This title tells the story of how the transition to democracy in South Africa enfranchised blacks politically but without raising most of them from poverty. It shows in detail how the continuing strength of the white establishment forces the leaders of the African National Congress (ANC) to compromise plans for full political and economic transformation. Deferring the economic transformation, the new dispensation nurtures a small black elite. The new elite absorbs the economic interests of the established white elites while continuing to share racial identities with the majority of their countrymen, muffling the divisions between rich whites and poor blacks, thus ensuring political stability in the new South Africa. Although democratic South Africa is officially "non-racial," the title shows that racial solidarities continue to play a role in the country's political economy. Ironically, racial identities, which ultimately proved the undoing of apartheid, have come to the rescue of contemporary democratic capitalism. The author explains how and why racial solidarities are being revamped, focusing particularly on the role of black economic empowerment, the black bourgeoisie, and how calls to represent the identities of black South Africans are having the effect of substituting the racial interests of black elites for the economic interests of the black poor.

Artificial intelligence (AI) and robotics have boomed in the 21st century. These emerging and disruptive technologies are immersed in our lives, from apps in mobile devices, the purchases we make on the internet streaming platforms, and even court decisions and predictive policing. Together with science and certain needs, relevant implementations of AI and robotics arise, related to its transparency, resulting in biases, the kinds of applications that can be implemented, and the degree of workforce replacement in decision-making assistance. It is essential to analyze the widely used AI techniques, the application of these technologies in different sectors, the implications of AI and robotics on society and welfare, and more. Applied Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Government Processes presents state-of-the-art research on AI and robotics in different fields of knowledge, its benefits, applications, and implications. It features chapters containing theoretical and practical research that analyzes the transparency and expandability of AI in different fields, as well as the analysis of unexpected results, biases, and cases of discrimination. Covering topics such as criminal intelligence, artificial intelligence-based chatbots, and gender violence, this premier reference source is an excellent resource for government officials, practitioners in the public sector, business administrators and managers, IT professionals, law enforcement, federal agencies, students and faculty of higher education, researchers, and academicians.

Eight years before the Boston Tea Party and ten years before Lexington and Concord, the first shots in the American Revolution were fired in Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, in 1765. Known as the Smith Rebellion, this crucial turning point in American history set the stage for modern American politics.

In this history, author Karen Ramsburg tells the enlightening story of this uprising on the Pennsylvania frontier and definitively shows how it laid the groundwork for the political maneuverings of today. Ramsburg dips back into history and reveals how a simple act of self-defense became the spark that created our nation and developed the first battle in a long, continuous class war still ongoing today.

Fearful that illegal trade goods, such as tomahawks, scalping knives, and gun powder, were being transported to Fort Pitt to rearm the Indians and renew Pontiac's War against the frontiersmen, Justice William Smith and his cousin James Smith, a.k.a. Black Boy Jimmy, believed they had a right to stop it. The ensuing rebellion led to a definition of government as a contract between all men to reject some of their natural rights in favor of a framework that would secure each man's rights to life, liberty, and property.

The Safavid dynasty originated as a fledgling apocalyptic mystical movement based in Iranian Azarbaijan, and grew into a large, cosmopolitan Irano-Islamic empire stretching from Baghdad to Herat. Here Colin Mitchell examines how the Safavid state introduced and moulded a unique and vibrant political discourse which reflected the social and religious heterogeneity of sixteenth-century Iran. Beginning with the millenarian-minded Shah Isma'il and concluding with the autocrat par excellence, Shah 'Abbas, Mitchell explores the phenomenon of state-sponsored rhetoric. He focuses on the large corpus of epistles, letters and missives produced by a developed Safavid chancellery which show how the Safavids forged and negotiated their political and religious sovereignty in a diverse and complex environment. A thorough investigation of the Safavid state and the significance of rhetoric, power and religion in its functioning, "The Practice of Politics in Safavid Iran" is indispensable for all those interested in Iranian history and politics as well as the wider world of Middle East studies.

