Natural hazards cost the global economy over $50,000 million per year. Two thirds of this is spent on damage repair, the remainder represents the cost of predicting, preventing and mitigating against disasters. Man-made hazards such as groundwater pollution, subsidence and soil erosion add to this figure.

Geological Hazards is the first book to consider both natural and man-made disasters in a single volume. All major geological hazards are examined. It presents a state-of-the art survey for students on civil engineering and physical geography courses, as well as researchers and practicing civil engineers. It examines methods of assessing, evaluating and combatting hazards, both natural and man-made. Richly illustrated, it views the subject from an international perspective.

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Environmental permits enable regulatory agencies to control the disturbance and degradation of the environment caused by man's activities. Created by governments through legislation, the permit processes are administered by elected officials. Environmental legislation is relatively new as an independent field of the law: the laws themselves are primarily a conglomeration of older legal doctrines from other fields of law, modified and adapted for particular situations (Landau and Rheingold 1971). Like other laws, environmental laws are meant to serve and protect the rights and well-being of the public. However, like other laws, they have created confusion, a proliferation of costly paperwork, and some inequities. Numerous statutes, dealing with most aspects of pollution, exist at every level of government-so many, in fact, that they frequently conflict and overlap. These statutes establish a public policy toward polluters. They also empower the regulatory bodies that issue permits. It would be impossible to compile a list of requirements for each type of permit. Therefore, this book will acquaint the reader with the common aspects of environmental permits: their terminology, components, and application processes. This book covers the permit process from initial agencies/applicant contacts through application parts and procedures, to application approval. Special emphasis has been placed on bringing together copies of laws and lists of agencies as appendices. The appendices give the reader easy access to materials that will help clarify the permit process.

This volume presents a critical analysis and timely synthesis of the past decade of intensive research, development, and demonstrations on the in situ bioremediation of perchlorate in groundwater. The intended audiences include the decision makers, practicing engineers and hydrogeologists who will select, design, and operate these remedial systems, as well as researchers seeking to improve the current state-of-the-art. Our hope is that this volume will serve as a useful resource to assist remediation professionals in applying and developing the technology as effectively as possible. An overview of the current state-of-understanding of perchlorate remediation is followed by a discussion of basic principles of microbial and abiotic processes, and of the engineering and implementation issues underlying the technologies described. Characterization of both anthropogenic and natural sources of perchlorate, including isotopic analysis to distinguish between differing sources, precedes discussions of the advantages, performance, and relative costs of applying a range of remedial technologies. Active, semi-passive, and passive in situ bioremediation are fully described and compared with emphasis on field application. Cost information for each technology, using case studies and analyses of several template sites, covers capital costs, as well as costs for laboratory testing, pilot-scale demonstration, design, system operation, monitoring and maintenance during operations, and demolition and restoration after remediation. In addition, analogous cost data are presented for pump-and-treat systems for each template site to illustrate the potential cost savings associated with the use of alternative approaches. Emerging technologies such as monitored natural attenuation, phytoremediation, and vadose zone bioremediation are described, and field demonstrations are used to illustrate the current stage of maturity and the potential applicability of these approaches for specific situations. Each chapter in this volume has been thoroughly reviewed for technical content by one or more experts in each subject area covered.

This book discusses energy recovery technology, a green innovation that can be used in buildings. This technology reduces energy consumption in buildings and provides energy savings to conventional mechanical ventilation systems. Divided into eight chapters, the book provides in-depth technical information, state-of-the-art research, and latest developments in the energy recovery technology field. Case-studies describe worldwide applications of energy recovery technology and its integrated system for building services. This book will be used as a general and technical reference book for students, engineers, professionals, practitioners, scientists, and researchers seeking to reduce energy consumption of buildings in various climatic conditions. Presents an overview of energy consumption scenarios in buildings and the needs for energy-efficient technologies at regional and global levels; Explains models and methods of energy recovery technology performance evaluation; Inspires further research into energy recovery technology for building applications.

