The field of electromagnetic sensitivity is the new epidemic of the 21st century, and can cause disease of the automatic nerve system in any part of the body. This is as a result of chemical sensitivity, in which over 80,000 chemicals are involved, resulting in innumerable combinations. A cursory understanding of the combinations can help clinicians partially understand the associated problems and thus help in the diagnosis and treatment of electromagnetic sensitivities. But a basic understanding of environmentally induced illness and healing must first be understood by the clinicians before diseases occur such as cardiac arrhythmia, muscle spasms, and nerve pain.

Originally published in 1980, this book focusses attention on various aspects of disease ecology. A series of contrasts appear, between urban and rural, temperate and tropical, and affluent and poor communities. These socio-geographical contrasts are related to a further dichotomy between infectious (usually acute) diseases, and non-infectious (usually chronic) ones. The first part of the book is largely concerned with infectious disease, such as malaria and gastroenteritis, in rural/tropical/poor communities. The second discusses the often-antithetical combination of chronic disease in urban/temperate/affluent populations.

This book presents the background and context of an urban health issue, research findings, and recommendations for policy/decision-makers and action-takers. This book is a collection of policy briefs produced from research presented at the 16th Conference on Urban Health in Xiamen, China, during November 4-8, 2019, under the theme "People Oriented Urbanisation: Transforming Cities for Health and Well-Being," co-organized by the Urban Health and Wellbeing (UHWB) programme of the International Science Council (ISC), The 15th Annual Session of Global Forum on Human Settlements in Shenzhen, China, during October 15-16, 2020, and the Chinese Academy of Sciences & Technology (CAST) International Conference on "Digital economy and green development" held during November 2020. The UHWB programme takes an interdisciplinary, cross-sectoral, and systemic view on issues of health and well-being in cities which include the urban economy and finance systems, education, employment, mobility and transport, food, energy and water resources, access to public services, urban planning, public spaces and urban green, as well as social inclusion. Contributions to this book have been made by scientists from multidisciplinary research fields. The policy briefs in this book provide an interdisciplinary and cross-sectoral perspective on urban health and human well-being issues, primarily food security, urban infrastructure, public services, traffic and transportation, smart city building, urban health and safety, social cohesion sustainable development policies, and urban planning. In some case, it informs about urban health issues in different regions of the world, the current status, and key insights into addressing related issues, with emphasis on factual cases in the current COVID-19 pandemic. The book is intended for citizens and political decision-makers, who are interested in systems perspectives on urban health and well-being, examples of how to deal with the increasing complexity of cities and the accompanying environmental and social impacts of increasing urbanization. Furthermore, it hopes to inspire decision-makers to facilitate finding solutions, in order to reach the goal of advancing global urban health and well-being.

Migrant and seasonal farmworkers are largely Latinx men, women, and children. They work in crop, dairy, and livestock production, and are essential to the U.S. agricultural economy-one of the most hazardous and least regulated industries in the United States. Latinx migrant and seasonal farmworkers in the eastern United States experience high rates of illness, injury, and death, indicating widespread occupational injustice. This second edition takes a social justice stance and integrates the past ten years of research and intervention to address health, safety, and justice issues for farmworkers. Contributors cover all major areas of health and safety research for migrant and seasonal farmworkers and their families, explore the factors that affect the health and safety of farmworkers and their families, and suggest approaches for further research and educational and policy intervention needed to improve the health and safety of Latinx farmworkers and their families. Among the chapter topics are: Occupational injury and illness in Latinx farmworkers in the eastern United States Mental health among Latinx farmworkers in the eastern United States The health of women farmworkers and women in farmworker families in the eastern United States The health of children in the Latinx farmworker community in the eastern United States Community-based participatory research with Latinx farmworker communities in the eastern United States Farm labor and the struggle for justice in the eastern United States Accessibly written and comprehensive in its scope, this second edition of Latinx Farmworkers in the Eastern United States: Health, Safety, and Justice will find an engaged audience among researchers, students, and practitioners in public health, occupational health, public policy, and social and behavioral sciences, as well as labor advocates and healthcare providers.

Laboratory Experiments in Trace Environmental Quantitative Analysis is a collection of student-tested experiments that introduce important principles that underlie various laboratory techniques in the field of trace environmental organics and inorganics quantitative analysis. It crosses the more traditional academic disciplines of environmental science and analytical chemistry. The text is organized to begin with minimally rigorous session/experiments and increase in rigor as each session/experiment unfolds. Each experiment features learning objectives, expected student outcomes, and suggestions for further study. Additional features include: Students are introduced to the principles and laboratory practice of instrumental analysis (determinative techniques) that are clearly presented. Students are carefully taken through various ways to prepare samples for trace quantitative analysis (sample prep techniques). Safety warnings are listed within each experiment. Students are introduced to all three types of instrument calibration: external, internal and standard addition. Instructors who are responsible for laboratory courses in analytical chemistry with potential application to environmental sample matrices will find this textbook of value. Graduate programs in environmental science and engineering will also greatly benefit from the content.