"Everything you know about Iraq is wrong" is more than just the sub-title of the startling upbeat memoir "Victory Denied." It is the truth. The war in Iraq IS over, the insurgency is reeling from hammer-blows and Iraq's future is bright. What's wrong in Iraq is the American national media reporting only the worst of the worst, day after day, ignoring every iota of good news and improvements in the country. "Victory Denied" takes you all over Iraq as a part of the Joint Visitors Bureau official dignitary escort team, into meetings with US and Iraqi Generals, US and Iraqi governmental officials, Iraqi citizens, and the soldiers who are there getting the job done. It is a remarkable memoir, written boots-on-the-ground by a deployed Kansas Army National Guardsman with a professional background in media, government and politics. These skills served him well as he navigated the halls of the US Embassy in Baghdad, crossed vast deserts to opulent palaces, and toured up the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers to the very borders of Iran and Syria, dodging diplomats and Congressional aides as well as bullets. Even more it is the personal and moving story of an American soldier leaving home to do his duty when called. Aeschliman is erudite and thoughtful - a true renaissance man - writing as eloquently on the diverse subjects of history, botany, zoology, astronomy, sociology, philosophy and religion, as well as military affairs and current events. Additionally this book is a love story, a deeply touching account of a husband, father, son, and community leader in love with his wife, children, parents and his city, state and the United States of America. "Victory Denied" will shock the public discourse overIraq and will change the face of our 2008 Presidential campaign.

ETHICAL SYSTEMS HY WILHELM WUNDT SSOR Oh IHILOSOPHV JN TIIK UNIVERMI V OK l Translate bg MARGARET FLOY WASHBURN t KOI E-SOK OF ISYCHOIO V NI K I lltCS IN WKII. S COM kdll LONDON SWAN SONNENSCHEIN CO., LIM. NEW YORK THE MACMILLAN CO. 1906 WUNDTS ETHICS. VOL. I. INTRODUCTION THE FACTS OF THE MORAL LIFE. VOL. II. ETHICAL SYSTEMS, Nov. 1897 Second Edition Feb. 1906. VOL. III. THE PRINCIPLES OF MORALITY, AND THE SPHERE OF THEIR VALIDITY. TRANSLATORS PREFACE HP HIS volume is a translation of the second book of Professor Wundts Ethik, comprising pages 270-432 of the second German edition. It forms a concise history of Ethics, which apart from its intrinsic interest as a feature of Wundts ethical system will serve to supplement Professor Sidgwicks Outlines by reason of its more extended treatment of Continental schools. The terminology of the first volume has been followed, and English references are substituted for the German wherever possible. Especial thanks are due to Professor E. K Titchener, of Cornell University, for many helpful suggestions, and for a revision of the proof. MARGARET FLOY WASHHURN. CONTENTS ZEbe Development of fl oral Vbcorfe of tbe Vntocrsc CHAPTER I. The Beginnings of Ancient Ethii s . l . 3 rf Prc-Socratic Ethics v . . 3 Socrates and the Socratic Schools 5 Plato and Aristotle . . . 10 Platonic Ethics v T - . . 10 S b The Aristotelian Ethics . r7 3. The Stoics and Epicureans y . . 24 - a Stoic Ethics 7 - . p . 25 Epicurean Ethics . . ... 28 4 Transition to Christian Ethics - . . 31 CHAPTER II. CIini TIAN ETHICS I. The General Basis of Christian Ethics . . 33 2 The System of Augustine, and the Pelagian Controversy . 38 3 Scholastic Ethics . . . . 41 4 The Fall ofScholasticism and the Ethics of the Reformation . 4 S CHAPTER III. I. The Development ot Empirical Ethics . . 53 a Bacon and Hobbes . . 53 b John Locke and the Intellectualism of the Cambridge School . . . 59 Shaftesbury and the English Ethics of the Under standing . . . ... 67 viii Contents PAGE d David Hume and the Scotch Ethics of Feeling . . 73 e The Ethics of French Materialism . 84 2. The Metaphysical Ethics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries . . . ... 87 d Descartes and Cartesianism . . 87 b Spinoza . . . ... 92 c Leibniz . . . ... 97 d Wolff and the German Enlightenment . . .104 The Ethics of Kant and of Speculative Idealism . . . 106 a Kant . . . . ... 106 b Fichte . . . . . 119 c Hegel . . . ... 124 d Intermediary Tendencies between Universalism and Indi vidualism . . . . . 127 4. Modern Realistic Ethics . . . . 134 a Herbarts Practical Philosophy . . . 135 German Naturalism and Materialism . . .139 c Utilitarianism and Positivism in England and France . 142 d Utilitarian Ethics as Influenced by the Theory of Evolution . . . . . 153 CHAPTER IV. GENERAL CRITICISM OF ETHICAL SYSTEMS 1. Classification of Ethical Systems . . . . 160 a General Standpoints for such a Classification . .160 b Classification according to motives. . . .161 c Classification according to ends . . . 163 2. Authoritative Ethical Systems . . . . 165 3. Eudaemonistic Systems . . . . 168 a Egoistic Utilitarianism . . . . 168 b Altruistic Utilitarianism . . . . 171 5 Evolutionary Ethical Systems . . . . 186 a Individual Evolutionism . . . . 186 b Universal Evolutionism . . . . . 187 INDEX OF NAMES . . . ... 191 INDEX OF SUBJECTS . . ., 193 VOL. II. THE DEVELOPMENT OF MORAL THEORIES OF THE UNIVERSE. n.270-1 T CHAPTER I. ANCIENT ETHICS. I. THE BEGINNINGS OF ANCIENT ETHICS. a Pre-Socratic Rthics. HE earliest Greek speculation was ibujhc must, . part cosmologicaL Hence it took little interest in ethical questions. The sayings ascribed to the mythical or semi mythical Seven Sages are crystallisations of popular morality, which cannot be treated as the beginnings of a science. The earliest philosophical schools, however, joined to their philo sophical endeavours efforts, primarily reformatory, against the popular religion...

