The focus of municipalities has been on the supply of sufficient water quantities to the public with less attention paid to water quality. The deteriorating quality of raw water sources necessitates increased attention to water quality with professional scientists playing a central role at municipalities and water boards together with professional engineers. With many stringent regulations on the quality of drinking water and recreational water bodies, the young municipal chemist needs a handy manual to assist in the often neglected and complicated field of municipal water management. Grounded in Science, Introduction to Municipal Water Quality Management not only links theory and regulations in practice but also offers simple numerical examples to better understand the rules and encourage a quantitative application to everyday problems. Developed from a series of lectures between 2015 and 2019, Introduction to Municipal Water Quality Management will give young professionals the confidence to analyse their results and apply their knowledge in a numerical fashion.

The availability of packaged clustering programs means that anyone with data can easily do cluster analysis on it. But many users of this technology don't fully appreciate its many hidden dangers. In today's world of "grab and go algorithms," part of my motivation for writing this book is to provide users with a set of cautionary tales about cluster analysis, for it is very much an art as well as a science, and it is easy to stumble if you don't understand its pitfalls. Indeed, it is easy to trip over them even if you do! The parenthetical word usually in the title is very important, because all clustering algorithms can and do fail from time to time. Modern cluster analysis has become so technically intricate that it is often hard for the beginner or the non-specialist to appreciate and understand its many hidden dangers. Here's how Yogi Berra put it, and he was right: In theory there's no difference between theory and practice. In practice, there is ~Yogi Berra This book is a step backwards, to four classical methods for clustering in small, static data sets that have all withstood the tests of time. The youngest of the four methods is now almost 50 years old: Gaussian Mixture Decomposition (GMD, 1898) SAHN Clustering (principally single linkage (SL, 1909)) Hard c-means (HCM, 1956, also widely known as (aka) "k-means") Fuzzy c-means (FCM, 1973, reduces to HCM in a certain limit) The dates are the first known writing (to me, anyway) about these four models. I am (with apologies to Marvel Comics) very comfortable in calling HCM, FCM, GMD and SL the Fantastic Four. Cluster analysis is a vast topic. The overall picture in clustering is quite overwhelming, so any attempt to swim at the deep end of the pool in even a very specialized subfield requires a lot of training. But we all start out at the shallow end (or at least that's where we should start!), and this book is aimed squarely at teaching toddlers not to be afraid of the water. There is no section of this book that, if explored in real depth, cannot be expanded into its own volume. So, if your needs are for an in-depth treatment of all the latest developments in any topic in this volume, the best I can do - what I will try to do anyway - is lead you to the pool, and show you where to jump in.

Phytoremediation of Domestic Wastewater with the Internet of Things and Machine Learning Techniques highlights the most recent advances in phytoremediation of wastewater using the latest technologies. It discusses practical applications and experiences utilizing phytoremediation methods for environmental sustainability and the remediation of wastewater. It also examines the various interrelated disciplines relating to phytoremediation technologies and plots industry's best practices to share this technology widely, as well as the latest findings and strategies. It serves as a nexus between artificial intelligence, environmental sustainability and bioremediation for advanced students and practicing professionals in the field.

This book will address concepts and techniques for preparation and disposal of low- (LLW) and intermediate-level (ILW) radioactive waste from the nuclear industry, the weapons industry, university labs, research institutes, and from the commercial industry. It will aid decision-makers in finding optimal technical/economical solutions, including how site investigations, design, construction, identification and selection of construction materials (clay and concrete), and monitoring can be made. It will also examine techniques for isolating soil and rock contaminated by leaking nuclear plants and from damaged nuclear reactors such as those at the Fukushima and Chernobyl nuclear plants.

