Microgrids are the most innovative area in the electric power industry today. Future microgrids could exist as energy-balanced cells within existing power distribution grids or stand-alone power networks within small communities.

A definitive presentation on all aspects of microgrids, this text examines the operation of microgrids - their control concepts and advanced architectures including multi-microgrids. It takes a logical approach to overview the purpose and the technical aspects of microgrids, discussing the social, economic and environmental benefits to power system operation. The book also presents microgrid design and control issues, including protection and explaining how to implement centralized and decentralized control strategies.

"Key features: "original, state-of-the-art research material written by internationally respected contributors unique case studies demonstrating success stories from real-world pilot sites from Europe, the Americas, Japan and Chinaexamines market and regulatory settings for microgrids, and provides evaluation results under standard test conditionsa look to the future - technical solutions to maximize the value of distributed energy along with the principles and criteria for developing commercial and regulatory frameworks for microgrids

Offering broad yet balanced coverage, this volume is an entry point to this very topical area of power delivery for electric power engineers familiar with medium and low voltage distribution systems, utility operators in microgrids, power systems researchers and academics. It is also a useful reference for system planners and operators, manufacturers and network operators, government regulators, and postgraduate power systems students.

CONTRIBUTORS

Thomas DegnerAris DimeasAlfred EnglerNuno GilAsier Gil de MuroGuillermo Jimenez-EstevezGeorge KariniotakisGeorge KorresAndre MadureiraMeiqin MaoChris MarnayJose Miguel YarzaSatoshi MorozumiAlexander OudalovFrank van OverbeekeRodrigo Palma BehnkeJoao Abel Pecas LopesFernanda ResendeJohn RomankiewiczChristine SchwaegerlNikos SoultanisLiang TaoAntonis Tsikalakis

Learn to solve complex problems with efficient parallel optimization algorithms

This text provides an excellent balance of theory and application that enables readers to deploy powerful algorithms, frameworks, and methodologies to solve complex optimization problems in a diverse range of industries. Each chapter is written by leading experts in the fields of parallel and distributed optimization. Collectively, the contributions serve as a complete reference to the field of combinatorial optimization, including details and findings of recent and ongoing investigations.

Readers learn to solve large-scale problems quickly and efficiently with the text's clear coverage of several parallel optimization algorithms: Exact algorithms, including branch and bound, dynamic programming, branch and cut, semidefinite programming, and constraint programming Metaheuristics, including local search, tabu search, simulated annealing, scatter search, GRASP, variable neighborhood search, ant colonies, genetic programming, evolution strategies, and genetic algorithms Hybrid approaches, combining exact algorithms and metaheuristics Multi-objective optimization algorithms

The text not only presents parallel algorithms and applications, but also software frameworks and libraries that integrate parallel algorithms for combinatorial optimization. Among the well-known parallel and distributed frameworks covered are COIN, ParadisEO, BOB++, MW, and SDPARA.

Numerous real-world examples of problems and solutions demonstrate how parallel combinatorial optimization is applied in such fields as telecommunications, logistics, genomics, networking, and transportation. Whether you are a practicing engineer, field researcher, or student, this text provides you with not only the theory of parallel combinatorial optimization, but the guidance and practical tools to solve complex problems using powerful algorithms.

