Recent decades have seen a fundamental change in the age structure of many western societies. In these societies it is now common for a fifth to a quarter of the population to be retired, for fewer babies to be born than is required to sustain the size of the population and for life expectancy to exceed eighty years old. This book provides an overview of the key issues arising from this demographic change.

Contents:
Introduction
1. Levels of Understanding
2. Moral and Cultural Dimensions
3. Information and Sources
Policy Formulation
4. Motives and Goals of Chinese Birth Control
5. Phases of One-Child Policy and its Forerunners
Bureaucratic Implementation
6. Legal Norms and Practice in Flux
7. Problems of Organization
8. Planning and Evaluation
Popular Response
9. Gender Roles, Family Size and Sex Preferences
10. Strategies and Evidences of Non-Compliance
Demographic Results
11. Female Marriage Trends
12. Fertility Levels
13. Changes in Sex and Age Structure
Conclusions and Future Perspectives
14. Looking Back: Causal Structures and Policy Impact
15. Looking Forward: Demographic Projections and Their Implications
16. Weighing the Options: Past Experience and New Ideas
Epilogue: The Population Census of November of 2000

The demographic future of Asia is a global issue. As the biggest driver of population growth, an understanding of patterns and trends in fertility throughout Asia is critical to understand our shared demographic future. This is the first book to comprehensively and systematically analyse fertility across the continent through the perspective of individuals themselves rather than as a consequence of top-down government policies. Special introductory chapters provide context to the key themes of 'son preference' and the relationship between fertility preferences and broader theories of fertility transition. Exploring fertility through the lens of preferences, international researchers and leading academics discuss themes relating to family size, contraception use, and the roles of indicators such as education and income, as well as sub-national variation. Covering the experiences of more than one-third of the global population over 22 territories, this book explores the heterogeneous experience of Asia, home to some of the highest and lowest fertility rates in the world. Understudied countries such as Brunei, Papua New Guinea and Timor-Leste have new and revealing fertility data examined. This is the go-to reference guide for scholars, students and policymakers who are concerned with Asia's demographic future. Scholars of demography, reproductive health and family planning will find this a comprehensive insight into the future demography of Asia. Contributors include: N. Ahmad, A.A. Ajayi, N. Alam, J. Anson, A.A. Aziz, S. Barkat, Barkat-e-Khuda, E. Byambaa, J. Casterline, M. Channon, M.K. Choe, C.J.P. Cruz, G.T. Cruz, G.L. Dasvarma, S. Devarapalli, S. Dubuc, M.A. Eryurt, W. Fadila, N. Fukuda, C. Gee, P.A. Ghani, S. Gietel-Basten, J. Gouda, B. Gu, M.R. Haque, M.S. Hasan, R. Herartri, T. Hull, N. Ismail, Y. Karki, S. Kosal, E. Lavu, H. Lina, A. Mahmud, S. Masdar, P. McDonald, S. Naresh, N. Nyi, S. Parera, K.T. Park, S.H. Rachmad, N.R. Rao, S.A. Rashid, U. Saikia, J.M.I. Salas, O.B. Samosir, T.T. Saotome, C. Shekhar, M. Singh, K.K. Soe, T. Spoorenberg, A. Utomo, M.A. Wazir, M.T. Yap, Z. Zheng

This Handbook offers an array of internationally recognized experts' essays that provide a current and comprehensive examination of all dimensions of international population policies. The book examines the theoretical foundations, the historical and empirical evidence for policy formation, the policy levers and modelling, as well as the new policy challenges. The section Theoretical Foundations reviews population issues today, population theories, the population policies' framework as well as the linkages between population, development, health, food systems, and the environment. The next section Empirical Evidence discusses international approaches to design and implement population policies on a regional level. The section Policy Levers and Modelling reviews the tools and the policy levers that are available to design, implement, monitor, and measure the impact of population policies. Finally, the section New Policy Challenges examines the recurrent and emerging issues in population policies. This section also discusses prospects for demographic sustainability as well as future considerations for population policies. As such this Handbook provides an important and structured examination of contemporary population policies, their evolution, and their prospects.