Updated throughout, adds a new chapter on modern trends in environmental engineering, and further emphasizes climate change effects on water/wastewater infrastructure. Examines the physical, chemical, and biological processes fundamental to understanding the environment fate and engineered treatment of environmental contaminants Presents technologies to prevent pollution at the source, as well as treatment and disposal methods for remediation Identifies multiple environmental pollutants and explains the effects of each Includes the latest environmental regulatory requirements

This book proposes and validates a number of methods and shortcuts for frugal engineers, which will allow them to significantly reduce the computational costs for analysis and reanalysis and, as a result, for structural design processes. The need for accuracy and speed in analyzing structural systems with ever-tighter design tolerances and larger numbers of elements has been relentlessly driving forward research into methods that are capable of analyzing structures at a reasonable computational cost. The methods presented are of particular value in situations where the analysis needs to be repeated hundreds or even thousands of times, as is the case with the optimal design of structures using different metaheuristic algorithms. Featuring methods that are not only applicable to skeletal structures, but by extension also to continuum models, this book will appeal to researchers and engineers involved in the computer-aided analysis and design of structures, and to software developers in this field. It also serves as a complement to previous books on the optimal analysis of large-scale structures utilizing concepts of symmetry and regularity. Further, its novel application of graph-theoretical methods is of interest to mathematicians.

The construction industry is amidst a digital transformation that is focused on addressing well-documented issues and calls for significant improvements and changes through increased productivity, whole-life value, client focus, reduction of waste, and being more sustainable. The key aspect to driving change and transformation is the education and upskilling of the required workforce towards developing the required capacities. Various approaches can be taken to embed digital construction within education and through collaborative efforts in order to drive change and facilitate improvements. The Handbook of Research on Driving Transformational Change in the Digital Built Environment focuses on current developments in practice and education towards facilitating transformation in the built environment. This book provides insight, from a practice perspective, in relation to the client's understanding, digitally enabled collaboration, interoperability and open standards, and maturity/capability. Covering topics that include digital transformation and construction, digitally enabled infrastructure, building information modelling, collaborative digital education, and the digital built environment, this book is an ideal reference source for engineers, professionals, and researchers in the field of digital transformation as well as doctoral scholars, doctoral researchers, professionals, and academicians.

This volume focuses on how waste biomass can be transformed into useful biomaterials, food and feed, fuel, and chemicals by using various processes such as chemical, physical, thermal, biological, and biotechnological procedures. Biomass from biowastes, such as agriculture crop residues, wood processing residues, forest residues, food waste, industrial waste, and municipal solid waste, have emerged as potential substrates for bioenergy production. This volume explores the key features of biotechnology for waste biomass utilization, presenting scientific and technical literature on sustainable waste biomass management as well as for biomass conversion for biofuels, chemicals, and other new commercial products. It discusses a variety of novel biotechnical applications and interventions, including microbial fermentation and anaerobic digestion, biotechnological modes of xylooligosaccharides production, multifaceted utilization of microalgal biomass, vermiculture and vermicomposting, and more. Key features: Provides the most recent information about waste biomass utilization for the production of biofuels and biochemicals Shows a wide range of novel technologies in the field of biotechnology towards waste biomass utilization Focuses on the utilization of microbial resources for waste biomass conversion into value-added products Explores methods for food wastes and crop wastes conversion into biofuels and biochemicals Provides the scientific information describing various examples and case studies which aid gaining knowledge to researchers and academicians With chapters from eminent researchers who have significant global experience in the field of waste biomass management, this volume delivers a wealth of valuable information for researchers involved in bioenergy utilization. It will also be an essential source for academicians, researchers, economists, policymakers, and policy analysts.