CYBERSECURITY AND LOCAL GOVERNMENT Learn to secure your local government's networks with this one-of-a-kind resource In Cybersecurity and Local Government, a distinguished team of researchers delivers an insightful exploration of cybersecurity at the level of local government. The book makes a compelling argument that every local government official, elected or otherwise, must be reasonably knowledgeable about cybersecurity concepts and provide appropriate support for it within their governments. It also lays out a straightforward roadmap to achieving those objectives, from an overview of cybersecurity definitions to descriptions of the most common security challenges faced by local governments. The accomplished authors specifically address the recent surge in ransomware attacks and how they might affect local governments, along with advice as to how to avoid and respond to these threats. They also discuss the cybersecurity law, cybersecurity policies that local government should adopt, the future of cybersecurity, challenges posed by Internet of Things, and much more. Throughout, the authors provide relevant field examples, case studies of actual local governments, and examples of policies to guide readers in their own application of the concepts discussed within. Cybersecurity and Local Government also offers: A thorough introduction to cybersecurity generally, including definitions of key cybersecurity terms and a high-level overview of the subject for non-technologists. A comprehensive exploration of critical information for local elected and top appointed officials, including the typical frequencies and types of cyberattacks. Practical discussions of the current state of local government cybersecurity, with a review of relevant literature from 2000 to 2021. In-depth examinations of operational cybersecurity policies, procedures and practices, with recommended best practices. Perfect for local elected and top appointed officials and staff as well as local citizens, Cybersecurity and Local Government will also earn a place in the libraries of those studying or working in local government with an interest in cybersecurity.

An essential introduction to the powerful new developments in optoelectronics

Tunable laser diodes, characterized by their unique ability to "tune in"to different wavelengths, thus significantly improving the efficiency of the switch, are rapidly becoming key components for advanced optical communication. Tunable Laser Diodes and Related Optical Sources, Second Edition is a much-needed single reference covering the range of optical networks and the components they require, with emphasis on tunable lasers. Written by respected experts in this groundbreaking technology, this resource covers fundamentals not only of tunable laser diodes, but also modern laser diodes in general, from theory to applications.

Highlights include: Basic properties of semiconductor lasers Essential properties for single-mode laser diodes Principles, design and practice of tunable laser diodes Optical components related to tunable lasers and non-semiconductor tunable lasers Application areas like optical communication, radar, environmental sensing, reflectometry, and circuit analysis

Designed for engineers developing tunable lasers for optical networks, as well as graduate students enrolled in the optical engineering curriculum, Tunable Laser Diodes and Related Optical Sources, Second Edition promises to be the definitive resource on this groundbreaking optoelectronics technology.

An intuitive and insightful overview of the technical and business aspects of the telecoms industry In The Technology and Business of Mobile Telecommunications: An Introduction, a team of expert telecommunications researchers and consultants delivers a rigorous exploration of the technical and business aspects of mobile telecommunications. The book offers a complete overview of an industry that has seen rapid technical and economic changes while retaining the ability to provide end users with communications coverage and capacity. The authors demonstrate the technical foundations of the mobile industry and show how a communications network is deployed. They detail many of the main innovations introduced over the last few years and some of the most salient challenges facing the industry today. The business models of major mobile operators are examined as well, from the purchasing spectrum to network deployment and customer attraction and retention. The role of the regulator is also thoroughly discussed, with explorations of its role in encouraging the maintenance of a competitive market in which the needs of consumers are met. Readers will also enjoy: Thorough introductions to the social and economic impacts of mobile communications, as well as a brief history of mobile and cellular communications Comprehensive explorations of the mobile telecoms ecosystem, from spectrum regulation to standardization, research, end users, operators, vendors, and standard bodies Practical discussions of the business models and challenges of mobile operators, including mobile virtual network operators and the implementation of international roaming In-depth examinations of telecommunications standards, including 5G Perfect for anyone studying mobile telecommunications technology at the undergraduate and graduate levels, The Technology and Business of Mobile Telecommunications: An Introduction is also an indispensable resource for practitioners within the telecommunications industry in a technical or business-oriented role.