AEROMEDICAL EVACUATION: MANAGEMENT OF ACUTE AND STABILIZIED PATIENTS is the definitive treatment on the medical evacuation and management of injured patients in both peacetime and wartime. Edited by eminent experts in the field, this text brings together medical specialists from across all four branches of the armed services. The post-Cold War paradigm shift necessitates the rapid-fire response of aeromedical evacuation services to treat and transport patients injured in regional conflicts, in mass emergencies and natural disasters, in the face of terrorist attack, and in the event of biological or chemical warfare. The book discusses the history of aeromedical evacuation, triage and staging of the injured patient, evacuation from site of injury to medical facility, air-frame capabilities, medical capabilities in-flight, response to in-flight emergencies, and mass emergency evacuation. Specific medical conditions are addressed in detail in the second half of the book, including general surgical casualties such as abdominal wounds and soft tissue injuries, vascular injuries, maxillofacial injuries, head and spinal cord injuries, ophthalmolic casualties, orthopaedic casualties, burns, pediatric casualties, obstetric-gynecologic casualties, and more. Over 80 illustrations provide a useful review of transport equipment and both medical and surgical treatment. Algorithms outline patient triage and management from the field or site to the medical facility. This text is a must-have reference for all armed forced physicians and flight surgeons, for general and trauma surgeons, internists, intensive care specialists, orthopaedic surgeons, and public health officers.

This book provides comprehensive research findings related to the environmental monitoring of radiation, levels of radioactive nuclides in various environments and dose estimation in residents after the Fukushima nuclear power plant accident caused severe environmental contamination with radioactive nuclides. At the beginning of the book, a technical review written by a leading researcher of nuclear reactor technology explains what happened at the power plant. The review is followed by a commentary from a former member of the International Commission on Radiological Protection, providing the reader with easily understandable information about the concept of radiation dosage. In the main part of the book, a series of scientific reports presents valuable data on the radiation surveys of the environment, environmental radioactivity, transfer models and parameters of radioactive nuclides and dose assessment among residents. These reports present a wide range of findings from the research carried out in a variety of activities by large governmental organizations as well as by small private groups and individuals. The reader thus will find a large collection of valuable and interesting data related to the environmental contamination by radioactive nuclides after the Fukushima accident. Although earlier reports on this issue have been made public, this book is the only publication to fully depict the actual situation by providing comprehensive data obtained by diverse organizations and individuals.

1. Gives an in-depth account of the extraordinary optical property at the nanoscale and its use in sensing. 2. Useful for academia, researchers and engineers working in water treatment and purification. 3. Provides sensing application of thematic nanomaterials like quantum dots and core-shell.

This book compiles research findings directly related to sustainable and economic waste management and resource recovery. Mining wastes and municipal, urban, domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes and effluents-which contain persistent organic contaminants, nanoparticle organic chemicals, nutrients, energy, organic materials, heavy metal, rare earth elements, iron, steel, bauxite, coal and other valuable materials-are significantly responsible for environmental contamination. These low-tenor raw materials, if recycled, can significantly address the demand-supply chain mismatch and process sustainability as a whole while simultaneously decreasing their impacts on human life and biodiversity. This book summarises the large volume of current research in the realm of waste management and resource recovery, which has led to innovation and commercialisation of sustainable and economic waste management for improved environmental safety and improved economics. Key Features: Reviews the key research findings related to sustainable and economic resource recovery and waste management techniques Discusses minimizing waste materials and environmental contaminants with a focus on recovering valuable resources from wastes Examines the potential uses of mining waste in the re-extraction of metals, provision of fuel for power plants, and as a supply of other valuable materials for utilisation/processing Presents research on recycling of municipal, urban, domestic, industrial and agricultural wastes and wastewater in the production and recovery of energy, biogas, fertilizers, organic materials and nutrients Outlines topical research interests resulting in patents and inventions for sustainable and economic waste management techniques and environmental safety

How do accidents and disasters occur? How has knowledge of accident processes evolved? A significant improvement in safety has occurred during the past century, with the number of accidents falling spectacularly within industry, aviation and road traffic. This progress has been gradual in the context of a changing society. The improvements are partly due to a better understanding of the accident processes that ultimately lead to damage. This book shows how contemporary crises instigated the development of safety knowledge and how the safety sciences pieced their theories together by research, by experience and by taking ideas from other domains. From Safety to Safety Science details 150 years of knowledge development in the safety sciences. The authors have rigorously extracted the essence of safety knowledge development from more than 2,500 articles to provide a unique overview and insight into the background and usability of safety theories, as well as modelling how they developed and how they are used today. Extensive appendices and references provide an additional dimension to support further scholarly work in this field. The book is divided into clear time periods to make it an accessible piece of science history that will be invaluable to both new and experienced safety researchers, to safety courses and education, and to learned practitioners.

