Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has become the recognized instrument to assess the ecological burdens and human health impacts connected with the complete life cycle (creation, use, end-of-life) of products, processes and activities, enabling the assessor to model the entire system from which products are derived or in which processes and activities operate. This volume introduces the major new book series "LCA Compendium - The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment." In this volume, the main drivers in the development of LCA are explored. The volume also discusses strengths and limitations in LCA as well as challenges and gaps, thus offering an unbiased picture of the state-of-the-art and future of LCA.

The book covers a wide range of materials used in biocomposite products, from biopolymer, wood fiber, wood, and non-wood species. It discusses the preparation of the material, processing and end applications, and also reviews wood quality improvement through different types of treatments.

1. Introduces students to current and emerging environmental hazards to human and related ecosystem health. 2. Explains detrimental policy changes of existing policies and recently developed policies that impact the health of the environment and that of communities. 3. Presents a perspective for global sources of pollution and how international actions have emerged for control of environmental hazards such as climate change and global air pollution. 4. Includes foundation lectures, case studies, and practice questions to help create student-led discussions for both in-class and homework assignments. 5. Describes the integrated One Health concept and critically examines the interconnectedness of human- and ecosystem health. 6. Written by environmental health experts with a long teaching career on policy and public health.

This volume contains reviews on different aspects of human, animal and plant bioclimatology; the mechanisms linking human melanoma with radiation from both the sun and artificial sources; field and experimental studies on the health of farm animals in adverse climatic environments and the impact of climatic extremes on airborne disease organisms and their hosts' defense mechanisms; measurement techniques used in plant bioclimatology, including thermoelectric methods of measuring sap flow and transpiration in plants, remote sensing techniques: the use of lasers in both spectrofluorometry, and the study of the geometrical structure of plant canopies and the use of radar mounted in aircraft and satellites to monitor forest size and state.

This book addresses the core issues involved in the dynamic modeling, simulation and control of a selection of energy systems such as gas turbines, wind turbines, fuel cells and batteries. The principles of modeling and control could be applied to other non-convention methods of energy generation such as solar energy and wave energy. A central feature of Dynamic Modeling, Simulation and Control of Energy Generation is that it brings together diverse topics in thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, heat transfer, electro-chemistry, electrical networks and electrical machines and focuses on their applications in the field of energy generation, its control and regulation. This book will help the reader understand the methods of modelling energy systems for controller design application as well as gain a basic understanding of the processes involved in the design of control systems and regulators. It will also be a useful guide to simulation of the dynamics of energy systems and for implementing monitoring systems based on the estimation of internal system variables from measurements of observable system variables. Dynamic Modeling, Simulation and Control of Energy Generation will serve as a useful aid to designers of hybrid power generating systems involving advanced technology systems such as floating or offshore wind turbines and fuel cells. The book introduces case studies of the practical control laws for a variety of energy generation systems based on nonlinear dynamic models without relying on linearization. Also the book introduces the reader to the use nonlinear model based estimation techniques and their application to energy systems.

Fundamental environmental challenges such as climate change, resource depletion, and pollution are still widely relevant in today's world. Many of these problems have been associated with the architecture, engineering, and construction industries due to the level of resources used in these professions. In recent years, many manufacturers in these fields have expressed the motivation to make necessary changes that would be beneficial to the environment. Despite this progress, there remains a lack of research and assessment on the methods to achieve environmental stability within these architectural fields. Examining the Environmental Impacts of Materials and Buildings provides emerging research exploring the theoretical and practical aspects of ecological performance within modern building design and materials-based construction. Featuring coverage on a broad range of topics such as life cycle assessment, material flows analysis, and sustainability, this book is ideally designed for architects, civil engineers, construction professionals, environmentalists, ecologists, business practitioners, scientists, policymakers, designers, researchers, and academicians seeking research on current trends in environmental performance within building design.