Wireless Coexistence Explore a comprehensive review of the motivation for wireless coexistence and the standards and technology used to achieve it Wireless Coexistence: Standards, Challenges, and Intelligent Solutions delivers a thorough exploration of wireless ecosystems sharing the spectrum, including the multiple standards and key requirements driving the current state of wireless technology. The book surveys several standards, including IEEE 802.22, 802.15.2, and 802.19.1 and expands upon recent advances in machine learning and artificial intelligence to demonstrate how these technologies might be used to meet or exceed the challenges of wireless coexistence. The text discusses cognitive radio in the context of spectrum coexistence and provides a comparison and assessment of using artificial intelligence in place of, or in addition to, current techniques. It also considers applications to communication theory, learning algorithms for passive wireless coexistence strategies, spectrum situational awareness, and active wireless coexistence strategies. With the necessity of spectrum sharing and the scarcity of unused spectrum on the rise, the standardization of wireless coexistence becomes more important with each passing day. Readers will learn about the challenges posed by shrinking wireless real estate and from the inclusion of topics like: A thorough introduction to the concept of, and motivation for, wireless coexistence, including congestion and interference, policies, and regulations An exploration of different wireless coexistence standards, including the need for standardization and various protocols, including 802.22, 802.15.2, 802.19.1, P1900, and 3GPP Release 13/14 LAA A discussion of the applications of communication theory, including primary user strategies, primary multi-user protocols, and successive interference cancellation A treatment of concepts in learning algorithms Perfect for scientists, researchers, engineers, developers, educators, and administrators working in the area of wireless networks, Wireless Coexistence: Standards, Challenges, and Intelligent Solutions will also earn a place in the libraries of graduate students studying wireless networks and seeking a one-stop reference for subjects related to wireless coexistence standards.

SMART GRID AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES Discover foundational topics in smart grid technology as well as an exploration of the current and future state of the industry As the relationship between fossil fuel use and climate change becomes ever clearer, the search is on for reliable, renewable and less harmful sources of energy. Sometimes called the "electronet" or the "energy Internet," smart grids promise to integrate renewable energy, information, and communication technologies with the existing electrical grid and deliver electricity more efficiently and reliably. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies delivers a complete vision of smart grid technology and applications, including foundational and fundamental technologies, the technology that enables smart grids, the current state of the industry, and future trends in smart energy. The book offers readers thorough discussions of modern smart grid technology, including advanced metering infrastructure, net zero energy buildings, and communication, data management, and networks in smart grids. The accomplished authors also discuss critical challenges and barriers facing the smart grid industry as well as trends likely to be of importance in its future development. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to smart grid architecture, including traditional grids, the fundamentals of electric power, definitions and classifications of smart grids, and the components of smart grid technology An exploration of the opportunities and challenges posed by renewable energy integration Practical discussions of power electronics in the smart grid, including power electronics converters for distributed generation, flexible alternating current transmission systems, and high voltage direct current transmission systems An analysis of distributed generation Perfect for scientists, researchers, engineers, graduate students, and senior undergraduate students studying and working with electrical power systems and communication systems. Smart Grid and Enabling Technologies will also earn a place in the libraries of economists, government planners and regulators, policy makers, and energy stakeholders working in the smart grid field.

The Multilevel Fast Multipole Algorithm (MLFMA) for Solving Large-Scale Computational Electromagnetic Problems provides a detailed and instructional overview of implementing MLFMA. The book: Presents a comprehensive treatment of the MLFMA algorithm, including basic linear algebra concepts, recent developments on the parallel computation, and a number of application examplesCovers solutions of electromagnetic problems involving dielectric objects and perfectly-conducting objectsDiscusses applications including scattering from airborne targets, scattering from red blood cells, radiation from antennas and arrays, metamaterials etc.Is written by authors who have more than 25 years experience on the development and implementation of MLFMA

The book will be useful for post-graduate students, researchers, and academics, studying in the areas of computational electromagnetics, numerical analysis, and computer science, and who would like to implement and develop rigorous simulation environments based on MLFMA.