Highlighting the connections between climate change and human security, this book elucidates what might happen when a mere 10-degree drop in average temperature results in a sudden inability to produce enough food, when rapidly advancing desertification produces water scarcities where none existed before, and when newly frozen landscapes lead to more power plants for energy, resulting in increased air pollution. The destabilizing effects of these possibilities create many potential challenges for U.S. national security in a globalized world in which we may have to intervene militarily to safeguard our interests around the globe. In February 2004, a Pentagon report on climate change and its implication for national security received extraordinary attention and publicity. Public attention, however, focused almost exclusively on portents of inevitable doom and disaster—most particularly on a scenario outlining a possible future similar to a climate event of 8,200 years ago and its impact on the availability of food, energy, and water. This book offers a broad examination of the meaning of climate change and global warming while maintaining a strategic perspective on the implications of environmental effects on all forms of security—national, international, and human (transcending borders and having more to do with basic resources). Given the uncertainty surrounding climate change as a specific event, the authors argue for recognizing the profound social, political, and human impact that could take place in the coming years. While recognizing the inherent dangers of prediction, Liotta and Shearer effectively present the case that the time to not only recognize—but deal with—potentially profound outcomes is now.

Tibetan Buddhism and the Dalai Lama enjoy global popularity and relevance, yet the longstanding practice of oracles within the tradition is still little known and understood. The Nechung Oracle, for example, is believed to become possessed by an important god named Pehar, who speaks through the human medium to confer with the Dalai Lama on matters of state. The Dalai Lama and the Nechung Oracle is the first monograph to explore the mythologies and rituals of this god, the Buddhist monastery that houses him, and his close friendship with incarnations of the Dalai Lama over the centuries. In the seventeenth century, during the reign of the Fifth Dalai Lama, the protector deity Pehar and his oracle at Nechung Monastery were state-sanctioned by the nascent Tibetan government, becoming the head of an expansive pantheon of worldly deities assigned to protect the newly unified country. The governments of later Dalai Lamas expanded the deity's influence, as well as their own, by establishing Pehar at monasteries and temples around Lhasa and across Tibet. Pehar's cult at Nechung Monastery came to embody the Dalai Lama's administrative control in a mutual relationship of protection and prestige, the effects of which continue to reverberate within Tibet and among the Tibetan exile community today. The friendship between these two immortals has spanned nearly five hundred years across the Tibetan plateau and beyond.

Pauli Murray (1910-1985) was a poet, lawyer, activist, and priest, as well as a significant figure in the civil rights and women's movements. Throughout her careers and activism, Murray espoused faith in an American democracy that is partially present and yet to come.
In the 1940s Murray was in the vanguard of black activists to use nonviolent direct action. A decade before the Montgomery bus boycott, Murray organized sit-ins of segregated restaurants in Washington DC and was arrested for sitting in the front section of a bus in Virginia. Murray pioneered the category Jane Crow to describe discrimination she experienced as a result of racism and sexism. She used Jane Crow in the 1960s to expand equal protection provisions for African American women. A co-founder of the National Organization of Women, Murray insisted on the interrelation of all human rights. Her professional and personal relationships included major figures in the ongoing struggle for civil rights for all Americans, including Thurgood Marshall and Eleanor Roosevelt.
In seminary in the 1970s, Murray developed a black feminist critique of emerging black male and white feminist theologies. After becoming the first African American woman Episcopal priest in 1977, Murray emphasized the particularity of African American women's experiences, while proclaiming a universal message of salvation.
The Dream Is Freedom examines Murray's substantial body of published writings as well personal letters, journals, and unpublished manuscripts. Azaransky traces the development of Murray's thought over fifty years, ranging from Murray's theologically rich democratic criticism of the 1930s to her democratically inflected sermons of the 1980s. Pauli Murray was an innovative democratic thinker, who addressed how Americans can recognize differences, signaled the role of history and memory in shaping democratic character, and called for strategic coalition building to make more justice available for more Americans.