- Provides a comprehensive introduction to the emerging interdisciplinary field of marine studies - Provides a unique social science and humanities approach to key marine challenges, including climate change, pollution and aquaculture - Includes examples of professional or academic areas of specialization within Marine Studies such as social and environmental justice, governance, traditional ecological knowledge and management, community development, conservation, and the blue economy - provide the first cohesive resource on Marine Studies to educate students, train interdisciplinary marine leaders, and build capacity for a new generation of marine-focused professionals

1. Uses practical industry examples to illustrate key concepts of mechanics and stress analysis 2. Includes worked examples and MATHCAD programs 3. Presents the theory behind stress analysis with reference to multiple disciplines, making this a comprehensive book 4. Covers composite material stress analysis, plate analysis and Finite Element Method

This new volume studies the impact and management of environmental pollution on plants, often resulting in plant abiotic stress physiology, which causes reduction in growth due to alterations in biochemical and physiological processes, thus threatening food security, the ecosystem, and the plants themselves. This volume details the harm to plants caused primarily by heavy metal contamination in soils, by pesticides use, and by air pollution and presents several mitigation strategies as well. Soils contaminated with heavy metals is a major challenge worldwide due to increase in anthropogenic and geologic activities. Despite the effectiveness of pesticides in preventing pest invasions and yield decline, pesticides and other air pollutants cause biochemical changes that can instigate leaf damage, stomatal impairment, early senescence, decrease in photosynthetic efficiency, interruption of membrane perviousness, and decrease of growth and yield in sensitive plant types. Chapters in this volume address these issues. Topics include the antioxidant, photosynthesis, and growth characteristics of plants grown in polluted soils; the benefits and hazards of pesticides; microbe-assisted bioremediation and biotechnological advances for plant pollution control; genetically modified plants and their potential resistance to environmental pollution; and more.

Advances in Hydrology and Climate Change: Historical Trends and New Approaches in Water Resources Management highlights recent trends in the water sector that employ a variety of different innovative management and conservation approaches. The volume provides an informative overview of the issues and challenges in water resources affected by climate change conditions, such as drought, flooding, glacier changes, and overbuilt-up urban areas. Focusing on surface and groundwater related issues and sustainable solutions, the chapters present a variety of methods, including morphometric assessment, parameter estimation, long-term trend analysis, sustainability indexes, storm water management models (SWMM), entropy-based measurement of long-term precipitation, etc. The volume focuses on providing a better understanding of climatic uncertainty through hydrometeorological data sets and their application in hydrological modeling. These analyses help to serve as the basis for the design of flood-control and water-usage management policies. The chapters discuss climatic variability that depends on several factors, i.e., its erratic distribution, topography, seasonal variation, land-use change, anthropogenic activities, etc., demonstrating the overall interconnection between different parameters of hydrological cycles to design modeling approaches that include using soft-computing applications, remote sensing and GIS-based techniques, artificial neural networks, and more. This book will be a standard reference work for disciplines in water resources, soil and water engineering, engineering hydrology, groundwater hydrology, climate change, agrometeorology, agriculture, ecology and environmental science, leading to a way forward for strategy formulation for combating hydrology and climate change.

Describes the physical processes leading to the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability as a primary cause of clear air turbulence (CAT). Provides a thorough description of the several factors that increase the CAT probability. Covers in a comprehensive manner all the topics ranging from the discovery of CAT during World War II to modern techniques to observe and predict conditions conducive to CAT formation. Touches on the great variety of proposed CAT detection methods along with their performance and limitations. Suitable for a wide range of readers in physics, geo-engineering, meteorology, aerodynamics as well as in mechanical, aeronautical and manufacturing engineering interested in the phenomenon of CAT, its detection and its effect on aviation hazard.

Provides an over view of development of piping documentation in process plant design with number of illustrations Gives exposure to various codes used in piping and pipelines with its jurisdiction Quick reference guide to various applicable section of ASME B 31.3 provided Coverage of entire construction contractors scope of work with regard to plant piping Written with special emphasis on practical aspects of construction and final documentation of plant piping for later modifications/ investigations

Introduction to Ship Engine Room Systems outlines the key systems, machinery and equipment found in a ship's engine room. It explores the basics of their function with overall practical guidance for engine room operation and maintenance, recognising emerging environmental challenges. It covers the following topics: The role and function of the steering and propulsion systems Power generation The heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems The water management system Engine room fires and emergency response systems Engine room watch procedures and checklists The book serves as an accessible introductory text for engineering students at HNC, HND, and foundation degree level, marine engineering cadets, and non-engineering marine professionals such as deck officers and cadets who want a general guide to how the engine room functions.