This book develops a fundamental understanding of geophysical fluid dynamics based on a mathematical description of the flows of inhomogeneous fluids. It covers these topics: 1. development of the equations of motion for an inhomogeneous fluid 2. review of thermodynamics 3. thermodynamic and kinetic energy equations 4. equations of state for the atmosphere and the ocean, salt, and moisture effects 5. concepts of potential temperature and potential density 6. Boussinesq and quasi-geostrophic approximations 7. conservation equations for vorticity, mechanical and thermal energy instability theories, internal waves, mixing, convection, double-diffusion, stratified turbulence, fronts, intrusions, gravity currents Graduate students will be able to learn and apply the basic theory of geophysical fluid dynamics of inhomogeneous fluids on a rotating earth, including: 1. derivation of the governing equations for a stratified fluid starting from basic principles of physics 2. review of thermodynamics, equations of state, isothermal, adiabatic, isentropic changes 3. scaling of the equations, Boussinesq approximation, applied to the ocean and the atmosphere 4. examples of stratified flows at geophysical scales, steady and unsteady motions, inertia-gravity internal waves, quasi-geostrophic theory 5. vorticity and energy conservation in stratified fluids 6.boundary layer convection in stratified containers and basins

Technology has long been an essential consideration in public discussions of the environment, with the focus overwhelmingly on creating new tools and techniques. In more recent years, however, activists, researchers, and policymakers have increasingly turned to mobilizing older technologies in their pursuit of sustainability. In fascinating case studies ranging from the Early Modern secondhand trade to utopian visions of human-powered vehicles, the contributions gathered here explore the historical fortunes of two such technologies-bicycling and waste recycling-tracing their development over time and providing valuable context for the policy successes and failures of today.

With oil resources approaching their limits, biofuels have become increasingly attractive. This book provides a detailed description of the ecological implications of second and third generation biofuel feedstock production systems, beginning with an introduction to the importance of ecological sustainability alongside economic viability. The book is divided into sections describing theoretical foundation and benefits of various biofuel cropping systems, and providing a description of practical ecological limitations to achieve those fundamental benefits. The book covers such critical issues as greenhouse gas emissions, carbon balance, water cycle components, other biogeochemical and socioeconomic interactions alongside life cycle analysis principals for achieving sustainability. These are some of the most important sustainability, environmental and economic issues which biofuel industry and scientific community is seeking answers to.