First published in 1979, this is a classic study of the population of the Bushmen of the Kalahari Deselt of Botswana. Using methods that are simple and fully illustrated, the author presents empirical descriptions of the fertility, mortality, and marriage patterns of the now famous Kung hunter-gatherers.

The King "Bushman" people of the Kalahari desert in Africa occupy an anomalous position in the world of science. They have been selected for intensive study precisely because they are geographically, socially, and economically removed from modern, industrialized society, living in a sparsely settled and remote portion of an enormous semidesert. The Kung maintain the language and culture of a fully develop hunting and gathering society with (until very recently) no dependence on cultivated plants, no domesticated animals other than the dog, no stratification system based on kinship or occupation, no power or authority structure extending further than the local bands composed of a few related families, no wage labor, no use of money, and no settled sites of occupation.

At the same time, the Kung have become well-known figures to students--both undergraduate and professional--of Western social science. The faces of Kung informants gaze from the covers and the illustrations of many texts in anthropology and sociology.

Why has all this attention been developed around the Kung people? Part of the answer lies in the people themselves. The Kung are a physically attractive people, with slender, graceful bodies and open small-featured faces that are appealing and photogenic. Their culture is simple and has its striking features. The struggle for subsistence, the click language, the emphasis on sharing and humility, the drama of the curing dances in which individuals go into trance and speak directly to spirits to cure sickness, and the pervasive humor, teasing, and playfulness of the Kung style are all features that are relatively easy to convey and interesting to l earn about.

This work covers areas such as marriage, fertility, disease, mortality, history, and the projected future of the Kung. This book will be of interest to students of demographic studies, anthropology, and African studies.

The Asia-Pacific region is now clearly witnessing the rapid ageing of many of its nations, to the extent that it will soon be the region with, relatively, the largest number of older persons. This book focuses on the challenges that this demographic trend poses to economies and societies in the region, and the policies that have evolved to date to meet new demands. It looks forward over the coming decades to consider how societies and economies will deal with ageing and the necessary structural and behavioural changes that this will entail.

eBook available with sample pages: EB:0203463080

This book is a broad collection of short and concise chapters addressing important issues relating to population levels, trends, and differentials. In addition to traditional population concerns, such as growth, composition, fertility, mortality, and migration, the articles address a broad range of related issues, including climate change, environmental degradation, socio-economic development, and policy development. The articles are concise, focused on specific issues, and presented in a style that avoids technical jargon and is easily understood by a broad range of readers. The articles are not only aimed at conveying population information, but also providing important messages for informed policy formulation and program implementation. Among the many issues addressed are human rights, laws, women, gender, climate change, COVID-19 pandemic, ageing, retirement, and abortion. Written in an accessible way, the book will appeal to many general readers wishing to know more about population issues.

People are living longer and most countries are experiencing unprecedented increases in the number and proportion of their elderly populations, resulting from declines in mortality, lower fertility, and the baby boom cohorts entering old age. A fundamental issue facing the global community is meeting the challenges of population aging and achieving healthy aging to maintain an active older population and reduce the number of disabled people. Healthy aging is obviously a major goal of all societies and is the central theme of this book.

The focus of this book is on theoretical issues and empirical findings related to trends and determinants of healthy aging, including factors related to "healthy longevity" of the oldest-old, aged 80 and over. The group is the most rapidly increasing elderly sub-population and is most likely to need assistance in daily living in all countries. Chapters include both longitudinal and cross-sectional data from North America, Europe, and Asia in country-specific studies and cross-national comparisons.

We organized the twenty chapters into four parts. Part I focuses on the definition, components, concepts, measurements, and determinants of healthy aging, and discusses the trends and patterns of disability and healthy life expectancy at the macro level. Part II addresses individual healthy aging, including its biological and socio-demographic aspects. Part III focuses on issues concerning the family and healthy aging, and Part IV explores formal and informal care for healthy aging through governmental policy interventions and community service programs.

