Chemometrics and Chemoinformatics gives chemists and other scientists an introduction to the field of chemometrics and chemoinformatics. Chemometrics is an approach to analytical chemistry based on the idea of indirect observation. Measurements related to the chemical composition of a substance are taken, and the value of a property of interest is inferred from them through some mathematical relation. Basically, chemometrics is a process. Measurements are made, data is collected, and information is obtained to periodically assess and acquire knowledge. This, in turn, has led to a new approach for solving scientific problems: (1) measure a phenomenon or process using chemical instrumentation that generates data inexpensively, (2) analyze the multivariate data, (3) iterate if necessary, (4) create and test the model, and (5) develop fundamental multivariate understanding of the process. Chemoinformatics is a subfield of chemometrics, which encompasses the analysis, visualization, and use of chemical structural information as a surrogate variable for other data or information. The boundaries of chemoinformatics have not yet been defined. Only recently has this term been coined. Chemoinformatics takes advantage of techniques from many disciplines such as molecular modeling, chemical information, and computational chemistry. The reason for the interest in chemoinformatics is the development of experimental techniques such as combinatorial chemistry and high-throughput screening, which require a chemist to analyze unprecedented volumes of data. Access to appropriate algorithms is crucial if such experimental techniques are to be effectively exploited for discovery. Many chemists want to use chemoinformatic methods in their work but lack the knowledge required to decide which techniques are the most appropriate.

Forestry Economics introduces students and practitioners to all aspects of the management and economics of forestry. The book adopts the approach of managerial economics textbooks and applies this to the unique processes and problems faced by managers of forests. While most forestry economics books are written by economists for future economists, what many future forest and natural resource managers need is to understand what economic information is and how to use it to make better business and management decisions. John E. Wagner draws on his twenty years of experience teaching and working in the field of forest resource economics to present students with an accessible understanding of the unique production processes and problems faced by forest and other natural resource managers. There are three unique features of this book: The first is its organization. The material is organized around two common economic models used in forest and natural resources management decision making. The second is the use of case studies from various disciplines: Outdoor and Commercial Recreation, Wood Products Engineering, Forest Products, and Forestry. The purpose of these case studies is to provide students with applications of the concepts being discussed within the text. The third is revisiting the question of how to use economic information to make better business decisions at the end of each chapter. This ties each chapter to the preceding ones and reinforces the hypothesis that a solid working knowledge of these economic models and the information they contain are necessary for making better business decisions. This textbook is an invaluable source of clear and accessible information on forestry economics and management for not only economics students, but for students of other disciplines and those already working in forestry and natural resources.

Climate change is a major challenge facing modern society. The chemistry of air and its influence on the climate system forms the main focus of this book. Vol. 2 of Chemistry of the Climate System takes a problem-based approach to presenting global atmospheric processes, evaluating the effects of changing air compositions as well as possibilities for interference with these processes through the use of chemistry.

Environmental Fate and Safety Management of Agrochemicals discusses residue analysis, environmental fate and safety management, environmental risk assessment, metabolism, resistance and management, and advances in formulation and application technology from the academic, government, and industry perspective.
Meaningful ecological and environmental risk assessment of pest control agents is possible only when accurate and credible metabolic and environmental fate data is available. The advent of affordable and sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS) has greatly increased our ability to detect environmentally relevant metabolites and degradation products following the application of these materials. Furthermore, ecological risk assessment and monitoring of pesticide resistance in field populations has become more feasible and cost effective by employing hig-hroughout molecular diagnostic techniques on the genetic leve3l and LC/MS techniques on the proteomic and meabolomic levels.
Efficient formulations and application technologies have greatly reduced the amount of materials that are required to achieve effective pest control and hence reduce their ecological and environmental impacts. Controlled release, stabilization and dispersion technologies have provided the pest manager with new tools that allow them to use necessary pest control options in "best management strategies."

The book gives an overview of the current state-of-the-art concerning the activation and dissolution of cellulose in a broad variety of solvents. Research on this topic can lead to new pathways for the utilization of the most abundant terrestrial biomolecule and may therefore be the basis for new green strategies towards advanced materials. Leading scientists in the field show different conceptions for the solubilization of cellulose. The long history and groundbreaking developments in the field of polymer chemistry, which are related to this subject, have lead to timely alternatives to already established methods. In addition to discussing attempts for the optimization of known dissolving procedures, this book also details new solvent systems. New solvents include inorganic and organic salt melts (ionic liquids), new aqueous media, multi-component organic solvents and the dissolution under partial derivatization of the polysaccharide. The opportunities and the limitations of the solvents are demonstrated, with a particular emphasis on the stability of the solutions and a possible recycling of the solvent components.
This book illustrates that the new procedures for cellulose dissolution can lead to a huge number of unconventional superstructures of regenerated cellulose material, such as fibers and polymer layers with a thickness in the nanometer range or aerogels, i.e. regenerates with a highly porous character and a large surface. Moreover, cellulose blends can be generated via solutions. The book also contains chapters that show the amazing potential of solvents for defined modification reactions on the cellulose backbone. On one hand, it is possible to synthesize known cellulose derivatives with new substitution patterns both on the basis of the repeating unit and along the polymer chain. On the other hand, completely new derivatives are presented which are hardly accessible via heterogeneous reactions. Consequently, the book is intended to give a comprehensive overview of procedures for dissolution of cellulose. It is of interest for scientists new in the field but is also a timely summary of trends for experts who are looking for new approaches for problems related to cellulose shaping or chemical modification.