1 Aufgaben, Wirkungsweise und Bedeutung von Lagerungen.- 1.1 Funktionsweise.- 1.2 Geschichtlicher Ruckblick.- 1.3 Lagerarten.- 2 Tribologische Grundlagen und Kenngroessen der Schmierstoffe.- 2.1 Reibung und Verschleiss.- 2.1.1 Reibungsarten.- 2.1.2 Reibungszustande.- 2.1.3 Stribeck-Kurve.- 2.2 Schmierstoffe.- 2.2.1 Aufgaben und Einteilung der Schmierstoffe.- 2.2.1.1 Aufgaben.- 2.2.1.2 Einteilung.- 2.2.2 Kenngroessen von Schmierstoffen.- 2.2.2.1 Viskositat und Dichte.- 2.2.2.2 Thermische Kenngroessen von Schmierstoffen.- 2.2.3 Viskositatsklassifikation der Schmieroele.- 2.2.3.1 ISO-Normoele.- 2.2.3.2 SAE-Klassifikation.- 2.2.3.3 Weitere Motorenoel-Klassifikationen.- 2.2.4 Additive fur Motorenoele.- 2.2.5 Prufung von Motorenoelen, Gebrauchtoel-Eigenschaften.- 2.2.5.1 Motorenoelprufung.- 2.2.5.2 Veranderung von Motorenoelen im Gebrauch.- 3 Schmiersysteme von Verbrennungsmotoren.- 3.1 Funktion und Bestandteile von Schmiersystemen.- 3.2 Schmierstoffpumpen.- 3.3 Schmierstoffilter und Filtersysteme.- 3.3.1 Anforderungen.- 3.3.2 Filterbauarten.- 3.4 Schmieroelkuhlung.- 3.5 Steuerungs- und Sicherheitsbauteile.- 3.6 Schmiersysteme unterschiedlicher Motorentypen.- 3.6.1 PKW-Motoren.- 3.6.2 LKW- und kleinere Industrie-Motoren.- 3.6.3 Mittelschnell laufende Motoren.- 3.6.4 Motorradmotoren und schnell laufende Zweitaktmotoren.- 4 Die Lagerung von Verbrennungsmotoren und ihre Belastung.- 4.1 Dynamisch beanspruchte Gleitlager.- 4.2 Lager des Kurbeltriebes.- 4.2.1 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 4.2.2 Pleuellager.- 4.2.3 Grundlager.- 4.2.4 Weitere Lagerstellen.- 4.3 Kraftezerlegung.- 4.3.1 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 4.3.2 Pleuellager.- 4.3.3 Grundlager.- 4.4 Berechnungsmethoden bei Mehrzylindermotoren.- 5 Hydrodynamische Berechnung von Verbrennungsmotoren-Gleitlagern.- 5.1 Theoretische Grundlagen.- 5.1.1 Druckaufbau durch Tangentialbewegung (Keildruck).- 5.1.2 Druckaufbau durch Radialbewegung (Verdrangungsdruck).- 5.2 Berechnung der Wellenverlagerungsbahn.- 5.2.1 Ausgangspunkt und Berechnungsverfahren.- 5.2.2 Verfahren der uberlagerten Tragkrafte.- 5.3 Berechnung der Reibungsleistung.- 5.4 Berechnung der OEldurchsatzmenge.- 5.5 Warmebilanz.- 5.6 Maximaler Schmierfilmdruck.- 5.7 Umwandlung der raumfesten in koerperfeste Koordinaten.- 5.7.1 Grundlager.- 5.7.2 Pleuellager.- 5.7.3 Kolbenbolzenlager.- 5.8 Winkelgeschwindigkeiten der Lager eines Kurbeltriebes.- 5.9 EDV-Paket zur Auslegung dynamisch beanspruchter Radialgleitlager.- 5.10 Elastohydrodynamische Lagerberechnung - EHD.- 5.10.1 Vorteile und Aussagefahigkeit der elastohydrodynamischen Berechnung.- 5.10.2 Theoretische Grundlagen der EHD-Berechnungsmethode.- 5.10.3 Vergleich der Berechnungs- und Messergebnisse.- 6 Auslegung von Verbrennungsmotorenlagerungen.- 6.1 Auslegungskenngroessen und ihre Optimierung.- 6.1.1 Betriebszustand (Lagerbelastung).- 6.1.2 Lagerabmessungen.- 6.1.3 Schmierstoff und Schmierung.- 6.2 Optimierung der Einflussgroessen - Optimalauslegung.- 6.2.1 Bedeutung und Moeglichkeiten.- 6.2.2 Beurteilungsgroessen fur eine Optimalauslegung, ubliche Grenzwerte.- 6.2.3 Einfluss des relativen Lagerspieles.- 6.2.4 Einfluss von OElzufuhrungstemperatur und -druck.- 6.2.5 Art und Lage der Schmierstoffzufuhrung.- 6.2.6 Steifigkeit von Kurbelwelle, Lager und lagerumgebenden Bauteilen.- 6.2.7 Einfluss der Kurbelwellengestaltung (Massenausgleich).- 6.3 Schlussfolgerungen fur die Lagerauslegung aus der Anwendung von EDV-Programmpaketen.- 7 Konstruktive Gestaltung von Lagern.- 7.1 Lagerbauarten und konstruktive Details.- 7.1.1 Lagerbuchsen.- 7.1.2 Dunnwandige Lagerschalen mit und ohne Anlaufring.- 7.1.3 Schmierstoffzufuhrungselemente.- 7.1.4 Axiallager.- 7.2 Lagerschalenpresssitz.- 7.3 Grobgestaltung - Ruckwirkung der Lagerumgebung auf die Lagerparameter.- 7.4 Feingestaltung von Lagern.- 7.4.1 Kleines Pleuelauge.- 7.4.2 Kolbenbolzenaugen.- 7.4.3 Grosses Pleuelauge.- 7.4.4 Grundlager und Anordnung der OElbohrungen in den Kurbelwellen.- 7.4.5 Nockenwellenlager.- 7.4.6 Ausgleichswellenlager

This thesis presents a comprehensive analysis of the global health impacts of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air, conducted on the basis of a high-resolution emission inventory, global chemical transport modeling, and probabilistic risk assessment. One of the main strengths of the thesis is the concentration downscaling process, which provides a linkage between emissions and exposure concentrations at a comparatively high resolution. Moreover, by focusing on individual susceptibility, the thesis proposes an instrumental revision of current risk assessment methodology and argues that, if individual susceptibility were not taken into consideration, the overall risk would be underestimated by 55% and the proportion of highly vulnerable populations would be underestimated by more than 90%.

This book is published open access under a CC BY 4.0 license. This book summarizes presentations and discussions from the two-day international workshop held at UC Berkeley in March 2015, and derives questions to be addressed in multi-disciplinary research toward a new paradigm of nuclear safety. The consequences of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear accident in March 2011 have fuelled the debate on nuclear safety: while there were no casualties due to radiation, there was substantial damage to local communities. The lack of common understanding of the basics of environmental and radiological sciences has made it difficult for stakeholders to develop effective strategies to accelerate recovery, and this is compounded by a lack of effective decision-making due to the eroded public trust in the government and operators. Recognizing that making a society resilient and achieving higher levels of safety relies on public participation in and feedback on decision-making, the book focuses on risk perception and mitigation in its discussion of the development of resilient communities.