Does human mortality after age 110 continue to rise, level off, or start to decline? This book describes a concerted, international research effort undertaken with the goal of establishing a database that allows the best possible description of the mortality trajectory beyond the age of 110. The International Database on Longevity (IDL) is the result of this ongoing effort. The IDL contains exhaustive information on validated cases of supercentenarians (people 110 years and older) and allows unbiased estimates of mortality after age 110. The main finding is remarkable: human mortality after age 110 is flat at a probability of death of 50% per year. The sixteen chapters of this book discuss age validation of exceptional longevity, data on supercentenarians in a series of countries, structure and contents of the IDL, and statistical analysis of human mortality after age 110. Several chapters include short accounts of specific supercentenarians that add life to demographic research. Content Level Research

The central concern of this pioneering study is the high rate of child mortality worldwide and the prospects for its reduction. Taking as his major focus socioeconomic factors and their effect on children's survival, George Kent asks not only what technical interventions might be undertaken within meager health budgets, but also why are those budgets so inadequate? He examines the social and political roots of child mortality around the world and finds that the problem arises from widespread powerlessness in the populations of less developed countries. Thus, he argues, remedies should center on strategies of empowerment, designed in such a way that their benefits persist long after the intervention has ended.

Following an introductory chapter which describes overall patterns of children's mortality, the author examines the individual and household factors which contribute to the problem and the programmatic responses associated with these factors. Subsequent chapters explore child survival in relation to larger societal issues, discussing in turn food, poverty, war, repression, and population as they affect child mortality. Kent then turns his attention to strategies for child survival that are sensitive to these social factors. Separate chapters address alternative designs of social systems, the idea of viewing children as a form of human capital, the problem of motivating the politically powerful to support child-survival work, rethinking the meaning of national development, and the challenge of planning for children's survival in concrete, site-specific situations. Finally, Kent discusses the potential of national and international law and institutions for improving children's prospects. An ideal supplemental text for courses in economic development and political economy, this book is also essential reading for policymakers and relief organization managers concerned with the widespread problem of child mortality.

LONGLISTED FOR THE 2019 NATIONAL BOOK AWARD By the late 1960s and early 1970s, reeling from a wave of urban uprisings, politicians finally worked to end the practice of redlining. Reasoning that the turbulence could be calmed by turning Black city-dwellers into homeowners, they passed the Housing and Urban Development Act of 1968, and set about establishing policies to induce mortgage lenders and the real estate industry to treat Black homebuyers equally. The disaster that ensued revealed that racist exclusion had not been eradicated, but rather transmuted into a new phenomenon of predatory inclusion. Race for Profit uncovers how exploitative real estate practices continued well after housing discrimination was banned. The same racist structures and individuals remained intact after redlining's end, and close relationships between regulators and the industry created incentives to ignore improprieties. Meanwhile, new policies meant to encourage low-income homeownership created new methods to exploit Black homeowners. The federal government guaranteed urban mortgages in an attempt to overcome resistance to lending to Black buyers - as if unprofitability, rather than racism, was the cause of housing segregation. Bankers, investors, and real estate agents took advantage of the perverse incentives, targeting the Black women most likely to fail to keep up their home payments and slip into foreclosure, multiplying their profits. As a result, by the end of the 1970s, the nation's first programs to encourage Black homeownership ended with tens of thousands of foreclosures in Black communities across the country. The push to uplift Black homeownership had descended into a goldmine for realtors and mortgage lenders, and a ready-made cudgel for the champions of deregulation to wield against government intervention of any kind. Narrating the story of a sea-change in housing policy and its dire impact on African Americans, Race for Profit reveals how the urban core was transformed into a new frontier of cynical extraction.

This comprehensive survey of the political, social and economic aspects of this vast region provides detailed essays statistics and directories for the major countries of Latin America and the Caribbean.

Student~ interested in world populations and demography inevitably need to know China. As the most populous country of the world, China occupies a unique position in the world population system. How its population is shaped by the intricate interplays among factors such as its political ideology and institutions, economic reality, government policies, sociocultural traditions, and ethnic divergence represents at once a fascinating and challenging arena for investigatIon and analysis. Yet, for much of the 20th century, while population studies have developed into a mature science, precise information and sophisticated analysis about the Chinese population had largely remained either lacking or inaccessible, first because of the absence of systematic databases due to almost uninterrupted strife and wars, and later because the society was closed to the outside observers for about three decades since 1949. Since the end of the Cultural Revolution, things have dramatically changed. China has embarked on an ambitious reform program where modernization became the utmost goal of societal mobilization. China could no longer afford to rely on imprecise census or survey information for population-related studies and policy planning, nor to remaining closed to the outside world. Both the gathering of more precise information and access to such information have dramatically increased in the 1980s. Systematic observations, analyses and reporting about the Chinese population have surfaced in the population literature around the globe.