One of the great challenges of the 21st century is that of sustainability. This book aims to provide examples of sustainability in a wide variety of chemical contexts, in hope of laying the groundwork for cross-divisional work that might be possible in the future to address the important issue of sustainability. In doing so, the editors look at both the questions chemistry is asking right now related to sustainability as well as the questions chemistry SHOULD be asking about sustainability. The world is facing interrelated global challenges of energy, food, water, and human health. Solving these daunting challenges will require global systems thinking and proactive local action. No ONE company, academic institution, non-profit or government agency can accomplish this task alone, but it starts with education at all levels. This book addresses the need for better chemical education on the subject of sustainability.

Unlike some other reproductions of classic texts (1) We have not used OCR(Optical Character Recognition), as this leads to bad quality books with introduced typos. (2) In books where there are images such as portraits, maps, sketches etc We have endeavoured to keep the quality of these images, so they represent accurately the original artefact. Although occasionally there may be certain imperfections with these old texts, we feel they deserve to be made available for future generations to enjoy.

Integrated Human-Machine Intelligence: Beyond Artificial Intelligence focuses on deep situational awareness in human-computer integration, covering the interaction and integration mechanisms of human intelligence, machine intelligence and environmental systems. The book also details the cognitive, philosophical, social, scientific and technological, and military theories and methods of human-computer division, cooperation and collaborative decision-making to provide basic theoretical support for a development strategy in the field of national intelligence. Sections focus on describing a new form of intelligence produced by the interaction of human, machine and environmental systems which will become the next generation of AI. From the perspective of deep situational awareness in human-computer integration, the book studies the interaction and integration mechanisms of human intelligence, machine intelligence and environmental systems. In addition, it details the cognitive, philosophical, social, scientific and technological, and military theories and methods of human-computer division, cooperation and collaborative decision-making, so as to provide basic theoretical support for a development strategy in the field of national intelligence.

Carbon Capture Technologies for Gas-Turbine-Based Power Plants explores current progress in one of the most capable technologies for carbon capture in gas-turbine-based power plants. It identifies the primary benefits and shortcomings of oxy-fuel combustion CO2 capture technology compared to other capture technologies such as pre-combustion and post-combustion capture. This book examines over 20 different oxy-combustion turbine (oxyturbine) power cycles by providing their main operational parameters, thermodynamics and process modelling, energy and exergy analysis and performance evaluation. The conventional natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) power plant with post-combustion capture used as the base-case scenario. The design procedure and operational characteristics of a radial NOx-less oxy-fuel gas turbine combustor are presented with CFD simulation and performance analysis of the heat exchanger network and turbomachinery. Overview of oxygen production and air separation units (ASU) and CO2 compression and purification units (CPU) are also presented and discussed. The most advanced stages of development for the leading oxyturbine power cycles are assessed using techno-economic analysis, sensitivity, risk assessments and levelized cost of energy (LCOE) and analysing technology readiness level (TRL) and development stages. The book concludes with a road map for the development of future gas turbine-based power plants with full carbon capture capabilities using the experiences of the recently demonstrated cycles.

Numerical Methods in Environmental Data Analysis introduces environmental scientists to the numerical methods available to help answer research questions through data analysis. One challenge in data analysis is misrepresentation of datasets that are relevant directly or indirectly to the research. This book illustrates new ways of screening dataset or images for maximum utilization, introducing environmental modeling, numerical methods, and computations techniques in data analysis. Throughout the book, the author includes case studies that provide guidance on how to translate research questions into appropriate models. Individuals working with data sets or images generated from environmental monitoring centers or satellites will find this book to be a concise guide for analyzing and interpreting their data.

Written by a team of experts, Advances in Flowmeter Technology surveys the full range of modern flowmeters for product managers, strategic planners, engineers, distributors, and students. The origins, principles of operation,controls and instrumentation, and the relative advantages of each major flowmeter type are thoroughly explained. Extensive coverage of new types that employ cutting-edge technologies - such as coriolis, magnetic, ultrasonic, vortex, thermal flowmeters - is provided. The text includes comparative examples, placing these new types of meters in the context of more traditional ones, such as differential pressure, turbine, and positive displacement flowmeters.