A TIMES BEST PHILOSOPHY & IDEAS BOOK OF 2022 A defence of liberalism by the renowned political philosopher 'We need more thinkers as wise as Fukuyama digging their fingers into the soil of our predicament' The New York Times 'A brilliantly acute summary of the way some aspects of liberal thought have consumed themselves' Guardian 'One of the West's most interesting public intellectuals' Times 'Hard to think of a better case for liberal centrism' FT Liberalism - the comparatively mild-mannered sibling to the more ardent camps of nationalism and socialism - has never been so divisive as today. From Putin's populism, the Trump administration and autocratic rulers in democracies the world over, it has both thrived and failed under identity politics, authoritarianism, social media and a weakened free press the world over. Since its inception following the post-Reformation wars, liberalism has come under attack from conservatives and progressives alike, and today is dismissed by many as an 'obsolete doctrine'. In this brilliant and concise exposition, Francis Fukuyama sets out the cases for and against its classical premises: observing the rule of law, independence of judges, means over ends, and most of all, tolerance. Pithy, to the point, and ever pertinent, this is political dissection at its very best.

The great recession is changing the way many people live and the way they perceive their prospects for the near and more distant future. Its longer term consequences will not be known for some time, but something can be learned from the effect on individuals and households who experienced financial hardship. This volume is the first to use innovative survey data on the lives of Europeans to investigate the long term impact of financial hardship on earnings, standards of living, and health. The data provide a detailed account of the key events that have taken place over the course of the recession. It compares the well-being of individuals who were lucky to escape negative shocks to their income or their circumstances to the less fortunate who may have lost their job, faced divorce, or serious illness. The wide array of welfare state and social support provisions across different European countries adds an important policy angle to the analysis: has the welfare state, currently under heavy pressure, been able to provide an adequate safety net in the face of extended periods of financial difficulties, or has the family instead proven the ultimate source of support in difficult times?

A. K. Hasan defies the senseless belief that aspiring leaders must go along to get along. The premise that aspiring leaders must join ?the herd? is a ridiculous one to employ. Hasan says, ?It is the belief in the herd mentality that has stymied and undermined the development of strong leadership in our country and the world.? He then asks, ?How far do you expect to advance in life by sacrificing you beliefs, ideals, and principles to conform to those of an individual or group If you are an aspiring leader of your life, your business, in education, or in politics, Gladiator Leaders: Don't Drink the Laced Drink is a must-read for you. There is an ongoing argument that leaders are born not made. Hasan believes that leaders are both born and made. Individuals properly trained can be above-average and even great leaders. However, internal motivation and personal commitment to some ideals and principles are necessary for both groups of aspiring leaders. As the saying goes, ?If you don't stand for something, you will fall for anything.? Standing for something often requires sacrifice and courage. Gladiator Leaders: Don't Drink the Laced Drink will inspire you and sharpen your leadership skills. This will enable you to measure your commitment to personal achievement and inspire you to be courageous. I hope you enjoy reading my book. Contact: A. K. Hasan, author Author Website: gladiatorleaders.com Author Email: [email protected]

The Korean War occupies a unique place in American history and foreign policy. Because it followed closely after World War II and ushered in a new era of military action as the first hot conflict of the cold war, the Korean War was marketed as an entirely new kind of military campaign. But how were the war-weary American people convinced that the limited objectives of the Korean War were of paramount importance to the nation?
In this ground-breaking book, Steven Casey deftly analyzes the Truman and Eisenhower administrations' determined efforts to shape public discourse about the war, influence media coverage of the conflict, and gain political support for their overall approach to waging the Cold War, while also trying to avoid inciting a hysteria that would make it difficult to localize the conflict. The first in-depth study of Truman's and Eisenhower's efforts to garner and sustain support for the war, Selling the Korean War weaves a lucid tale of the interactions between the president and government officials, journalists, and public opinion that ultimately produced the twentieth century concept of limited war.
It has been popularly thought that the public is instinctively hostile towards any war fought for less than total victory, but Casey shows that limited wars place major constraints on what the government can say and do. He also demonstrates how the Truman administration skillfully rededicated and redefined the war as it dragged on with mounting casualties. Using a rich array of previously untapped archival resources--including official government documents, and the papers of leading congressmen, newspaper editors, and war correspondents--Casey's work promises to bethe definitive word on the relationship between presidents and public opinion during America's "forgotten war."