Trauma results in a wide variety of human unhappiness. In parallel, treatment of the consequences of trauma ranges from drugs, to single session psychological techniques, to management and cognitive therapies, to psychotherapies which take years. Some therapies deal with individuals, others with groups, some with children, and others with adults. With such a multiplicity of options, it can be difficult to make sense of the variety of manifestations and treatments. This work aims to clarify the situation by offering tools to conceptualize and treat a range of symptoms and illnesses, and to replace them with equally well conceptualized fulfillment alternatives. It is geared towards traumatologists, psychologists, counsellors, and social workers who help those who have suffered assault, bereavement, sexual abuse, or disasters. Upper level undergraduates students, graduate students and professors in trauma, loss, and bereavement.

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Concrete-Filled Double-Skin Steel Tubular Columns: Behavior and Design provides a thorough review of the recent advances on the behaviour and design of concrete-filled double-skin steel tubular (CFDST) columns. Drawing on their extensive knowledge and research, the authors cover topics such as different CFDST columns under axial compression, innovative techniques including the use of rubberised concrete, columns with different cross-sections, and steel material envelops and failure modes. This book is an overview of research carried out by this highly experienced and leading research group with specialist knowledge in the topic. It is an invaluable resource for researchers, graduates and post-graduate civil engineers and civil engineering designers.

Geopolymer Concrete Structures with Steel and FRP Reinforcements: Analysis and Design focuses on structural behavior, including the aspects of compression, bending strength and combined action of GPC members, with the book's content based on published studies over the last two decades. Geopolymer concrete (GPC) structural members reinforced with FRP reinforcement have some advantages in resisting forces compared to conventional concrete or steel tubular members. Among the most important are the high strength and bending stiffness, fire and impact performance and favorable, construction ability and durability. To this end, there are no significant applications of these new structural elements worldwide, partly due to the lack of the understanding of their behavior and insufficient design provisions in different design manuals. This book, therefore, seeks to highlight their characteristics and future potential.

Contents:
The past - up to 1945. A Brief History of Construction. What we found after World War II: The Years of Optimism: 1945-1974. Large-scale new housing and construction of new buildings. The performance concept. Modular and dimensional co-ordination. Mechanisation and prefabrication. Industrialisation (ideals and illusions). Building research institutes. The Technology catch-up: New materials and composites. New mathematical tools. Applied mechanics and building physics. Protection against fire and earthquakes. Structures. The Energy Crisis and its impact: Conservation of energy. Climate change. Pollution/Contamination of air, water, soil. New concerns. Development of the HVAC equipments envelope. New Technology in Construction: New and engineered materials, high-strength concrete, fibre-reinforced materials, textile structures, glass. Large span and very tall buildings. Major civil engineering works. New requirements for indoor premises. "Intelligent" buildings. Automation and robots. The Management Catch-up: New methods in procurement. Construction management. Facility management. Management of the firm; Methods. Structure of the firm ("lean" structure). Computer-assisted management. The Spatial Impact: Economic and demographic forces. Technology, telecommunications, transport, services, infrastructure. Regional considerations. The Future: Participants. Demand and supply. Substainability. The future of construction. Index.

The great cathedrals and churches of the medieval West continue to awe. How were they built, and why do they remain standing? What did their builders know about what they were doing? These questions have given rise to considerable controversy, which is fully reflected in the papers selected here. The first section of the book is concerned with the medieval builders and their design methods; the second focuses on engineering issues in the context of the infamous collapse of the choir at Beauvais in 1284. The following papers extend the analysis into the 15th century, looking for example at Brunelleschi's dome for Florence Cathedral, and deal with the often neglected structures of roofs, towers and spires.

Exploring the many facets of major infrastructure projects, this symposium concentrated on developments within organisational, strategic and policy areas and both traffic and o & m management. Contributors to the papers include operators, consultants and international, experienced owners.

Concrete folded plate roofs used to cover large open expanses of space can pose complex design problems soluble only through detailed mathematical analysis. This book introduces the engineer to practical schemes and practicalities, and goes on to provide multitudes of useful design tables, which allow linear interpolation, for a large range of various schemes of folded plate roofs to help the engineer with his designs. Design examples using both SI and USA (British Imperial) units are provided using these tables.

Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures focuses on the research of advanced structures and anti-seismic design in civil engineering. The proceedings present the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to civil and structural engineering. Topics covered in the proceedings include: * Engineering Structure and Seismic Resistance * Structural Mechanics Analysis * Components and Materials * Structural Seismic Design * 3D Printing Concrete * Other Related Topics The works of this proceedings will promote development of civil and structural engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.