In this contemporary world, urbanization, industrialization, and digitalization have drastically expanded to provide better living standards for human beings. The rate of change in technology is also very high, which introduces updated electronic devices very frequently in the market, which results in a huge garbage dump of e-waste. With the increase in the use of electronic devices, the e-waste generated over the globe is also increasing drastically, which becomes a barrier to sustainable development. Therefore, it is essential to formulate strategies and manage the e-waste generated from all sources to achieve sustainable goals. Sustainable Approaches and Strategies for E-Waste Management and Utilization assesses the activities involved in e-waste generation; identifies the potential impacts of e-waste on society, the economy, and the environment; and recommends appropriate e-waste handling and disposal measures following the rules of regulatory bodies. Covering key topics such as sustainable development, waste recovery, and innovation, this reference work is ideal for industry professionals, environmental scientists, administrators, policymakers, researchers, academicians, scholars, instructors, and students.

Natural gas and liquefied natural gas (LNG) continue to grow as a part of the sustainable energy mix. While oil and gas companies look to lower emissions, one key refinery component that contributes up to 60% of emissions are valves, mainly due to poor design, sealing, and testing. Cryogenic Valves for Liquefied Natural Gas Plants delivers a much-needed reference that focuses on the design, testing, maintenance, material selection, and standards needed to stay environmentally compliant at natural gas refineries. Covering technical definitions, case studies, and Q&A, the reference includes all ranges of natural gas compounds, including LPG, CNG, NGL, and PNG. Key design considerations are included that are specific for cryogenic services, including a case study on cryogenic butterfly valves. The material selection process can be more complex for cryogenic services, so the author goes into more detail about materials that adhere to cryogenic temperature resistance. Most importantly, testing of valves is covered in depth, including shell test, closure or seat test, and thermal shock tests, along with tactics on how to prevent dangerous cryogenic leaks, which are very harmful to the environment. The book is a vital resource for today's natural gas engineers.

Public Responses to Fossil Fuel Export provides wide-ranging theoretical and methodological international contributions on the human dimensions of fossil fuel export, with a distinctive focus on exporting countries, some of which are new entrants into the marketplace. What do members of the public think about exporting fossil fuels in places where it is happening? What do they see as its main risks and benefits? What connections are being made to climate change and the impending energy transition? How have affected communities responded to proposals related to fossil fuel export, broadly defined to include transport by rail, pipeline, and ship? Contributions to the work are presented in three parts. The first part synopsizes the background of the project, outlines major social science theories and relevant previous research, and identifies global trends in energy production. Regional and national case studies related to public opinion on fossil fuel export are included in part two of the manuscript. Part three highlights community-based case studies. Implications for research and practice feature in the concluding chapter.

Artificial Intelligence and Data Science in Environmental Sensing provides state-of-the-art information on the inexpensive mass-produced sensors that are used as inputs to artificial intelligence systems. The book discusses the advances of AI and Machine Learning technologies in material design for environmental areas. It is an excellent resource for researchers and professionals who work in the field of data processing, artificial intelligence sensors and environmental applications.

The drive to develop more sustainable materials has made fly ash a valuable raw material in many different applications. Comprehensive and authoritative, Handbook of Fly Ash highlights the latest research efforts to develop the properties of fly ash to maximum utility while safeguarding the environment. This book takes an interdisciplinary approach to the research into the classification and compositions of various types of fly ash, such as bottom ash and boiler slag, special classes of fly ash, and their sources around the globe. This is followed by a discussion of fly ash-reinforced composites, such as elastomer-based composites and metal matrix composites. This book also covers a wide range of applications of fly ash in cement, concrete, bricks and blocks, road construction, wastewater treatment, and scrubber sludge solidification.

Challenges and Recent Advances in Sustainable Oil and Gas Recovery and Transportation delivers a critical tool for today’s petroleum and reservoir engineers to learn the latest research in EOR and solutions toward more SDG-supported practices. Packed with methods and case studies, the reference starts with the latest advances such as EOR with polymers and EOR with CCS. Advances in shale recovery and methane production are also covered before layering on sustainability methods on critical topics such as oilfield produced water. Supported by a diverse group of contributors, this book gives engineers a go-to source for the future of oil and gas. The oil and gas industry are utilizing enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods frequently, but the industry is also tasked with making more sustainable decisions in their future operations.

Applications of Nuclear and Radioisotope Technology: For Peace and Sustainable Development presents the latest technology and research on nuclear energy with a practical focus on a variety of applications. Author Dr. Khalid Al-Nabhani provides a thorough and well-rounded view of the status of nuclear power generation in order to promote its benefits towards a sustainable, clean and secure future. This book offers innovative theoretical, analytical, methodological and technological approaches, encourages a positive societal and political uptake. This book enhances awareness of peaceful nuclear applications across a broad spectrum of industries, including power generation, agriculture, and medicine. It presents successful examples and lessons learned across many countries that are working towards their sustainability goals in cooperation with the IAEA and AAEA, to benefit researchers, professionals and decision-makers implementing and developing their own nuclear strategies for the future.