ETHICAL SYSTEMS HY WILHELM WUNDT SSOR Oh IHILOSOPHV JN TIIK UNIVERMI V OK l Translate bg MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN t KOI E-SOK OF ISYCHOIO V NI K I lltCS IN WKII. S COM kdll LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN CO., LIM. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN CO. 1906 WUNDTS ETHICS. VOL. I. INTRODUCTION THE FACTS OF THE MORAL LIFE. VOL. II. ETHICAL SYSTEMS, Nov. 1897 Second Edition Feb. 1906. VOL. III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY, AND THE SPHERE OF THEIR VALIDITY. TRANSLATORS PREFACE HP HIS volume is a translation of the second book of Professor Wundts Ethik, comprising pages 270-432 of the second German edition. It forms a concise history of Ethics, which apart from its intrinsic interest as a feature of Wundts ethical system will serve to supplement Professor Sidgwicks Outlines by reason of its more extended treatment of Continental schools. The terminology of the first volume has been followed, and English references are substituted for the German wherever possible. Especial thanks are due to Professor E. K Titchener, of Cornell University, for many helpful suggestions, and for a revision of the proof. MARGARET FLOY WASHHURN. CONTENTS ZEbe Development of fl oral Vbcorfe of tbe Vntocrsc CHAPTER I. The Beginnings of Ancient Ethii s . l . 3 rf Prc-Socratic Ethics v . . 3 Socrates and the Socratic Schools 5 Plato and Aristotle . . . 10 Platonic Ethics v T - . . 10 S b The Aristotelian Ethics . r7 3. The Stoics and Epicureans y . . 24 - a Stoic Ethics 7 - . p . 25 Epicurean Ethics . . ... 28 4 Transition to Christian Ethics - . . 31 CHAPTER II. CIini TIAN ETHICS I. The General Basis of Christian Ethics . . 33 2 The System of Augustine, and the Pelagian Controversy . 38 3 Scholastic Ethics . . . . 41 4 The Fall ofScholasticism and the Ethics of the Reformation . 4 S CHAPTER III. I. The Development ot Empirical Ethics . . 53 a Bacon and Hobbes . . 53 b John Locke and the Intellectualism of the Cambridge School . . . 59 Shaftesbury and the English Ethics of the Under standing . . . ... 67 viii Contents PAGE d David Hume and the Scotch Ethics of Feeling . . 73 e The Ethics of French Materialism . 84 2. The Metaphysical Ethics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . . . ... 87 d Descartes and Cartesianism . . 87 b Spinoza . . . ... 92 c Leibniz . . . ... 97 d Wolff and the German Enlightenment . . .104 The Ethics of Kant and of Speculative Idealism . . . 106 a Kant . . . . ... 106 b Fichte . . . . . 119 c Hegel . . . ... 124 d Intermediary Tendencies between Universalism and Indi vidualism . . . . . 127 4. Modern Realistic Ethics . . . . 134 a Herbarts Practical Philosophy . . . 135 German Naturalism and Materialism . . .139 c Utilitarianism and Positivism in England and France . 142 d Utilitarian Ethics as Influenced by the Theory of Evolution . . . . . 153 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL CRITICISM OF ETHICAL SYSTEMS 1. Classification of Ethical Systems . . . . 160 a General Standpoints for such a Classification . .160 b Classification according to motives. . . .161 c Classification according to ends . . . 163 2. Authoritative Ethical Systems . . . . 165 3. Eudaemonistic Systems . . . . 168 a Egoistic Utilitarianism . . . . 168 b Altruistic Utilitarianism . . . . 171 5 Evolutionary Ethical Systems . . . . 186 a Individual Evolutionism . . . . 186 b Universal Evolutionism . . . . . 187 INDEX OF NAMES . . . ... 191 INDEX OF SUBJECTS . . ., 193 VOL. II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE. n.270-1 T CHAPTER I. ANCIENT ETHICS. I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANCIENT ETHICS. a Pre-Socratic Rthics. HE earliest Greek speculation was ibujhc must, . part cosmologicaL Hence it took little interest in ethical questions. The sayings ascribed to the mythical or semi mythical Seven Sages are crystallisations of popular morality, which cannot be treated as the beginnings of a science. The earliest philosophical schools, however, joined to their philo sophical endeavours efforts, primarily reformatory, against the popular religion...