An up-to-date guide for using massive amounts of data and novel technologies to design, build, and maintain better systems engineering Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution: Big Data, Novel Technologies, and Modern Systems Engineering offers a guide to the recent changes in systems engineering prompted by the current challenging and innovative industrial environment called the Fourth Industrial Revolution--INDUSTRY 4.0. This book contains advanced models, innovative practices, and state-of-the-art research findings on systems engineering. The contributors, an international panel of experts on the topic, explore the key elements in systems engineering that have shifted towards data collection and analytics, available and used in the design and development of systems and also in the later life-cycle stages of use and retirement. The contributors address the issues in a system in which the system involves data in its operation, contrasting with earlier approaches in which data, models, and algorithms were less involved in the function of the system. The book covers a wide range of topics including five systems engineering domains: systems engineering and systems thinking; systems software and process engineering; the digital factory; reliability and maintainability modeling and analytics; and organizational aspects of systems engineering. This important resource: Presents new and advanced approaches, methodologies, and tools for designing, testing, deploying, and maintaining advanced complex systems Explores effective evidence-based risk management practices Describes an integrated approach to safety, reliability, and cyber security based on system theory Discusses entrepreneurship as a multidisciplinary system Emphasizes technical merits of systems engineering concepts by providing technical models Written for systems engineers, Systems Engineering in the Fourth Industrial Revolution offers an up-to-date resource that contains the best practices and most recent research on the topic of systems engineering.

A presentation of the use of computer vision systems to control manufacturing processes and product quality in the hard disk drive industry. Visual Inspection Technology in the Hard Disk Drive Industry is an application-oriented book borne out of collaborative research with the world s leading hard disk drive companies. It covers the latest developments and important topics in computer vision technology in hard disk drive manufacturing, as well as offering a glimpse of future technologies.

Sustainable Manufacturing Systems Learn more about energy efficiency in traditional and advanced manufacturing settings with this leading and authoritative resource Sustainable Manufacturing Systems: An Energy Perspective delivers a comprehensive analysis of energy efficiency in sustainable manufacturing. The book presents manufacturing modeling methods and energy efficiency evaluation and improvement methods for different manufacturing systems. It allows industry professionals to understand the methodologies and techniques being embraced around the world that lead to advanced energy management. The book offers readers a comprehensive and systematic theoretical foundation for novel manufacturing system modeling, analysis, and control. It concludes with a summary of the insights and applications contained within and a discussion of future research issues that have yet to be grappled with. Sustainable Manufacturing Systems answers the questions that energy customers, managers, decision makers, and researchers have been asking about sustainable manufacturing. The book's release coincides with recent and profound advances in smart grid applications and will serve as a practical tool to assist industrial engineers in furthering the green revolution. Readers will also benefit from: A thorough introduction to energy efficiency in manufacturing systems, including the current state of research and research methodologies An exploration of the development of manufacturing methodologies, including mathematical modeling for manufacturing systems and energy efficiency characterization in manufacturing systems An analysis of the applications of various methodologies, including electricity demand response for manufacturing systems and energy control and optimization for manufacturing systems utilizing combined heat and power systems A discussion of energy efficiency in advanced manufacturing systems, like stereolithography additive manufacturing and cellulosic biofuel manufacturing systems Perfect for researchers, undergraduate students, and graduate students in engineering disciplines, especially for those majoring in industrial, mechanical, electrical, and environmental engineering, Sustainable Manufacturing Systems will also earn a place in the libraries of management and business students interested in manufacturing system cost performance and energy management.

First published just over 50 years ago and now in its Eighth Edition, Bill Hayt and John Buck's Engineering Electromagnetics is a classic text that has been updated for electromagnetics education today. This widely-respected book stresses fundamental concepts and problem solving, and discusses the material in an understandable and readable way. Numerous illustrations and analogies are provided to aid the reader in grasping the difficult concepts. In addition, independent learning is facilitated by the presence of many examples and problems. Important updates and revisions have been included in this edition. One of the most significant is a new chapter on electromagnetic radiation and antennas. This chapter covers the basic principles of radiation, wire antennas, simple arrays, and transmit-receive systems.

Phononics: Interface Transmission Tutorial Book Series provides an investigation of modern systems that includes a discrete matrix description. Classical continuous systems relying on the use of differential equations are recalled, showing that they generally have a specific limit on their corresponding modern matrix formulation. A detailed description of the mathematical languages that enables readers to find the composite system linear transmission properties is provided in the appendix. The physical model is described with exacting detail, and the bibliography is built to cite-in chronological order-all the scientists that have contributed over many years. Each volume is written with the aim of providing an up-to-date and concise summary of the present knowledge of interface transmission science, thus fostering the exchange of ideas among scientists interested in different aspects of interface transmission. The book serves as an introduction to advanced graduate students, researchers, and scientists with little study on the subject, and is also useful to help keep specialists informed on general progress in the field.