This book is devoted to the problems of oxidation chemical reactions and addresses bimodal reaction sequences. Chemical reactions of oxidation, occurring under certain conditions and in multicomponent systems are complex processes. The process of the oxidation essentially changes in the presence and contact of the solid substances with reactants. The role of solid substances and the appearance of this phenomenon in oxidation reaction are discussed. The reader will understand the "driving forces" of this phenomenon and apply it in practice. Written for chemists, physicists, biologists and engineers working in the domain of oxidation reactions. Key Selling Features: Covers the historical background, modern state of the art, and perspectives in investigations of the coupling between heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions Discusses the feasible pathways of the coupling of heterogeneous and homogeneous reactions in oxidation in man-made and natural chemical systems Addresses the abundance, peculiarities and mechanisms of the bimodal reaction sequences in oxidation with dioxygen in recent decades Discusses the existence of the bimodal reaction sequences in chemical systems investigations in atmospheric chemistry and heterogeneous photocatalysis Presented in a simple concise style, accessible for both specialists and non-specialists

Surfactants are often completely invisible to us and yet they are present in almost every chemical that we use in our daily life. They are found in toothpastes, cosmetics, sunscreens, mayonnaise, detergents, and an array of cleaning products. Traditional surfactants are known to have adverse environmental impacts spurring research into eco-friendly and cost-effective surfactants from renewable resources. Surfactants from Renewable Raw Materials examines the class of surfactants synthesized using plant-based raw materials detailing their properties, applications, bioavailability, and biodegradability. The concluding chapter reviews patent activity over the last decade. Additional features include: Addresses the tremendous variation found in the raw materials used to synthesize commercially available surfactants. Explores the selection of raw materials based upon the desired hydrophobic group or hydrophilic group to be incorporated into the product. Examines the characteristics and medicinal applications of pulmonary surfactants in preterm babies as well as their probable contribution in COVID-19 Discusses the biodegradability of surfactants to assist with the determination of truly green surfactants. This comprehensive reference will prove indispensable for professional and academic researchers creating or working with bio-based surfactants.

This book presents a broad overview of the many intersections between health and the environment that lie at the basis of the most crucial environmental health issues, focusing on the responses provided by international and EU law. Consistent with the One Health approach and moving from the relevant international and EU legal frameworks, the book addresses some of the most important issues of environmental health including the traditional, such as pollution of air, water and soil and related food safety issues, as well as new and emerging challenges, like those linked to climate change, antimicrobial resistance and electromagnetic fields. Applying an intersectoral and interdisciplinary approach, it also investigates other branches of international and EU law including human rights law, investment law, trade law, energy law and disaster law. The work also discusses ethics and intergenerational equity. Ultimately, the book assesses the degree of effectiveness of the international and EU normative framework, and the extent to which the relevant legal instruments contribute to the protection of public health from major environmental hazards. The book will be a valuable resource for students, academics and policy makers working in the areas of Environmental Health law, Global Health law, International law and EU law.

Bioremediation: A Sustainable Approach to Preserving Earth's Water discusses the latest research in green chemistry practices and principles that are involved in water remediation and the quality improvement of water. The presence of heavy metals, dyes, fluoride, dissolved solids and many other pollutants are responsible for water pollution and poor water quality. The removal of these pollutants in water resources is necessary, yet challenging. Water preservation is of great importance globally and researchers are making significant progress in ensuring this precious commodity is safe and potable. This volume illustrates how bioremediation in particular is a promising green technique globally. Features: Addresses bioremediation of all the major water pollutants Approaches the chemistry of water and the concept of water as a renewable resource from a green chemistry aspect Discusses environmental chemistry and the practice of industrial ecology Explains the global concern of adequate high quality water supplies, and how bioremediation can resolve this Explores sustainable development through green engineering

Provides practical solutions for the treatment and recycling of distillery waste illustrated by specific case studies. Focuses on recent industry practices and preferences, along with newer approaches for wastewater treatment. An instructive compilation of treatment approaches, including advanced physicochemical and integrated/sequential methods. Covers biocomposting of sludge and effluent and biodiesel production from distillery waste for recycling and sustainable development. Emphasizing the relationship of metagenomics with organometallic compounds of distillery waste. Discusses the role of ligninolytic enzymes and bioreactors in distillery wastewater treatment.