Imagine being forced to adopt an ideology that strips you of your political rights and plunges you into a life of despair and unending shortages. After the Second World War, the people of East Germany endured just such an appalling fate when socialism was forced upon them. Examining the effects of an oppressive and economically incompetent system, Sperlich presents a systematic review of post-war German history, with an emphasis on the founding of a communist state on German soil: the German Democratic Republic. He traces the imposition of communist rule, discussing the suppression of free elections and opposition to the infliction of a dictatorial one-party regime. He also explains what life was like for the East Germans who suffered under the restraints of socialism. The book ends with Sperlich's account of the "peaceful revolution" of 1989, which led to the reunification of the two German states. In considering the daily existence of the oppressed state of East Germany, Sperlich considers the failures of a massively unproductive "planned economy" (shored up by West German aid), the manipulation of public opinion and public discourse, the cult of personality, the lack of personal and social freedoms, and other blights on human dignity and happiness.

Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama enjoy global popularity and relevance, yet the longstanding practice of oracles within the tradition is still little known and understood. The Nechung Oracle, for example, is believed to become possessed by an important god named Pehar, who speaks through the human medium to confer with the Dalai Lama on matters of state. The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle is the first monograph to explore the mythologies and rituals of this god, the Buddhist monastery that houses him, and his close friendship with incarnations of the Dalai Lama over the centuries. In the seventeenth century, during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. The governments of later Dalai Lamas expanded the deity's influence, as well as their own, by establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar's cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama's administrative control in a mutual relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today. The friendship between these two immortals has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond.

Pauli Murray (1910-1985) was a poet, lawyer, activist, and priest, as well as a significant figure in the civil rights and women's movements. Throughout her careers and activism, Murray espoused faith in an American democracy that is partially present and yet to come.
In the 1940s Murray was in the vanguard of black activists to use nonviolent direct action. A decade before the Montgomery bus boycott, Murray organized sit-ins of segregated restaurants in Washington DC and was arrested for sitting in the front section of a bus in Virginia. Murray pioneered the category Jane Crow to describe discrimination she experienced as a result of racism and sexism. She used Jane Crow in the 1960s to expand equal protection provisions for African American women. A co-founder of the National Organization of Women, Murray insisted on the interrelation of all human rights. Her professional and personal relationships included major figures in the ongoing struggle for civil rights for all Americans, including Thurgood Marshall and Eleanor Roosevelt.
In seminary in the 1970s, Murray developed a black feminist critique of emerging black male and white feminist theologies. After becoming the first African American woman Episcopal priest in 1977, Murray emphasized the particularity of African American women's experiences, while proclaiming a universal message of salvation.
The Dream Is Freedom examines Murray's substantial body of published writings as well personal letters, journals, and unpublished manuscripts. Azaransky traces the development of Murray's thought over fifty years, ranging from Murray's theologically rich democratic criticism of the 1930s to her democratically inflected sermons of the 1980s. Pauli Murray was an innovative democratic thinker, who addressed how Americans can recognize differences, signaled the role of history and memory in shaping democratic character, and called for strategic coalition building to make more justice available for more Americans.

The Safavid dynasty originated as a fledgling apocalyptic mystical movement based in Iranian Azarbaijan, and grew into a large, cosmopolitan Irano-Islamic empire stretching from Baghdad to Herat. Here Colin Mitchell examines how the Safavid state introduced and moulded a unique and vibrant political discourse which reflected the social and religious heterogeneity of sixteenth-century Iran. Beginning with the millenarian-minded Shah Isma'il and concluding with the autocrat par excellence, Shah 'Abbas, Mitchell explores the phenomenon of state-sponsored rhetoric. He focuses on the large corpus of epistles, letters and missives produced by a developed Safavid chancellery which show how the Safavids forged and negotiated their political and religious sovereignty in a diverse and complex environment. A thorough investigation of the Safavid state and the significance of rhetoric, power and religion in its functioning, "The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran" is indispensable for all those interested in Iranian history and politics as well as the wider world of Middle East studies.