This book introduces readers to the status quo and recent advances in China's low-carbon development. From the evolution of human civilization, to the proposal of low-carbon concepts, up to the choice of China's low-carbon path, the book provides a comprehensive review of low-carbon development, while also elaborating on the core concept, goals and methods. In addition, it addresses a series of questions and issues closely tied to today's social development, such as: "Why is it so vital to pursue low-carbon development?" and "How can China implement low-carbon development?" Accordingly, readers will gain a better grasp of low-carbon development, including low-carbon production and low-carbon lifestyles.

Responsible Care - A Case Study is the first book of its kind to provide insight into the development and evolution of Responsible Care and its influence of societal outcomes on the basis of case studies. It provides readers in industry, government, and academia with the principles and innovative thinking associated with the Responsible Care ethic as a means to promote and implement such advanced concepts in their own institution. The book is not only a teaching aid for university curriculum, it also serves as a practical tool to industrial management and staff to improve industrial policies. The last chapter illustrates a practical example of a workshop held at McMaster University, Canada, which can be used as a model for readers to use this book as an educational tool.

Volume 7, devoted to the vital and rapidly expanding research area around metal-carbon bonds (see also MILS-6), focuses on the environment. With more than 2500 references, 35 tables, and nearly 50 illustrations, many of these in color, it is an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from organometallic chemistry, inorganic biochemistry, environmental toxicology all the way through to physiology and medicine. In 14 stimulating chapters, written by 29 internationally recognized experts, Organometallics in Environment and Toxicology highlights in an authoritative and timely manner environmental cycles of elements involving organometal(loid) compounds as well as the analytical determination of such species. This book examines methane formation involving the nickel coenzyme F430, as well as the organometal(loid) compounds formed by tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth, selenium, tellurium, and mercury. In addition, it deals with the environmental bioindication, biomonitoring, and bioremediation of organometal(loid)s, and it terminates with methylated metal(loid) species occurring in humans by evaluating assumed and proven health effects caused by these compounds.

This book highlights the importance of various emerging technologies that are used to clean up the environment from pollution caused by human activities. It assesses several existing applied and environmental microbiological techniques and introduces new technologies through applied aspects. Select topics covered include municipal wastewater treatment, environmental microorganisms, metal pollutants in the environment, and biogeochemical cycling.