Reflecting current techniques and practical experience of continued deterioration of reinforced concrete structures, this revised and updated edition brings together the fundamental aspects of this worldwide problem, and offers advice on how investigations, diagnosis and consequent remedial work should be carried out. It covers reinforced concrete buildings, water-retaining and water-excluding structures, marine structures and bridges. The nine chapters also cover deterioration and renovation of concrete floors, repair and waterproofing of concrete roofs. The deterioration of concrete liquid retaining structures, including sewers, caused by chemical attack is also discussed and suggestions made for remedial work. The author discusses the newer methods of cathodic protection, realkalization and desalination to inhibit corrosion of reinforcement in existing structures.

The application of a new production philosophy, leading to "lean production" (using less space, less human effort, less product development time etc), is expected to change almost every industry and bring about radical changes in the organization of work. This text examines this process.

The 25 papers collected together in this volume present comprehensive coverage of all major aspects of landslide risk assessment, including the risk assessment framework, and methods for estimating probability of landsliding vulnerability and risk.

Adapting the Built Environment for Climate Change: Design Principles for Climate Emergencies analyzes several scenarios and proposes various adaptation strategies for climate emergencies (heat waves, wildfires, floods, and storms). Divided into three themes, the book offers an organized vision of a complex and multi-factor challenge. It covers climatic resilience and building refurbishment, implications for service life prediction and maintainability, and climate adaptation in the maintenance and management of buildings. Sections cover infrastructure materials, climate emergency adaptation and building adaptation to heat waves, wildfires, floods and storms. The book will be an essential reference resource for civil and structural engineers, architects, planners, designers and other professionals who have an interest in the adaptation of the built environment against climate change.

Finite Element Analysis and Design of Steel and Steel-Concrete Composite Bridges, Second Edition provides structural engineers and researchers with detailed modeling techniques for creating robust design models. The book's chapters cover various forms of modern steel and steel-concrete composite bridges as well as current design codes (American, British and Eurocodes). Other chapters address: nonlinear material behavior of bridge components, applied loads and stability of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges, and design of steel and steel-concrete composite bridge components. The book's final chapter focuses on finite element analysis and design of steel-concrete composite bridges with profiled steel sheeting. The book will be a valuable reference source on the issues, problems, challenges and questions that should be asked when designing a composite highway steel bridge with profiled steel sheeting and finite element modeling of the bridge components.

Although first published nearly thirty years ago, this book remains up-to-date, intellectually stimulating and realistic. Unlike most texts in the field, it relates design closely to the science and mathematics that are students' chief concern, and shows their relevance. It shows how to make simple but illuminating calculations, and how to achieve the insight and the invention that often result from them. Covering design principles in depth, this is, and remains, an original book: although some of the ideas which were novel in 1971 are now widely accepted, others remain new.

Now in its second edition, Nuclear Forensic Analysis provides a multidisciplinary reference for forensic scientists, analytical and nuclear chemists, and nuclear physicists in one convenient source. The authors focus particularly on the chemical, physical, and nuclear aspects associated with the production or interrogation of a radioactive sample. They consolidate fundamental principles of nuclear forensic analysis, all pertinent protocols and procedures, computer modeling development, interpretational insights, and attribution considerations. The principles and techniques detailed are then demonstrated and discussed in their applications to real-world investigations and casework conducted over the past several years. Highlights of the Second Edition include: A new section on sample analysis considerations and interpretation following a post-detonation nuclear forensic collection New case studies, including the most wide-ranging and multidisciplinary nuclear forensic investigation conducted by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory to date Expanded treatments of radiologic dispersal devices (RDDs) and statistical analysis methodologies The material is presented with minimal mathematical formality, using consistent terminology with limited jargon, making it a reliable, accessible reference. The broad-based coverage provides important insight into the multifaceted changes facing this recently developed science.

This book is a compilation of the papers presented at the Twenty-Eighth Mid-Atlantic Industrial and Hazardous Waste Conference. It aims to provide a forum for those who are interested in the advancement and applications of technologies and methods for managing industrial and hazardous waste.