Exhaustively researched and updated, South Asia 2021 is an in-depth library of information on the countries and territories of this vast world region. General Survey Essays by specialists examine issues of regional importance. Country Surveys Individual chapters on each country, containing: - essays on the geography, recent history and economy of each nation - up-to-date statistical surveys of economic and social indicators - a comprehensive directory providing contact details and other useful information for the most significant political and commercial institutions. In addition, there are separate sections covering each of the states and territories of India. Regional Information - detailed coverage of international organizations and their recent activities in South Asia - information on research institutes engaged in the study of the region - a survey of the major commodities of South Asia - bibliographies of relevant books and periodicals. Additional features - biographical profiles of almost 300 prominent individuals in the region.

Mixing sarcasm and humor with facts and current events, 'Democrats Invade Mars' follows in the footsteps of Stephen Guy Hardin's previous works, 'Commies on Parade' and 'If Being a Conservative Were Easy There Wouldn't Be Any Liberals' as it attempts to peel back yet another layer of the various and nefarious schemes of the American Left and the Democrat Party.

The great recession is changing the way many people live and the way they perceive their prospects for the near and more distant future. Its longer term consequences will not be known for some time, but something can be learned from the effect on individuals and households who experienced financial hardship. This volume is the first to use innovative survey data on the lives of Europeans to investigate the long term impact of financial hardship on earnings, standards of living, and health. The data provide a detailed account of the key events that have taken place over the course of the recession. It compares the well-being of individuals who were lucky to escape negative shocks to their income or their circumstances to the less fortunate who may have lost their job, faced divorce, or serious illness. The wide array of welfare state and social support provisions across different European countries adds an important policy angle to the analysis: has the welfare state, currently under heavy pressure, been able to provide an adequate safety net in the face of extended periods of financial difficulties, or has the family instead proven the ultimate source of support in difficult times?

A. K. Hasan defies the senseless belief that aspiring leaders must go along to get along. The premise that aspiring leaders must join ?the herd? is a ridiculous one to employ. Hasan says, ?It is the belief in the herd mentality that has stymied and undermined the development of strong leadership in our country and the world.? He then asks, ?How far do you expect to advance in life by sacrificing you beliefs, ideals, and principles to conform to those of an individual or group If you are an aspiring leader of your life, your business, in education, or in politics, Gladiator Leaders: Don't Drink the Laced Drink is a must-read for you. There is an ongoing argument that leaders are born not made. Hasan believes that leaders are both born and made. Individuals properly trained can be above-average and even great leaders. However, internal motivation and personal commitment to some ideals and principles are necessary for both groups of aspiring leaders. As the saying goes, ?If you don't stand for something, you will fall for anything.? Standing for something often requires sacrifice and courage. Gladiator Leaders: Don't Drink the Laced Drink will inspire you and sharpen your leadership skills. This will enable you to measure your commitment to personal achievement and inspire you to be courageous. I hope you enjoy reading my book. Contact: A. K. Hasan, author Author Website: gladiatorleaders.com Author Email: [email protected]

The Korean War occupies a unique place in American history and foreign policy. Because it followed closely after World War II and ushered in a new era of military action as the first hot conflict of the cold war, the Korean War was marketed as an entirely new kind of military campaign. But how were the war-weary American people convinced that the limited objectives of the Korean War were of paramount importance to the nation?
In this ground-breaking book, Steven Casey deftly analyzes the Truman and Eisenhower administrations' determined efforts to shape public discourse about the war, influence media coverage of the conflict, and gain political support for their overall approach to waging the Cold War, while also trying to avoid inciting a hysteria that would make it difficult to localize the conflict. The first in-depth study of Truman's and Eisenhower's efforts to garner and sustain support for the war, Selling the Korean War weaves a lucid tale of the interactions between the president and government officials, journalists, and public opinion that ultimately produced the twentieth century concept of limited war.
It has been popularly thought that the public is instinctively hostile towards any war fought for less than total victory, but Casey shows that limited wars place major constraints on what the government can say and do. He also demonstrates how the Truman administration skillfully rededicated and redefined the war as it dragged on with mounting casualties. Using a rich array of previously untapped archival resources--including official government documents, and the papers of leading congressmen, newspaper editors, and war correspondents--Casey's work promises to bethe definitive word on the relationship between presidents and public opinion during America's "forgotten war."