Cities affect every person's life, yet across the traditional divides of class, age, gender and political affiliation, armies of people are united in their dislike of the transformations that cities have undergone in recent times. The physical form of the urban environment is not a designer add-on to 'real' social issues; it is a central aspect of the social world. Yet in many people's experience, the cumulative impacts of recent urban development have created widely un-loved urban places. To work towards better-loved urban environments, we need to understand how current problems have arisen and identify practical action to address them.
Urban Transformations examines the crucial issues relating to how cities are formed, how people use these urban environments and how cities can be transformed into better places. Exploring the links between the concrete physicality of the built environment and the complex social, economic, political and cultural processes through which the physical urban form is produced and consumed, Ian Bentley proposes a framework of ideas to provoke and develop current debate and new forms of practice.

Most of the Muslim societies of the world have entered a demographic transition from high to low fertility, and this process is accompanied by an increase in youth vis-a-vis other age groups. Political scientists and historians have debated whether such a "youth bulge" increases the potential for conflict or whether it represents a chance to accumulate wealth and push forward social and technological developments. This book introduces the discussion about youth bulge into social anthropology using Tajikistan, a post-Soviet country that experienced civil war in the 1990s, which is in the middle of such a demographic transition. Sophie Roche develops a social anthropological approach to analyze demographic and political dynamics, and suggests a new way of thinking about social change in youth bulge societies.

Thomas Robert Malthus (1766-1834), one of the most influential of modern thinkers, is also one of the most misunderstood. Malthus' "Essay on Population" is a work that everyone cites but typically without having read it. This book offers a comprehensive and accurate exposition of his thought, integrating his better-known theory on population with his somewhat neglected analysis of economic development and social structure.
In Petersen's "Malthus" both the general reader and the social scientist are given a basis for contrasting Malthus with competing theories. As a background to his exposition, Petersen discusses the trends since Malthus' day in fertility, mortality, and population growth. The book also has an accessible comparison of Malthus' economics with that of his contemporary, David Ricardo, as well as the links to the Keynesian thought of recent time.
Petersen also comments on Malthus' stand on birth control, as well as on the rise of the neo-Malthusian movement and its successor in today's less developed countries. The review of both population trends and demographic theory over the past century and a half gives the reader a base from which he can judge in what respects Malthus did, or did not, forecast the future accurately. As Petersen points out, Malthus also influenced the evolutionary theory of Charles Darwin, as well as its offshoot, Social Darwinism. "Malthus" is an essential work not only for demographers and economists but for anyone interested in intellectual history. The late Robert Nisbet, in his review of the book for the "New Republic," called it "the best exposition of Malthus to be found anywhere."
William Petersen," Robert Lazarus Professor of Social Demography Emeritus at Ohio State University, is known throughout the profession as a leading demographer. He is also an elegant writer.

Invoked by politicians, promoted in policy, and sought by migrants, citizenship is a crucial marker of what makes being a member of society valuable, and of what membership entails in a world of fluid boundaries. This volume explores questions of admission to the state and to citizenship, the justifiability of criteria and the impact of exclusions.

This book examines discourses around infertility and views of childlessness in medieval and early modern Europe. Whereas in our own time reproductive behaviour is regulated by demographic policy in the interest of upholding the intergenerational contract, premodern rulers strove to secure the succession to their thrones and preserve family heritage. Regardless of status, infertility could have drastic consequences, above all for women, and lead to social discrimination, expulsion, and divorce. Rather than outlining a history of discrimination against or the suffering of infertile couples, this book explores the mechanisms used to justify the unequal treatment of persons without children. Exploring views on childlessness across theology, medicine, law, demonology, and ethics, it undertakes a comprehensive examination of 'fertility' as an identity category from the perspective of new approaches in gender and intersectionality research. Shedding light on how premodern views have shaped understandings our own time, this book is highly relevant interest to students and scholars interested in discourses around infertility across history.

