This book examines the long term consequences of improvements in life expectancy in the mid 20th century which are partly responsible for the growth of the elderly population in the developing world. Rapid demographic changes in child and infant mortality due to the reduction in and better treatment of disease were not often accompanied by parallel increases in standard of living. Lower mortality led to greater survival by those who had suffered poor early life conditions. As a consequence, the early life of these survivors may explain older adult health and in particular the projected increase in adult health disease and diabetes. Recent dietary changes may only compound such early life effects. This study presents findings from historical and survey data on nearly 147,000 older adults in 20 low-, middle- and high-income countries which suggest that the survivors of poor early life conditions born during the 1930s-1960s are susceptible to disease later in life, specifically diabetes and heart disease. As the evidence that the aging process is shaped throughout the entire life course increases, this book adds to the knowledge regarding early life events and older adult health.

Demographic change is one of the most crucial issues of our time. This book sheds light on the demographic implications companies face. Based on an integrated framework, the book investigates three important perspectives: An economic and social perspective helps organisations and managers better understand the basic parameters of demographic change and its influences on the labour market. A human resources and leadership perspective reveals how age management can help retain employees of different age groups as motivated and productive workforce members. An innovation and marketing perspective examines how companies can exploit the potentials that senior customers offer. A combination of research-driven and practice-oriented chapters makes this book a profound and an interesting read. It primarily addresses executives from various organisational fields, including HR, marketing, and management. Professional trainers, scholars and students of economy and business will also gain valuable insights."Dr. Guenter Pfeiffer, Chief Personnel Officer and member of the Executive Board, Swisscom Group"

"New approaches are required to restructuring, redeployment and age management that go beyond the typical instruments of part-time models and flexible retirement schemes."

"Dr. Guenter Pfeiffer, Chief Personnel Officer and member of the Executive Board, Swisscom Group"

"Recognising the business consequences of the demographic developments and taking these into consideration are imperative for the competitiveness of not only companies, but also entire economies."""

"Bundespraesident a.D. Prof. Dr. Roman Herzog"

"Former President of the Federal Republic of Germany"""

'Jha is the right scholar and economist to take readers through the development of the Indian economy. Readers will be in good hands.' -Edmund Phelps, Columbia University, USA, and winner of the 2006 Nobel Prize in Economics 'This is perhaps the best and most scholarly contribution to understanding the Indian Economy and Society. Its rich historical perspective and a profound understanding of how India has evolved into a major economic power set standards of scholarship and analytical rigour that will be hard to surpass". -Raghav Gaiha, University of Manchester, UK 'Linking of economy and society is increasingly recognised as essential for addressing policy challenges by the current phase of globalisation. As such this study should be valuable not just for those studying India, but also for those interested in global developments.' -Mukul Asher, National University of Singapore, Singapore 'This book is a tour-de-force review of the fundamental topics on the Indian political economy and society that are relevant for any committed social scientist to be aware of.' -Sumit K. Majumdar, University of Texas at Dallas, USA This two-volume work provides an account of how India has been meeting its myriad of economic, political and social challenges and how things are expected to evolve in the future. Despite enormous challenges at the time of independence, India chose to address them within a secular, liberal, democratic framework, which guaranteed several fundamental rights. Challenges included intense mass poverty and hunger, very poor literacy and educational abilities of the population, the task of uniting a country with scores of languages and ethnicities ruled by different entities for decades and persistent threats of external aggression, to name just a few. Over time, incomes and opportunities have expanded enormously and India has regained her self-confidence as a nation. In this first volume, Jha presents a long view of the performance of the Indian economy and discusses key aspects of India's population, land and labor. In addition, the Indian Constitution and basic structure of governance are analysed within the context of major economic and political developments in independent India.

Across the EU, populations are shrinking and ageing. An increasing burden is being placed on a smaller working population to generate the taxes required for pensions and care costs. Welfare states are weakening in many countries and across Europe, households are being increasingly expected to plan for their retirement and future care needs within this risky environment. At the same time, the proportion of people buying their own home in most countries has risen, so that some two-thirds of European households now own their homes. Housing equity now considerably exceeds total European GDP.