The testing of unsaturated soils requires greater care and effort than that of saturated soils. Although unsaturated soil mechanics has been embraced by geotechnical engineering, engineering practice has not yet caught up as the characterization of unsaturated soils is difficult and time-consuming, and made harder still by a lack of standards. Laboratory Tests for Unsaturated Soils collates test procedures to cover all laboratory tests for characterising unsaturated soils. It covers the background, theory, test procedures, and interpretation of test results. Each test procedure is broken down into simple stages and described in detail. The pitfalls of each test and the interpretation of the test results are explained. Test data and calculation methods are given, along with many numerical examples to illustrate the methods of interpretation and to offer the presentation of typical results. The book is especially useful for students and researchers who are new to the field and provides a practical handbook for engineering applications.

While numerous books have been written on earthquakes, earthquake resistance design, and seismic analysis and design of structures, none have been tailored for advanced students and practitioners, and those who would like to have most of the important aspects of seismic analysis in one place. With this book, readers will gain proficiencies in the following: fundamentals of seismology that all structural engineers must know; various forms of seismic inputs; different types of seismic analysis like, time and frequency domain analyses, spectral analysis of structures for random ground motion, response spectrum method of analysis; equivalent lateral load analysis as given in earthquake codes; inelastic response analysis and the concept of ductility; ground response analysis and seismic soil structure interaction; seismic reliability analysis of structures; and control of seismic response of structures. Provides comprehensive coverage, from seismology to seismic control Contains useful empirical equations often required in the seismic analysis of structures Outlines explicit steps for seismic analysis of MDOF systems with multi support excitations Works through solved problems to illustrate different concepts Makes use of MATLAB, SAP2000 and ABAQUAS in solving example problems of the book Provides numerous exercise problems to aid understanding of the subject

As one of the first books to present such a comprehensive treatment of the topic, "Seismic Analysis of Structures" is ideal for postgraduates and researchers in Earthquake Engineering, Structural Dynamics, and Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering. Developed for classroom use, the book can also be used for advanced undergraduate students planning for a career or further study in the subject area. The book will also better equip structural engineering consultants and practicing engineers in the use of standard software for seismic analysis of buildings, bridges, dams, and towers.

Lecture materials for instructors available at
www.wiley.com/go/dattaseismic

Introduces fundamentals of nanomaterials from renewable resources, including processing and characterization Covers nanomaterials for applications in food and packaging, including nanocellulose, lignin- and chitosan-based nanomaterials, and nanostarch Discusses applications in energy conservation, such as supercapacitors, electrolyte membranes, energy storage devices, and insulation Describes environmental uses such as water remediation and purification and oil spill clean-ups Highlights advantages and challenges in commercialization of green nanoparticle-based materials

The book highlights the importance of emerging technologies in wastewater treatment plant to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities It assesses the potential application of several existing bioremediation techniques and introduces new emerging technologies It is an updated vision of the existing emerging technologies in environmental bioremediation strategies with their limitations and challenges and their potential application to remove environmental pollutants It also introduces the new trends and advances in environmental bioremediation with thorough discussion of recent developments in this field. Highlights the importance of bioremediation to deal with the ever-increasing number of environmental pollutants.