Key Features Comprehensive coverage of all aspects of work-related asthma, including historical aspects, epidemiology and risk factors, mechanisms and genetics, other types of work-related asthma conditions and variants, hypersensitivity pneumonitis, occupational urticaria and dermatitis Assessment of the worker and workplace along with management of the worker, prevention and medicolegal aspects Of interest not only to pulmonologists, but also for industrial hygienists, researchers, lawyers and other health professionals in the field of work-related conditions Detailed information about specific agents, including a variety of high- and low-molecular weight agents

Focusing on yellow fever, cholera, and plague epidemics as well as on sanitation in the context of urban growth in Saint-Louis-du-Senegal between 1867 and 1920, this book explores how the French colonial and medical authorities responded to the emergence and re-emergence of deadly epidemic diseases and environmental contamination. Official reactions ranged from blaming the Africans and the tropical climate to the imposition of urban residential segregation and strictly enforced furloughs of civil servants and European troops. Drastic and disruptive sanitary measures led to a conflict between the interests of competing conceptions of public health and those of commerce, civil liberties, and popular culture. This book also examines the effort undertaken by the colonizer to make Senegal a healthy colony and Saint-Louis the healthiest port-city/capital through better hygiene, building codes, vector control, and the construction of waterworks and a sewerage system. The author offers insight into the urban processes and daily life in a colonial city during the formative years of the French empire in West Africa.

If observed from an objective, epistemological standpoint, medicine is not a science, at least not in its own right. The most important, key feature missing is repeatability, which makes the doctor's job extremely difficult. Doctors are not scientists but are called upon to use the results of scientific research every day. Therefore, they must keep themselves updated, distinguish what is worth extricating from a huge amount of literature and use the data exclusively in the patients' interest. To be effective, medicine must start from a correct, full understanding of problems, but particulate pollution leads to too many wrong diagnoses. This book, written by the discoverers of nanopathology, is the most advanced in the field. It focuses on how natural, occasionally generated, engineered particles interfere with living organisms, food, drugs and the environment. It represents a bridge between environmental pollution and its impact on human/animal/plant health. Also unique is its new bioengineering-interdisciplinary approach to medicine and solving pathologies of unknown aetiology. It is a valuable aid for medical doctors in their diagnoses of pathologies triggered by nanoparticles internalized in the human/animal/plant body. They will find solutions to some hardly understandable symptoms which some patients report.

Extensive revision of the discussion questions at the end of each chapter to require more critical thinking skills Updates to the environmental data Includes a glossary of important terms An excellent, user friendly and thought-provoking presentation which will appeal to students with little or no science background A qualitative approach to the chemistry behind many of our environmental issues today

The eighth edition of this popular handbook provides a thorough and completely updated overview of the occupational safety and health field and the issues safety professionals face today, and does so in an accessible and engaging manner. An excellent introductory reference for both students and professionals, Fundamentals of Occupational Safety and Health provides practical information on technology, management, and regulatory compliance issues, covering crucial topics like organizing, staffing, directing, and evaluating occupational safety programs and procedures. All major occupational safety and health topics are addressed in this comprehensive volume, including safety-related laws and regulations, hazardous materials, workplace violence, the threat of terrorism, and OSHA's recordkeeping standard. The book includes a handy directory of resources such as safety and health associations, First Responder organizations, and state and federal agencies. The eighth edition of this go-to reference work provides an easily comprehensible and well-organized format, giving readers a wealth of occupational safety and health information right at their fingertips.

The emergence of Zika virus in 2015 challenged conventional ideas of mosquito-borne diseases, tested the resilience of health systems and embedded itself within local sociocultural worlds, with major implications for environmental, sexual, reproductive and paediatric health. This book explores this complex viral epidemic and situates it within its broader social, epidemiological and historical context in Latin America and the Caribbean. The chapters include a diverse set of case studies from scholars and health practitioners working across the region, from Brazil, Venezuela, Ecuador, Mexico, Colombia, the United States and Haiti. The book explores how mosquito-borne disease epidemics (not only Zika but also chikungunya, dengue and malaria) intersect with social change and health governance. By doing so, the authors reflect on the ways in which situated knowledge and social science approaches can contribute to more effective health policy and practice for mosquito-borne disease threats in a changing world. The Open Access version of this book, available at http://www.tandfebooks.com , has been made available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives 4.0 license.