This book discusses questions like: to what extent might home ownership provide a potential cure for some of the consequences of ageing populations by realizing housing equity in order to meet the consumption needs of older people? What does this mean for patterns of inheritance and longer-term inequalities across Europe? And to what extent are governments banking on their citizens utilising their housing wealth now and in the future? "

* This book explores the issues and controversies revolving around the National Population Register (NPR) and National Register of Citizenship (NRC) in India, through the lens of ethnicity and religion * It examines the linkages between census enumeration, counting, and classification of population * Will be useful for students, researchers, and teachers of population studies, population geography, migration studies, sociology, political geography, and legal journalism across UK and US. It will also be of interest to political geographers, policymakers, legal journalists, political parties NGOs, and civil societies.

E.A. Wrigley, the leading historian of industrial England, exposes the inadequacy of what was once accepted wisdom regarding England's industrial revolution and suggests what he believes should replace it. He examines the issues from three viewpoints: economic growth; the transformation of the urban-rural balance; and demographic change in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In addition, he shows why England's early modern economy and society grew faster and more dynamically than its continental neighbors.

This book focuses on the transformation of rural places, peoples, and land endemic to the contemporary manifestations of globalization. Migration, global economic restructuring, and climate change are rapidly transforming rural places across the globe. Yet, global attention characteristically focuses on urban social and economic issues, neglecting the continued roles of rural people and places. Organized around the three core themes of demographic change, rural-urban partnerships and innovations, and landscape change, the case studies included in this volume represent both the Global North and Global South and underscore the complexity and multi-scalar nature of these contemporary challenges in rural development, planning, and sustainability. This book would be valuable supplementary reading for both students and professionals in the fields of rural land management and rural planning.

Urban Renewal and Resistance: Race, Space, and the City in the Late Twentieth to Early Twenty-First Century examines how urban spaces are rhetorically constructed through discourses that variously justify or resist processes of urban growth and renewal. This book combines insights from critical geography, urban studies, and communication to explore how urban spaces, like Detroit and Harlem, are rhetorically structured through neoliberal discourses that mask the racialized nature of housing and health in American cities. The analysis focuses on city planning documents, web sites, media accounts, and draws on insights from personal interviews in order to pull together a story of city growth and its consequences, while keeping an eye on the ways city residents continue to confront and resist control over their communities through counter-narratives that challenge geographies of injustice. Recommended for scholars of communication studies, journalism, sociology, geography, and political science.

This open access book collects the major discussions in divorce research in Europe. It starts with an understanding of divorce trends. Why was divorce increasing so rapidly throughout the US and Europe and do we see signs of a turn? Do cohabitation breakups influence divorce trends or is there a renewed stability on the partner market?In terms of divorce risks, the book contains new insights on Eastern European countries. These post socialist countries have evolved dramatically since the fall of the Wall and at present they show the highest divorce figures in Europe. Also the influence of gender, and more specifically women's education as a risk in divorce is examined cross nationally. The book also provides explanations for the negative gradient in female education effects on divorce. It devotes three separate parts to new insights in the post-divorce effects of the life course event by among others looking at consequences for adults and children but also taking the larger family network into account. As such the book is of interest to demographers, sociologists, psychologists, family therapists, NGOs, and politicians. "This wide-ranging volume details important trends in divorce in Europe that hold implications for understanding family dissolution causes and consequences throughout the world. Highly recommended for researchers and students everywhere."