1 Einleitung.- 1.1 Problemstellung.- 1.2 Vorgehensweise.- 2 Handelspolitische Konzepte und Umweltpolitik.- 2.1 Freihandel und Handelsliberalisierung.- 2.1.1 Smith, Ricardo und die Natur.- 2.1.2 Marktversagen und naturliche Ressourcen.- 2.1.3 OEkonomische Loesungen bei Marktversagen mit negativen Umweltauswirkungen.- 2.1.4 Die oekologische Kritik am neoliberalen Ansatz des Umweltschutzes.- 2.1.5 Konstanter Rohstoffverbrauch.- 2.2 Entwicklung der Umweltoekonomie nach oekologischer Kritik.- 2.2.1 Neue Impulse durch die OEkologische Umweltoekonomie.- 2.2.2 Der Mainstream der Umweltoekonomie.- 2.3 Zusammenfassung.- 3 Handel, Umweltschutz und zwischenstaatliche Beziehungen.- 3.1 Handelspolitische Effekte auf die Umweltpolitik.- 3.1.1 Produkteffekte.- 3.1.2 Skaleneffekte.- 3.1.3 Struktureffekte.- 3.2 Auswirkungen der Umweltpolitik auf internationalen Handel.- 3.2.1 Umweltpolitische Instrumente.- 3.2.2 Politisch relevante Effekte umweltpolitischer Instrumente.- 3.3 Empirische Beobachtungen.- 3.3.1 Negative Auswirkungen.- 3.3.2 Positive Effekte.- 3.3.3 Umweltpolitische Handlungsmoeglichkeiten.- 3.4 Bewertung.- 3.4.1 Effekte des internationalen Handels auf internationale Umweltpolitik.- 3.4.2 Internationale Umweltschutzabkommen.- 3.5 Konflikte zwischen Entwicklungs- und Industrielandern.- 3.5.1 Positionen des Sudens im Querschnittsbereich von Handels- und Umweltpolitik.- 3.5.2 "Gruner Protektionismus" und "OEkoimperialismus".- 3.6 Fazit.- 4 Umweltschutz im GATT/WTO-System.- 4.1 Die Entwicklung des Welthandelssystems und die Integration von Umweltschutz.- 4.1.1 Vom GATT zur WTO.- 4.1.2 Grundprinzipien.- 4.1.3 Ausnahmen und institutionelle Probleme.- 4.1.4 Multilaterale Handelsrunden.- 4.1.5 Wichtige Weichenstellungen.- 4.1.6 Die WTO.- 4.2 Die WTO und Umweltschutz.- 4.2.1 Institutionelle Entwicklungen.- 4.2.1 Die Konferenz von Seattle und moegliche Folgen.- 4.2.2 Grunde fur das "Scheitern" und Blick in die Zukunft.- 4.3 Streitschlichtungsverfahren aufgrund umweltpolitischer Handelsmassnahmen.- 4.3.1 Entwicklung im GATT.- 4.3.2 Streitschlichtung in der WTO.- 4.3.3 Streitschlichtung bei umweltpolitischen Handelsmassnahmen.- 4.4 Eine vorlaufige Analyse der Schlichtungsverfahren.- 4.4.1 Internationale Umweltschutzabkommen.- 4.4.2 Produktions- und Prozessmethoden.- 4.4.3 ArtikelXX-Praambel.- 4.4.4 Artikel XX (b).- 4.4.5 Artikel XX (g).- 4.5 Das Komitee fur Handel und Umwelt.- 4.5.1 Institutionelle Entwicklung.- 4.5.2 Das CTE in der WTO.- 4.5.3 Das CTE-Arbeitsprogramm.- 4.5.4 Aktueller Diskussionsstand.- 4.5.5 OEffentliche Kritik.- 4.6 Implikationen.- 4.6.1 Die Suche nach dem Ausgleich.- 4.6.2 Implikationen der Streitfalle.- 4.6.3 Politoekonomische Zusammenhange.- 4.6.4 Grenzen der Abwagung.- 5 Die EU, Umweltschutz und Handelspolitik.- 5.1 Umweltpolitik im Binnenmarkt.- 5.1.1 Die Entwicklung der Umweltpolitik in der EU.- 5.1.2 Die Rechtsgrundlagen europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.1.3 Umweltpolitik und politische Integration.- 5.1.4 Kritik und Unzulanglichkeiten europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.1.5 Der Europaische Gerichtshof und umweltpolitische Handelsmassnahmen.- 5.2 Die internationale Dimension europaischer Umweltpolitik.- 5.2.1 Die Entwicklung internationaler Umweltpolitik der Gemeinschaft.- 5.2.2 Die EU als Akteur.- 5.2.3 Das 5. Umweltaktionsprogramm - "Hin zu Nachhaltigkeit".- 5.3 Die internationale Handelspolitik der Gemeinschaft.- 5.3.1 Die Position der Gemeinschaft im Welthandel.- 5.3.2 Die Rechtsgrundlagen.- 5.3.3 Handelspolitische Instrumente.- 5.3.4 Allgemeine Aspekte der gemeinschaftlichen Handelspolitik.- 5.4 Die Gemeinschaft und die Wechselwirkungen zwischen Umweltschutz und Handel.- 5.4.1 Die programmatische Diskussion uber Handel und Umwelt in der Gemeinschaft.- 5.4.2 Umweltpolitische Handelsmassnahmen der Gemeinschaft.- 5.4.3 Schlussfolgerungen.- 6 Schlussbetrachtung.- 6.1 Handelspolitische und umweltpolitische Konzepte.- 6.2 Die Wechselwirkungen in den zwischenstaatlichen Beziehungen.- 6.3 Die WTO und di

This book summarizes the current state of knowledge concerning bacteria that use halogenated organic compounds as respiratory electron acceptors. The discovery of organohalide-respiring bacteria has expanded the range of electron acceptors used for energy conservation, and serves as a prime example of how scientific discoveries are enabling innovative engineering solutions that have transformed remediation practice. Individual chapters provide in-depth background information on the discovery, isolation, phylogeny, biochemistry, genomic features, and ecology of individual organohalide-respiring genera, including Dehalococcoides, Dehalogenimonas, Dehalobacter, Desulfitobacterium and Sulfurospirillum, as well as organohalide-respiring members of the Deltaproteobacteria. The book introduces readers to the fascinating biology of organohalide-respiring bacteria, offering a valuable resource for students, engineers and practitioners alike.