Leishmaniasis is a neglected tropical disease that is known to be transmitted by 90 different species of sandflies which carry 20 Leishmania species that cause human infection particularly in endemic countries. Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Leishmaniasis aims to provide information on this vector-borne disease and explore strategies for diagnosis and treatment. The book begins with an overview of leishmaniasis which includes historical and future perspectives of the disease. It also discusses the clinical manifestation of the disease, mechanisms of infection, therapeutic strategies, diagnostics, prevention, and cure of Leishmania parasite. The book goes on to explain new insights and challenges in the development of promising drug targets, biomarkers identification and advance vaccination strategies against leishmaniasis. Chapter contributions brings together diverse areas of expertise making Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Prevention of Leishmaniasis aims to bring together elements of leishmaniasis into one place and be a valuable resource for researchers, health care professionals, and graduate students, working in the field of leishmaniasis.

Traditionally heat and light are thought as energy sources to drive a particular chemical reaction, but now ultrasound is a promising energy source for this purpose. The collapse of a bubble generates a wide range of high temperatures and pressures, and therefore, use of ultrasound has a considerable potential in chemical and allied sciences. Ultrasound-assisted reactions are green and economically viable alternatives to conventional techniques. This new volume presents a complete picture of ultrasound-assisted reactions and technologies that can be used in organic synthesis, polymer synthesis and degradation, nanomaterials, wastewater treatment, food ingredients and products, pharmaceutical applications, bioenergy applications, and more. This volume aims to shed light on the diversified applications of ultrasound and its significant role as a green chemical pathway. Sonochemistry deals with the effect of ultrasonic waves on chemical systems. It has green value because of non-hazardous acoustic radiation and is therefore duly recognized as a green chemistry by synthetic chemists as well as environmentalists. There is no direct interaction of ultrasound with molecular species, but the observed chemical and physical effects of ultrasound are due to the cavitational collapse, which produces drastic conditions of temperature and pressure locally. It induces the formation of various chemical species, which cannot be easily attained under conventional conditions. Sometimes, these species are responsible for driving towards an unusual reactivity in molecular entities. This book, Sonochemistry: An Emerging Green Technology, provides the complete development of sonochemistry, starting with an introduction and basic concepts of sonochemistry and proceeding on to different types of sonochemical reactions, instrumentation, use of ultrasound in driving particular chemical reactions, and its applications in various fields, such as polymer synthesis, decontamination of water and wastewater, preparation of nanomaterials, food technology, pharmaceutical sciences, etc. The book also briefly discusses some areas that utilize ultrasounds of different frequencies. These include food products and their processing; anaerobic digestion of waste; and medical applications such as ultrasonography, sonodynamic therapy, drug delivery, etc. Sonochemistry will be successfully used on an industrial scale in pharmaceutical drugs, polymers, nanomaterials, food technology, material science, biogas production, etc. in years to come and will be an established green chemical technology of the future.

This book is a comprehensive review of the instrumental analytical methods and their use in environmental monitoring site assessment and remediation follow-up operations. The increased concern about environmental issues such as water pollution, air pollution, accumulation of pollutants in food, global climate change, and effective remediation processes necessitate the precise determination of various types of chemicals in environmental samples. In general, all stages of environmental work start with the evaluation of organic and inorganic environmental samples. This important book furnishes the fundamentals of instrumental chemical analysis methods to various environmental applications and also covers recent developments in instrumental chemical methods. Covering a wide variety of topics in the field, the book: * Presents an introduction to environmental chemistry * Presents the fundamentals of instrumental chemical analysis methods that are used mostly in the environmental work. * Examines instrumental methods of analysis including UV/Vis, FTIR, atomic absorption, induced coupled plasma emission, electrochemical methods like potentiometry, voltametry, coulometry, and chromatographic methods such as GC and HPLC * Presents newly introduced chromatographic methodologies such as ion electrophoresis, and combinations of chromatography with pyrolysis methods are given * Discusses selected methods for the determinations of various pollutants in water, air, and land Readers will gain a general review of modern instrumental method of chemical analysis that is useful in environmental work and will learn how to select methods for analyzing certain samples. Analytical instrumentation and its underlying principles are presented, along with the types of sample for which each instrument is best suited. Some noninstrumental techniques, such as colorimetric detection tubes for gases and immnosassays, are also discussed.

This open access book reports on a pilot project aiming at collecting information on the socio-ecological risks that could arise in the event of an uncontrolled spread of genetically engineered organisms into the environment. The researchers will, for instance, be taking a closer look at genetically engineered oilseed rape, genetically engineered olive flies as well as plants and animals with so-called gene drives. The book mainly adresses researchers.