Tanzania has been considered a model for development, peace, and stability despite the arrival of refugees from neighboring countries and the potential tensions related to climate change. Although it has accessed the rank of middleincome country, Tanzania still faces several challenges, particularly in the wake of the Covid-19 pandemic. The book aims at analyzing these challenges as well as the country's successes through a multi-disciplinary approach considering economic perspectives as well as conflict prevention, dialogue integration, climate change adaptation, forests' protection, and social perspectives - especially relating to women and girls. The current Covid situation has shaken the whole world and raised many questions on how the different regions and countries could adapt and develop resilience strategies in an uncertain and ever-changing context. Therefore, the book is not only about Tanzania but also about what we can learn from the research on Tanzania in terms of vulnerabilities and resilience strategies. This book is an outlook of International Development Challenges. This book is co-funded by the European Union in the framework of the project Pilot 4 Research and Dialogue.

The book To Understand the Future Management: Managing through Digital Transformation indicates the place of rapidly developing digitalization in business life and its contributions to organizations. Digitalization brings significant advantages in terms of reducing costs, saving time, accelerating internal and external communication, saving and storing data easily. For this reason, it has become a necessity to understand the extent of the effect of digitalization on the functions and methods that all profit and non-profit organizations benefit while performing their management functions.

There is growing awareness of the common difficulties experienced by poor young people who grow up in cities--crime and juvenile delinquency, limited access to education, the spread of infectious diseases, homelessness, and high rates of unprotected sex. They must contend with weak families and social institutions, poor labor market prospects, and for the most unfortunate, the ravages of gang war and the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Chapters in this volume present and assess comparative evidence on the well-being of urban youth and proven interventions for assuaging the deleterious effects of poverty.

This book provides an insightful sociological study of the declining Japanese population, using statistical analysis to establish the significance of municipal power using demographic data on national, regional, prefectural and municipal levels. Penned by one of Japan's eminent sociologists, it provides a quantitative characterization of population decline in Japan with a focus on regional variation, and identifies the principal explanatory factors through GPI statistical software tools such as G-census and EvaCva, within a historical perspective. Furthermore, it offers a qualitative assessment of what constitutes 'municipal power' as this relates to regional/local revitalization as a means of addressing municipal population decline. Using Goki-Shichido as a theoretical framework, this book pays special attention to municipal variations within the same prefecture, presenting a completely unique approach. In combining these two dimensions of analyses, the book successfully reveals the impact of municipal power and socio-cultural identity of social capital in the region, from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives at the municipal level. Demography issues in Japan have been receiving increasing attention among researchers given the growing number of declining populations in developed countries, in tandem with rapid aging and low fertility trends. Providing an original and unique contribution to regional population analysis in the fields of regional demography, historical demography and regional population policy, this book shows that the revitalization of the community is vital if Japan is to increase its population, so as to renew a community 'raison d'etre'. The book is of interest to scholars of Asian studies more broadly, and to sociologists, demographers, and policymakers interested in population studies, specifically. "Providing an informative and vivid overview of the demographic situation of Japan, the author offers excellent suggestions for effective regional policy in confronting a shrinking society. This book presents a unique analysis of the regional variations on small municipal levels, with demographic variables, social indicators and historical identities. An original contribution to regional population analysis in the fields of regional population policy, regional demography and historical demography." - Toshihiko Hara, Professor Emeritus, Sapporo City University

This handbook provides an authoritative and comprehensive overview of African population dynamics, variations, causes and consequences, demonstrating the real-world applications of research in policies and programmes.

African demography has come of age. Over 50 years, the discipline has grown exponentially in the number of training and research institutions, specialist experts and academic output, all with an aim of addressing the enormous demographic challenges faced by the continent. The book draws on old and emerging analytical tools to explore the relationships between population dynamics and social, economic, cultural and political environments from African perspectives. Key topics include fertility, sexual behaviours, healthcare, ageing, mortality, migration, displacement, the causes and consequences of demographic changes and teaching and research developments in African demography.

The Routledge Handbook of African Demography will be an essential resource for students and researchers of African demography, sociology, development and cultural studies.