In an important sense, Holcomb Noble spent most of his career at The New York Times preparing for this project, the first ten years as an acquisitions editor and rewrite person at the Sunday magazine. After stints as a science-section editor, metropolitan news editor, and business editor, he was made an investigations editor, during which he led two teams in year-long investigations that won back-to-back Pulitzer Prizes-one proving that the Star Wars anti-missile shield would not work, saving the nation an estimated cost of more than a trillion dollars, and the second uncovering corruption in the space industry, which directly accounted for the crash of the space shuttle Challenger and death of seven astronauts. His journalism career began as a reporter for the Worcester Telegram in Massachusetts after graduation from Amherst College. He joined the Associated Press in 1960 and went on to become day supervising editor of the AP's general news report. Part of his responsibilities included directing coverage of the moon missions of Apollo 12, 13, and 14 from the AP bureau at the space center in Houston.

Cheney's War Crimes brings together for the first time the many strands of the Shakespearean tragedy that is the story of Dick Cheney. It gives an insider's account of his extraordinary seizure of power in becoming the de facto president; makes shocking disclosures about the chaos and confusion in response to the 9/11 attacks; and tells step by step how Cheney led the nation into two destructive wars in the Middle East.

Reveals how Christian colorblindness expanded white evangelicalism and excluded Black evangelicals In the decades after the civil rights movement, white Americans turned to an ideology of colorblindness. Personal kindness, not systemic reform, seemed to be the way to solve racial problems. In those same decades, a religious movement known as evangelicalism captured the nation's attention and became a powerful political force. In The Myth of Colorblind Christians, Jesse Curtis shows how white evangelicals' efforts to grow their own institutions created an evangelical form of whiteness, infusing the politics of colorblindness with sacred fervor. Curtis argues that white evangelicals deployed a Christian brand of colorblindness to protect new investments in whiteness. While black evangelicals used the rhetoric of Christian unity to challenge racism, white evangelicals repurposed this language to silence their black counterparts and retain power, arguing that all were equal in Christ and that Christians should not talk about race. As white evangelicals portrayed movements for racial justice as threats to Christian unity and presented their own racial commitments as fidelity to the gospel, they made Christian colorblindness into a key pillar of America's religio-racial hierarchy. In the process, they anchored their own identities and shaped the very meaning of whiteness in American society. At once compelling and timely, The Myth of Colorblind Christians exposes how white evangelical communities avoided antiracist action and continue to thrive today.

In the past year the elected leaders of the government of the United States have taken that nation down a road that can only lead to disaster. The federal government of the United States has borrowed more money in the past year alone than all of the debt accumulated since the nation's found more than 200 years ago. In the process of bankrupting America, the nationally elected leaders have on many occasions literally ignored the Constitution of the United States. The American people are patient; however, their patience has reached the breaking point, and, as a result, BIG changes are just around the corner for America. The book titled "Our 2nd American Revolution: Honoring the Sacrifice of our Founders" spells out how the American people will "take back" their nation beginning on November 2nd, 2010. This book includes a "Nine Point Plan to Save America from an otherwise certain demise" and breaks down step by step what must be done if America is to survive in the future. Our 2nd American Revolution is a book about saving America. America has drifted very far away from the fundamental principles that allowed her to become the richest and fastest growing nation ever to have existed. As a result, America is on a collision course with certain disaster. The goal of the "Our 2nd American Revolution" is to sound a loud wake up call to all Americans who love thier country and cannot bear to see the great American experiment fail. America can be saved if dramatic and bold action is taken soon. However, time is of the essence and the citizens of American must act, and act very soon.