Plasma methods that effectively combine ultraviolet radiation, active chemicals, and high electric fields offer an alternative to conventional water treatment methods. However, knowledge of the electric breakdown of liquids has not kept pace with this increasing interest, mostly due to the complexity of phenomena related to the plasma breakdown process. Plasma Discharge in Liquid: Water Treatment and Applications provides engineers and scientists with a fundamental understanding of the physical and chemical phenomena associated with plasma discharges in liquids, particularly in water. It also examines state-of-the-art plasma-assisted water treatment technologies. The Physics & Applications of Underwater Plasma Discharges The first part of the book describes the physical mechanism of pulsed electric breakdown in water and other liquids. It looks at how plasma is generated in liquids and discusses the electronic and bubble mechanism theories for how the electric discharge in liquid is initiated. The second part of the book focuses on various water treatment applications, including: Decontamination of volatile organic compounds and remediation of contaminated water Microorganism sterilization and other biological applications Cooling water treatment Drawing extensively on recent research, this one-stop reference combines the physics and applications of electric breakdown in liquids in a single volume. It offers a valuable resource for scientists, engineers, and students interested in the topic of plasmas in liquids.

Advances in Frontier Research on Engineering Structures focuses on the research of advanced structures and anti-seismic design in civil engineering. The proceedings present the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to civil and structural engineering. Topics covered in the proceedings include: * Engineering Structure and Seismic Resistance * Structural Mechanics Analysis * Components and Materials * Structural Seismic Design * 3D Printing Concrete * Other Related Topics The works of this proceedings will promote development of civil and structural engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.

Corrosion of Steel in Concrete: Understanding, Investigation and Repair is a guide for designing, constructing and maintaining reinforced concrete structures, such as buildings and bridges which are subject to reinforcement corrosion. It presents the basics of theory and practice in steel corrosion in concrete and reviews the latest research and developments, such as progress on measuring the corrosion threshold for chloride-induced corrosion. This third edition compares the currently proliferating major national and international standards and guidance documents. New developments are considered, such as hybrid anodes for electrochemical treatment and the latest research and developments in assessment, such as the use of ground penetrating radar to measure the chloride content of the concrete cover. It overhauls coverage of electrochemical repair and rehabilitation techniques and outlines recent innovations in structural repair and construction and investigates their implications for durability. The book is ideal for practitioners and graduate students in structural engineering and concrete technology.

Advances in Urban Construction and Management Engineering focuses on the research of urban traffic, city engineering, ecological city and management engineering. The proceedings feature the most cutting-edge research directions and achievements related to Urban Construction. Subjects in the proceedings include: * Urban development and construction * Architectural design and urban planning * Logistics and supply chain management * Management engineering The works of this proceedings can promote development of Urban Construction and Management Engineering, resource sharing, flexibility and high efficiency. Thereby, promote scientific information interchange between scholars from the top universities, research centers and high-tech enterprises working all around the world.

Computer vision-based crack-like object detection has many useful applications, such as pavement surface inspection, underground pipeline inspection, bridge cracking monitoring, railway track assessment, etc. However, in most contexts, cracks appear as thin, irregular long-narrow objects, and often are buried into complex, textured background with high diversity which make the crack detection very challenging. During the past a few years, the deep learning technique has achieved great success and has been utilized for solving a variety of object detection problems. However, using deep learning for accurate crack localization is non-trivial. This book discusses crack-like object detection problem in a comprehensive way. It starts by discussing traditional image processing approaches for solving this problem, and then introduces deep learning-based methods. The book provides a comprehensive review of object detection problems and focuses on the most challenging problem, crack-like object detection, to dig deep into the deep learning method. It includes examples of real-world problems, which are easy to understand and could be a good tutorial for introducing computer vision and machine learning.

The book presents mathematical and mechanical aspects of the theory of plates and shells, applications in civil, aero-space and mechanical engineering, as well in other areas. The focus relates to the following problems:* comprehensive review of the most popular theories of plates and shells,* relations between three-dimensional theories and two-dimensional ones,* presentation of recently developed new refined plates and shells theories (for example, the micropolar theory or gradient-type theories),* modeling of coupled effects in shells and plates related to electromagnetic and temperature fields, phase transitions, diffusion, etc.,* applications in modeling of non-classical objects like, for example, nanostructures,* presentation of actual numerical tools based on the finite element approach.