This book, based on Transport and Urban Development COST Action TU1208, presents the most advanced applications of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in a civil engineering context, with documentation of instrumentation, methods and results. It explains clearly how GPR can be employed for the surveying of critical transport infrastructure, such as roads, pavements, bridges and tunnels and for the sensing and mapping of underground utilities and voids. Detailed attention is also devoted to use of GPR in the inspection of geological structures and of construction materials and structures, including reinforced concrete, steel reinforcing bars and pre/post-tensioned stressing ducts. Advanced methods for solution of electromagnetic scattering problems and new data processing techniques are also presented. Readers will come to appreciate that GPR is a safe, advanced, non destructive and noninvasive imaging technique that can be effectively used for the inspection of composite structures and the performance of diagnostics relevant to the entire life cycle of civil engineering works.

The book presents a collection of articles from the 6th International Conference on Civil Engineering, 2022, held in Singapore. Important advances in the application of newly discovered technologies are highlighted in order to address many of society's contemporary problems in resilience, energy production, security, and bioproducts. Multiple fields of inquiry address the use of global engineering methods to promote governmental and industrial policies that reduce pollution, protect existing structures from natural disasters as well as discuss successful engineering management practices in a variety of countries throughout the world. This book consists of refereed submissions submitted by international scholars from multiple disciplines discussing emerging topics in civil and environmental engineering. The emphasis is on ideas that can influence public policy to promote energy management, air and water pollution control, and green infrastructure. The topics covered provide an excellent beginning for interested students, researchers, and industry professionals to understand emerging trends in technical research on a worldwide basis.

This work examines the most important techniques for analyzing the profitability of capital investments. It discusses time value mechanics and financial concepts, including discounted cash flow, return on investment, incremental analysis, cash flow tables, income taxes, depreciation, cost of capital and risk analysis. It provides a broad introduction to project evaluation and data needs.;This book is intended for: cost, project, design, mechanical, chemical, industrial, electronic, electrical and construction engineers; project and budget managers; cost estimators and controllers; planners and schedulers; and upper-level undergraduate and graduate students in these discipline