First Published in 1998. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

This book presents a historical panorama of the evolution of demographic thought from its eighteenth-century origins up to the present day, and uses it to demonstrate how the multilevel approach can resolve some of the contradictions that have become apparent and achieve a synthesis of the different approaches employed. Part one guides the reader from period analysis to multilevel analysis, examining longitudinal and event history analysis on the way. Part two is a detailed account of multilevel analysis, its methods, and the relevant mathematical models notably as regards the type of variables being used. Numerous examples, examined across successive sections, make the book clear and easy to follow.

This book examines environmental and social justice challenges near America's most popular heritage attractions. These include over 100 places that host national parks (e.g., Glacier, Yellowstone), zoos (e.g., Bronx, Henry Doorly), urban parks (e.g., Central Park, Fairmount), grand concourses (e.g., 5th Avenue, Massachusetts Avenue), and multiple museums and galleries (e.g., National Gallery, Getty). The book includes measurements of demographics, air quality/distance from hazards, health outcomes, and urban assets in the areas immediately surrounding these heritage sites and compares them with adjacent areas and their host cities or states. It considers the history of justice-related-issues near the sites and evaluates what owners, managers and communities are doing to address gentrification, displacement, the legacy of redlining and other challenges, such as the animal rights movement, climate change/sustainability, and tight budgets. The book examines what some host cities are doing about affordable housing and what some heritage sites have done in establishing constructive relationships with surrounding communities. The book should have two primary audiences. One is the strong and growing social and environmental justice community that has increasingly been scrutinizing parks and other icons for evidence of injustice. This book will interest them, even though all the results do not necessarily support their positions. The second audience is businesses, not-for-profits, and government agencies who manage parks, zoos, museums, and other attractions and need to understand what is happening near their sites and what they can do to be better neighbours.

Rural settlements underlie today's cities and still hold over half the world's population. This text excavates the changing forms and functions of these settlements, exploring their origins, development and their future. Settlement is the physical reflection of the social organization of space. Starting with the human dwelling, settlement aggregates into farmsteads, hamlets, villages, towns and cities. Patterns of development can be traced, contours by which a history of a land and its people can be read.;Illustrated with photographs, maps and figures, the book firstly presents detailed case studies of specific sites in both the developed and developing worlds in order to distill the underlying processes behind rural settlement systems, and then builds on this to analyze settlement patterns on the continental and global scales.

Today's cities grew from the rural settlements still home to over half of the world's population. Excavating the changing forms and functions of these settlements, "Landscapes of Settlement" explores their origins, their social and economic development, and their prospects for the future.
Settlement is the physical reflection of the social organization of space. Starting with the human dwelling, settlements aggregate into farmsteads, hamlets, villages, towns, and cities. Emphasizing their impact on present day society, "Landscapes of" "Settlement" traces the course of rural development, deciphering from these contours the history of the land and its people. Out of detailed case studies in both the developed and developing worlds this book distills the underlying processes behind rural settlement systems, and then builds upon this to analyze settlement patterns on the continental and global scales.

In the 50 years that have passed since Alfred Latka's death in 1949 his position as the father of mathematical demography has been secure. With his first demographic papers in 1907 and 1911 (the latter co authored with F. R. Sharpe) he laid the foundations for stable population theory, and over the next decades both largely completed it and found convenient mathematical approximations that gave it practical applica tions. Since his time, the field has moved in several directions he did not foresee, but in the main it is still his. Despite Latka's stature, however, the reader still needs to hunt through the old journals to locate his principal works. As yet no exten sive collections of his papers are in print, and for his part he never as sembled his contributions into a single volume in English. He did so in French, in the two part Theorie Analytique des Associations Biologiques (1934, 1939). Drawing on his Elements of Physical Biology (1925) and most of his mathematical papers, Latka offered French readers insights into his biological thought and a concise and mathematically accessible summary of what he called recent contributions in demographic analy sis. We would be accurate in also calling it Latka's contributions in demographic analysis."