The ideal review for your basic circuit analysis course More than 40 million students have trusted Schaum's Outlines for their expert knowledge and helpful solved problems. Written by renowned experts in their respective fields, Schaum's Outlines cover everything from math to science, nursing to language. The main feature for all these books is the solved problems. Step-by-step, authors walk readers through coming up with solutions to exercises in their topic of choice. 700 solved problems Outline format supplies a concise guide to the standard college course in basic circuits Clear, concise explanations of all electric circuits concepts Appropriate for the following courses: Basic Circuit Analysis, Electrical Circuits, Electrical Engineering Circuit Analysis, Introduction to Circuit Analysis, AC & DC Circuits Supports and supplements the bestselling textbooks in circuits Easily understood review of basic circuit analysis Supports all the major textbooks for basic circuit analysis courses

An engineer's guide to numerical analysis To properly function in today's work environment, engineers require a working familiarity with numerical analysis. This book provides that necessary background, striking a balance between analytical rigor and an applied approach focusing on methods particular to the solving of engineering problems. An Introduction to Numerical Analysis for Electrical and Computer Engineers gives electrical and computer engineering students their first exposure to numerical analysis and serves as a refresher for professionals as well. Emphasizing the earlier stages of numerical analysis for engineers with real-life solutions for computing and engineering applications, the book: Forms a logical bridge between first courses in matrix/linear algebra and the more sophisticated methods of signal processing and control system courses Includes MATLAB(r)-oriented examples, with a quick introduction to MATLAB for those who need it Provides detailed proofs and derivations for many key results Specifically tailored to the needs of computer and electrical engineers, this is the resource engineers have long needed in order to master an area of mathematics critical to the

A practical and hands-on discussion of modern distillation control In A Real-time Approach to Distillation Process Control, a team of distinguished researchers and industrial practitioners delivers a practical text combining hands-on and active learning using process simulation with discussions of the fundamental knowledge and tools required to apply modern distillation control principles. The book offers a balanced, real-time approach integrated with practical insights. It includes many exercises designed to be simulator agnostic that can be performed on the process simulator locally available to the reader. Readers will discover explorations of topics including distillation control hardware, distillation composition control, refinery versus chemical plant distillation control, distillation control tuning, advanced regulatory control, and more. They'll also find: A thorough introduction to distillation fundamentals, as well as basic and advanced modern controls from a practical point of view Comprehensive explorations of known base controls combined with modern control practices Practical discussions of hands-on modelling and simulation exercises, allowing the reader to design and tune controls on a distillation column Fulsome treatments of control structure design integrated with controller tuning using a real-time approach Perfect for senior undergraduate and graduate students studying general process control or distillation process control, A Real-time Approach to Distillation Process Control will also benefit plant managers, production supervisors, startup supervisors, operations engineers, production engineers, and chemical engineers working in industry.

Nanostructures for Cancer Therapy discusses the available preclinical and clinical nanoparticle technology platforms and their impact on cancer therapy, including current trends and developments in the use of nanostructured materials in chemotherapy and chemotherapeutics. In particular, coverage is given to the applications of gold nanoparticles and quantum dots in cancer therapies. In addition to the multifunctional nanomaterials involved in the treatment of cancer, other topics covered include nanocomposites that can target tumoral cells and the release of antitumoral therapeutic agents. The book is an up-to-date overview that covers the inorganic and organic nanostructures involved in the diagnostics and treatment of cancer.

This book - the first of two volumes - explores the syntactical constructs of the most common programming languages, and sheds a mathematical light on their semantics, while also providing an accurate presentation of the material aspects that interfere with coding. Concepts and Semantics of Programming Languages 1 is dedicated to functional and imperative features. Included is the formal study of the semantics of typing and execution; their acquisition is facilitated by implementation into OCaml and Python, as well as by worked examples. Data representation is considered in detail: endianness, pointers, memory management, union types and pattern-matching, etc., with examples in OCaml, C and C++. The second volume introduces a specific model for studying modular and object features and uses this model to present Ada and OCaml modules, and subsequently Java, C++, OCaml and Python classes and objects. This book is intended not only for computer science students and teachers but also seasoned programmers, who will find a guide to reading reference manuals and the foundations of program verification.