Contents:
Waterjetting fundamentals: Introduction. Terminology. What is a waterjet? Where did waterjets come from? How are waterjets used? Why are waterjets used? What is this book planning on doing?
Design of high pressure delivery circuits: Introduction. Example of energy efficiency; Energy input to the motor; Input power to the pump; Output power from the pump to the water; Output power supplied to the jet at the nozzle; Delivered power at the surface. Pump choices; Triplex and positive displacement pumps; Intensifier designs; Water cannons and ultra-high pressure systems. Power calculations. Pump selection criteria. Transmitting the energy. Nozzle considerations; Nozzle size; Nozzle performance; Nozzle design; Nozzle evaluation techniques; High pressure cutting nozzles; Waterjet cleaning nozzles; Droplet impact; The choice between round and fan-jet nozzles. Supply line and fittings; Component pressure losses; Procedure for evaluating friction loss; Flow straighteners. Delivering the energy. Using the energy. Notes and references.
The use of waterjets in cleaning applications: Introduction. Earlier and competing methods of cleaning; Airborne abrasive cleaning; air abrasive nozzle design and manufacture; Cleaning effectiveness; Angle of impact; Airborne abrasive machining; Abrasive use; Steam powered systems. Low pressure waterjet cleaning. Cleaning tubes, pipes and sewers; Cleaning small tubes; Moleing; Cleaning larger diameter tubes; Sewer cleaning. Parameter control for effective cleaning. Cleaning tanks and large surfaces; Hand-held equipment; Underwater cleaning. Advent of high preesure; Round and fan nozzles revisited; Cleaning radio-active pipes; Runway cleaning. Abrasive jet cleaning systems. Cleaning additives. Underwater applications. Lessons for use. Notes and references.
High pressure industrial waterjet cutting: Introduction. Background. Equipment for industrial applications; Activation valve and catcher; Inlet water treatment. Nozzle and part positioning-robotic use; Robots and their control; Accuracy and precision; Case studies of X-Y cutting. Multi-dimensional cutting; Considerations in the use of industrial waterjet cutting; Explosive material processing; Cut edge quality. Techniques for cutting harder materials; Non-traditional machining; Laser machining; Plasma torch; Electric discharge machining; Electrochemical machining; Ultrasonic machining; Abrasive flow machining; Comparisons of performance. Abrasive water cutting; Nozzle design; Abrasive jet case studies; Operational considerations; Glass cutting. Intermediate pressure abrasive jet cutting. Direct injection of abrasive; DIAjet case study; Underwater applications. Future technology; Waterjet machining; Waterjet assisted machine tool cutting. Notes and references.
Waterjets in civil engineering applications: Introduction. Earth moving applications; Soil removal in California during the gold rush; The extraction of clay and monitor design; Soviet experience in soil removal; Tunnelling in soft material; Reduced flow rate studies. The mechanism of soil removal; Frozen soil and the change in cutting mechanism; Cutting and removal of ice. Applications of waterjets in soil excavation; Excavation of the Bar-Lev line; Soil excavation and barrier walls; Grout walls and artificial pile construction; horizontal hole drilling; Joint and gap cleaning; Soil and turf penetration; Waterjet assisted earth plow. Concrete cutting and hydrodemolition; The initial study; Establishing the parameters; High pressure single pulse units; Continuous high pressure low flow systems; Continuous medium pressure flow systems; Case histories; Injection of abrasive for concrete cutting; Cutting concrete with cavitation; Notes and references.
The use of waterjets in mining: Introduction. Coal mining development; Soviet Developments; Trials in the United Kingdom; Developments in the United States; Higher pressure coal mining research; 450 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining; 330 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining; 70 MPa system for longwall coal mining; 70 MPa system for room and pillar coal mining. Japanese operations; Chinese hydraulic mining; Canadian hydraulic mining experience; German hydraulic mining experience; Polish experiments. Borehole mining. Notes and references.
Waterjet use in rock cutting: Rock disaggregation. Development of water cannons. Very high pressure continuous jets. Mechanisms of material removal; Jet impact on a rock; The effect of equipment parameters; The effect of rock properties. Applications of waterjets in cutting rock. Notes and references.
Waterjet drilling systems: Early drilling development. Waterjet drilling of rock bolt holes. Canadian waterjet drill bit design. Waterjet assisted percussive drilling. Waterjet drilling in coal and adjacent rock. Waterjets in oilwell drilling. Round the corner drilling. Borehole modification. Abrasive waterjet drilling. References.
Jet assisted mechanical cutting: Introduction and definitions. Mechanically assisted waterjet cutting. Waterjet assisted mechanical cutting equipment. Jet assisted cutting of coal. References.
Enhancing waterjet performance: Introduction. Enhancing the delivered jet power; The use of a sheath around a jet; Water chemistry changes; The introduction of long chain polymers. The accumulation of waterjet pressure; Pulsating waterjets; Self-resonating pulsating jets; Focussing multiple jets to generate higher pressures. The generation of cavitation with waterjets; The mechanisms of cavitation attack; ASTM cavitation test; Cavitation sheathing; The stationary specimen test; Cavitation in a flow channel; The Lichtarowicz cell; The travelling specimen test; Applications of cavitating jets; Shock loading. Spark generated jets. The introduction of abrasives into waterjets; The mechanisms of material removal; Ductile material removal; Brittle material removal; Considerations in mixing chamber design; Abrasive jet parameter effects; Choice of abrasives; DIAjet abrasive waterjet cutting; Modelling of abrasive jet cutting. Thermal pre-weakening with waterjets. Comment and references.
Theoretical considerations: Introduction. Jet energy considerations. Early theoretical approaches. Powell and Simpson's theory. Foreman and Secor's theory. Crow's theory. Rehbinder's theory. Energy input & crack growth considerations. References.
Safety, health and medical applications: Introduction. Damaging jet pressures; Possible damage mechanisms; Needle-less injection systems. Other safety considerations. The role of training. Medical applications. Comments and references.

This book forms the Proceedings of a RILEM workshop in Barcelona in November 1994. It is structured as a series of presentations/reviews by some of the leading international researchers and technical experts of the concrete world. Coverage ranges from developments in materials science, through performance and behaviour of concrete, to manufacturing and construction. Contributors include C. Audrade (Spain), H. Bache (Denmark), Z.P. Bazant (USA), H.W. Reinhardt (Germany), S. Rostam (Denmark), S.P. Shah (USA), J.P. Skalny (USA), A. Skarendahl (Sweden), M. Sugita (Japan) and J.F. Young (USA). This book should be of interest to RILEM members; concrete technologists in construction companies, materials supliers (cement, admixtures, fibres, aggregates, steel); research departments in universities and government labs; and consulting engineers.