginning with the hydrosphere and its environmental chemistry, water pollution, sustainability, and water as nature’s most renewable resource. Chapters then describe the atmosphere, its structure and importance for protecting life on Earth, air pollutants, and the sustainability of atmospheric quality. The author explains the nature of the geosphere and discusses soil for growing food as well as geosphere sustainability. He also describes the biosphere and its sustainability.

The final sphere described is the anthrosphere. The text explains human influence on the environment, including climate, pollution in and by the anthrosphere, and means of sustaining this sphere. It also discusses renewable, nonpolluting energy and introduces workplace monitoring. For readers needing additional basic chemistry background, the book includes two chapters on general chemistry and organic chemistry. This updated edition includes three new chapters, new examples and figures, and many new homework problems.

Table of Contents

Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment

What Is Environmental Chemistry?

Environmental Relationships in Environmental Chemistry

Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycles

Earth’s Natural Capital

Environmental Chemistry and Green Chemistry

As We Enter into the Anthropocene

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Fundamentals of Biochemistry and Toxicological Chemistry

Life Chemical Processes

Biochemistry and the Cell

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids: Fats, Oils, and Hormones

Nucleic Acids

Enzymes

Biochemical Processes in Metabolism

Toxic Substances, Toxicology, and Toxicological Chemistry

Toxicological Chemistry

Kinetic Phase of Xenobiotic Metabolism

Dynamic Phase of Toxicant Action

Mutagenesis and Carcinogenesis

Developmental Effects and Teratogenesis

Toxic Effects on the Immune System

Damage to the Endocrine System

Health Hazards of Toxic Substances

Structure–Activity Relationships in Toxicological Chemistry

Toxicological Chemistry and Ecotoxicology

Toxic Agents That May Be Used in Terrorist Attacks

Questions and Problems

Supplementary References

Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Hydrosphere

H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule

Hydrosphere

Occurrence of Water

Water Supply and Availability

Life and Its Influence on Environmental Chemistry in the Hydrosphere

Environmental Chemistry of the Hydrosphere

Acid-Base Phenomena in the Hydrosphere

Solubility and Phase Interactions

Oxidation-Reduction

Metal Ions in Water

Complexation and Speciation of Metals

Toxicological Chemistry in the Hydrosphere

Chemical Interactions with Organisms in the Hydrosphere

Biodegradation in the Hydrosphere

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Pollution of the Hydrosphere

Nature and Types of Water Pollutants

Elemental Pollutants

Heavy Metals

Metalloids

Organically Bound Metals

Inorganic Species as Water Pollutants

Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication

Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity

Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants

Organic Pollutants

Pesticides in Water

Polychlorinated Biphenyls

Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes

Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment

Toxicological Chemistry and Water Pollution

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Sustaining the Hydrosphere

More Important than Oil

Greening of Water: Purification before and after Use

Municipal Water Treatment

Treatment of Water for Industrial Use

Wastewater Treatment

Removal of Solids

Removal of Calcium and Other Metals

Removal of Dissolved Organics

Removal of Dissolved Inorganics

Membrane Processes and Reverse Osmosis for Water Purification

Water Disinfection

Restoration of Wastewater Quality

Natural Water Purification Processes

Sludges and Residues from Water Treatment

Water, the Greenest Substance on Earth: Reuse and Recycling

Water Conservation

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Atmosphere

Atmosphere: Air to Breathe and Much More

Regions of the Atmosphere

Atmospheric Composition

Natural Capital of the Atmosphere

Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere

Meteorology, Weather, and Climate

Atmospheric Inversions and Atmospheric Chemical Phenomena

Climate, Microclimate, and Microatmosphere

Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions

Atmospheric Oxygen

Atmospheric Nitrogen

Atmospheric Water

Atmospheric Particles

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Pollution of the Atmosphere

Pollution of the Atmosphere and Air Quality

Pollutant Particles in the Atmosphere

Inorganic Gas Pollutants

Nitrogen Oxide Air Pollutants

Sulfur Dioxide Air Pollution

Acid–Base Reactions in the Atmosphere and Acid Rain

Organic Air Pollutants

Photochemical Smog

Chlorofluorocarbons and Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Indoor Air Pollution and the Microatmosphere

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Sustaining the Atmosphere: Blue Skies for a Green Earth

Preserving the Atmosphere

Greatest Threat: Global Climate Warming

Dealing with Global Climate Change

Control of Particle Emissions

Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions

Control of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions

Control of Sulfur Dioxide Emissions

Control of Hydrocarbon Emissions and Photochemical Smog

Biological Control of Air Pollution

Controlling Acid Rain

Limiting Stratospheric Ozone Depletion

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Geosphere

Geosphere

Chemical Composition of the Geosphere and Geochemistry

Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital

Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere

Water in and on the Geosphere

Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere

Geosphere as a Waste Repository

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Soil: A Critical Part of the Geosphere

Have You Thanked a Clod Today?

Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil

Soil and Plants Related to Wastes and Pollutants

Soil Loss: Desertification and Deforestation

Toxicological and Public Health Aspects of Soil

Toxicological Considerations in Livestock Production

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Sustaining the Geosphere

Managing the Geosphere for Sustainability

Sustaining the Geosphere in the Face of Natural Hazards

Sustainable Development on the Geosphere’s Surface

Digging in the Dirt

Extraction of Materials from Earth

Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources

Toxicological Implications of Mineral Mining and Processing

Sustaining the Geosphere to Manage Water

Waste Disposal and the Geosphere

Derelict Lands and Brownfields

Sustaining Soil

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Biosphere

Life and the Biosphere

Organisms and Sustainable Science and Technology

Life Systems

Metabolism and Control in Organisms

Reproduction and Inherited Traits

Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere

DNA and the Human Genome

Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals

Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Biosphere

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Sustaining the Biosphere and Its Natural Capital

Keeping Life Alive

Natural Capital of the Biosphere

Genetic Engineering

Role of Human Activities in Preserving and Enhancing the Biosphere

Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Atmosphere

Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Hydrosphere

Preserving the Biosphere by Preserving the Geosphere

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry of the Anthrosphere

Anthrosphere

Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems

Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems

Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems

Kinds of Products

Environmental Impacts of the Anthrosphere

Green Chemistry and the Anthrosphere

Predicting and Reducing Hazards with Green Chemistry

Atom Economy and the E Factor in Green Chemistry

Catalysts and Catalysis in Green Chemistry

Biocatalysis with Enzymes

Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification

Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media

Feedstocks and Reagents

Anthrosphere and Occupational Health

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Anthrosphere, Pollution, and Wastes

Wastes from the Anthrosphere

Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes

Sources of Wastes

Flammable and Combustible Substances

Reactive Substances

Corrosive Substances

Toxic Substances

Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes

Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes

Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes

Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere

Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere

Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere

Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere

Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere

Hazardous Substances and Environmental Health and Safety

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry for Sustainable Management of the Anthrosphere

Managing the Anthrosphere for Sustainability

Feeding the Anthrosphere

Key Feedstock: Abundant Elemental Hydrogen from Sustainable Sources

Feedstocks from the Geosphere

Biological Feedstocks

Monosaccharide Feedstocks: Glucose and Fructose

Hydrocarbons and Similar Materials from Sugars

Cellulose

Lignin

Biosynthesis of Chemicals

Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers

Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization

Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology in Waste Management

Recycling

Hazardous Waste Treatment Processes

Methods of Physical Treatment

Chemical Treatment

Photolytic Reactions

Thermal Treatment Methods

Biodegradation of Hazardous Wastes

Preparation of Wastes for Disposal

Ultimate Disposal of Wastes

Leachate and Gas Emissions

In Situ Treatment of Disposed Hazardous Wastes

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything

Energy Problem

Nature of Energy

Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again

Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future

Energy Devices and Conversions

Green Technology and Energy Conversion Efficiency

Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources

Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids

Natural Gas

Coal

Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization

Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals

Nuclear Energy

Geothermal Energy

Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source

Energy From Earth’s Two Great Fluids in Motion

Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources

Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy

Combined Power Cycles

Environmental Health Aspects of Energy Production and Utilization

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Analytical Chemistry and Industrial Hygiene

Analytical Chemistry

Industrial Hygiene and Analytical Chemistry

Categories of Workplace Hazards

Chemical Hazards

Workplace Sampling and Personal Monitoring

Chemical Analysis Process

Major Categories of Chemical Analysis

Error and Treatment of Data

Gravimetric Analysis

Volumetric Analysis: Titration

Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis

Electrochemical Methods of Analysis

Chromatography

Mass Spectrometry

Automated Analyses

Immunoassay Screening

Total Organic Carbon in Water

Measurement of Radioactivity in Water

Analysis of Wastes and Solids

Atmospheric Monitoring

Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Fundamentals of Chemistry

Science of Matter

Elements

Chemical Bonding

Chemical Reactions and Equations

Solutions

Questions and Problems

Literature Cited

Supplementary References

Organic Chemistry

Organic Chemistry

Hydrocarbons

Using Lines to Show Structural Formulas

Functional Groups

Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules

Questions and Problems

Supplementary References

Index

This concise book covers all the critical aspects of environmental sampling and analysis. Extensively peer-reviewed by scientists from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other government agencies, industry and academia, it is packed with practical advice and tips from renowned experts.
Planning, sampling, analysis, QA/QC, and reporting are discussed for air, water, solid liquid, and biological samples, with emphasis on the interdependence between sampling and analytical activities. Special requirements for sampling devices, containers, and preservatives are provided with convenient checklists for sampling plans and protocols.
New and revised recommendations involving method detection levels, reliable detection levels, and levels of quantitation are discussed in conjunction with laboratory reports and user presentations of data near analytical detection limits.
This is a valuable and comprehensive reference book for chemists, technicians, consultants, lawyers, regulators, engineers, quality control officers, news and information managers, teachers, and students.