A comprehensive discussion of the findings of the PICASSO initiative on ICT policy ICT Policy, Research, and Innovation: Perspectives and Prospects for EU-US Collaboration provides a clearly readable overview of selected information and communication technology (ICT) and policy topics. Rather than deluge the reader with technical details, the distinguished authors provide just enough technical background to make sense of the underlying policy discussions. The book covers policy, research, and innovation topics on technologies as wide-ranging as: Internet of Things Cyber physical systems 5G Big data ICT Policy, Research, and Innovation compares and contrasts the policy approaches taken by the EU and the US in a variety of areas. The potential for future cooperation is outlined as well. Later chapters provide policy perspectives about some major issues affecting EU/US development cooperation, while the book closes with a discussion of how the development of these new technologies is changing our conceptions of fundamental aspects of society.

Unparalleled coverage of the most vibrant research field in photovoltaics! Hybrid perovskites, revolutionary game-changing semiconductor materials, have every favorable optoelectronic characteristic necessary for realizing high efficiency solar cells. The remarkable features of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics, such as superior material properties, easy material fabrication by solution-based processing, large-area device fabrication by an inkjet technology, and simple solar cell structures, have brought enormous attentions, leading to a rapid development of the solar cell technology at a pace never before seen in solar cell history. Hybrid Perovskite Solar Cells: Characteristics and Operation covers extensive topics of hybrid perovskite solar cells, providing easy-to-read descriptions for the fundamental characteristics of unique hybrid perovskite materials (Part I) as well as the principles and applications of hybrid perovskite solar cells (Part II). Both basic and advanced concepts of hybrid perovskite devices are treated thoroughly in this book; in particular, explanatory descriptions for general physical and chemical aspects of hybrid perovskite photovoltaics are included to provide fundamental understanding. This comprehensive book is highly suitable for graduate school students and researchers who are not familiar with hybrid perovskite materials and devices, allowing the accumulation of the accurate knowledge from the basic to the advanced levels.

Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices A one-stop examination of fundamental electrical behaviour in organic electronic device architectures In Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices: From Bulk Materials to Nanoscale Architectures, distinguished researcher Michael C. Petty delivers an in-depth treatment of the electrical behaviour of organic electronic devices focused on first principles. The author describes the fundamental electrical behaviour of various device architectures and offers an introduction to the physical processes that play a role in the electrical conductivity of organic materials. Beginning with band theory, the text moves on to address the effects of thin film device architectures and nanostructures. The book discusses the applications to devices currently in the marketplace, like displays, as well as those under development (transistors, solar cells, and memories). Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also describes emerging organic thin film architectures and explores the potential for single molecule electronics and biologically inspired devices. Finally, the book also includes: A detailed introduction to electronic and vibrational states in organic solids, including classical band theory, disordered semiconductors, and lattice vibrations Comprehensive explorations of electrical conductivity, including electronic and ionic processes, carrier drift, diffusion, the Boltzmann Transport Equation, excess carriers, recombination, doping, and superconductivity An overview of important electro-active organic materials, like molecular crystals, charge-transfer complexes, conductive polymers, carbon nanotubes, and graphene Practical considerations of defects and nanoscale phenomena, including transport processes in low-dimensional systems, surfaces and interface states In-depth examinations of metal contacts, including ohmic contacts, the Schottky Barrier, and metal/molecule contacts A systematic guide to the operating principles of metal/insulator/semiconductor structures and the field effect A set of problems (with solutions on-line) for each chapter of the book Perfect for electronics developers and researchers in both industry and academia who study and work with molecular and nanoscale electronics, Electrical Processes in Organic Thin Film Devices also deserves a place in the libraries of undergraduate and postgraduate students in courses on molecular electronics, organic electronics, and plastic electronics.

Written by one of the leading authorities in the field, this book explores the potential of reluctance synchronous machines, an emerging type of motor which fully exploits the advantages of power electronics and new materials. The book covers RSM's possible topologies, their characteristics, and their existing and future applications, demonstrating their competitive possibilities for applications from computer peripherals through robotics to electric traction for rail transport. Electrical engineers concerned with machinery design and performance will find the material covered of great value to research and their work.

The practical and comprehensive guide to the creation and application of holograms Written by Martin Richardson (an acclaimed leader and pioneer in the field) and John Wiltshire, The Hologram: Principles and Techniques is an important book that explores the various types of hologram in their multiple forms and explains how to create and apply the technology. The authors offer an insightful overview of the currently available recording materials, chemical formulas, and laser technology that includes the history of phase imaging and laser science. Accessible and comprehensive, the text contains a step-by-step guide to the production of holograms. In addition, The Hologram outlines the most common problems encountered in producing satisfactory images in the laboratory, as well as dealing with the wide range of optical and chemical techniques used in commercial holography. The Hologram is a well-designed instructive tool, involving three distinct disciplines: physics, chemistry, and graphic arts. This vital resource offers a guide to the development and understanding of the recording of materials, optics and processing chemistry in holography and: Discusses the pros and cons of the currently available recording materials Provides tutorials on the types of lasers required and optical systems, as well as diffraction theory and wave front reconstruction Details the chemical formulations for processing techniques Researchers and technicians working in academia and those employed in commercial laboratories on the production of holograms as well as students of the sciences will find The Hologram to be a comprehensive and effective resource.

As the requirements for low power consumption and very small physical dimensions in portable, wearable and implantable medical devices are calling for integrated circuit design techniques using MOSFETs operating in the subthreshold regime, this book first revisits some well-known circuit techniques that use CMOS devices biased in subthreshold in order to establish nanopower integrated circuit designs. Based on the these findings, this book shows the development of a class-AB current-mode sample-and-hold circuit with an order of magnitude improvement in its figure of merit compared to other state-of-the-art designs. Also, the concepts and design procedures of 1) single-branch filters 2) follower-integrator-based lowpass filters and 3) modular transconductance reduction techniques for very low frequency filters are presented. Finally, to serve the requirement of a very large signal swing in an energy-based action potential detector, a nanopower class-AB current-mode analog multiplier is designed to handle input current amplitudes of more than 10 times the bias current of the multiplier circuit. The invented filter circuits have been fabricated in a standard 0.18 CMOS process in order to verify our circuit concepts and design procedures. Their experimental results are reported.

Electrostatic accelerators, such as the Van de Graaf generator, are among the most established and well--developed particle accelerators. One of the key issues in the maturation of these accelerators has been the development of methods used to stabilize the energies of the particles they produce. Energy Stabilization of Electrostatic Accelerators presents a comprehensive overview of the key methods of stabilizing the energy of ions produced by electrostatic accelerators. After giving comprehensive background information on the subject, it explains the basis of high voltage generation, covering both the Van de Graaf charge transfer and the Crockcroft Walton voltage multiplier principle. This is followed by a description of the various methods used to detect the fluctuation in the energy of the accelerated ions. The later chapters describe the various ways used to stabilize the energy of the ions, gradually leading the reader to models of more complicated multi--loop stabilizers, composed from the simple models derived in the previous chapters. Some of the information on the mathematical modeling of physical phenomena applied in the stabilization has not been published before. Also featured is a whole chapter devoted to the problem of modulating the energy of the ions to a predetermined way. Energy Stabilization of Electrostatic Accelerators has been written with the accelerator designer and user in mind, but will also prove extremely useful to researchers and graduate students engaged in accelerator--based research, both pure and applied, whose interests lie in improving accelerator performance. It assumes only a basic knowledge of feedback and control system theory and Laplace transformation, which makes it readily understandable for any readers with physics and electronic engineering backgrounds.