Table of Contents

Part 1: Introductory Chapters 1. Introduction, Clifford O. Odimegwu and Yemi Adewoyin 2. Population Structure of Africa - Spatiotemporal Patterns and Development Linkages, Yemi Adewoyin and Clifford Odimegwu Part 2: Demographic Training and Research 3. Demographic Training in African Institutions: Past, Present and Future, Alfred Agwanda Otieno and Lawrence Ikamari 4. African Demographic Research: Progress and Challenges, Michel Garenne 5. Indirect Estimation Techniques and Statistical Modeling in African Demographic Research, Joshua O. Akinyemi and Sunday A. Adedini 6. The Demographic Research in Lusophone Africa: What is Known and What Needs to Be Done?, Carlos Arnaldo, Rogers Hansine and Nelson C. Zavale 7. Old, Contemporary and Emerging Sources of Demographic Data in Africa, Babatunde M. Gbadebo 8. Demographic Operations in distress? The Case of French-Speaking African Countries South of the Sahara, Françoise Gubry and Francis Gendreau Part 3: Marriage, Fertility, and SRH 9. Marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, Michel Garenne 10. The Construction of Teen Pregnancy and Child Marriage in Africa, Timalizge Zgambo 11. Trends and Patterns in Fertility and its Proximate Determinants in sub-Saharan Africa, David I. Ojakaa 12. Fertility Transition in Africa: What do We Know and What have We Learned about Fertility Stalls?, David A. Sánchez-Páez and Bruno Schoumaker 13. Contraception, Boladé Hamed Banougnin and Obasanjo Afolabi Bolarinwa 14. Before Pills and Injectables: Systematic review of drivers of traditional contraceptive practice in sub-Saharan-Africa, Justin Dansou, Fidelia A. A. Dake and Robert Y. Djogbenou 15. From Post-Colonialism to Cairo to Now: The [un]changing ideas of reproductive health and family planning in Africa, Sasha Frade 16. Demography of Sexuality Studies in Africa, Joshua O. Akinyemi, Nicole De Wet and Clifford O. Odimegwu Part 4: Gender in African Demography 17. Gender in African Demographic Research: A Scoping Review, Lorretta Favour Chizomam Ntoimo and Clifford O. Odimegwu 18. Gender Norms and Sexual Behavior among very Young Adolescents in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Scoping Review 19.Beatrice W. Maina, Chimaraoke Izugbara, Yandisa Sikweyiya, Ivy Nandongwa and Caroline W. Kabiru 20. Gender-Based Violence in Africa, Marifa Muchemwa Part 5: Environment, Health, and Demography 21. The Disaster–Fertility Nexus in Sub-Saharan African Countries, Khandaker Jafor Ahmed and Yan Tan 22. Urban Health Dimensions of Demographic Research in Africa – A Systematic Review, Yemi Adewoyin 23. Demography of Inequality in Healthcare Access in Africa, Samuel Mwangi Wanjiku, Giuseppe T. Cirella, Alex Njeru and Jacob Kazungu 24. HIV/AIDS in the population: its levels, correlates, impact, policies and programs, Pamela Chirwa-Banda 25. The Double Burden of Malnutrition among Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of the Literature, Mpho Keetile, Kannan Navaneetham and Gobopamang Letamo 26. Child Disability and Deprivation: A Conceptual, Theoretical and Empirical Review of the Sub-Saharan African Literature, Arlette Simo Fotso and Larissa Nawo 27. Effect of economic growth on maternal and child health outcomes in Sub-Saharan Africa: A review of the empirical evidence, Helena Yeboah and Sanni Yaya 28. Human Health Effects of Desertification in Sub Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review, Manikandan A.D and Vinod Joseph Kannankeril Joseph 29. Climate Change and Population Displacement in Africa, Roberto Ariel Abeldaño Zuñiga, Gabriela Narcizo de Lima and Daniel Esteban Quiroga Part 6: Migration 29.. Internal migration in sub-Saharan Africa: Dynamics, destinations, and Implications, Vollan Ochieng, Razak M Gyasi and Blessing Mberu 30. Changing Perspectives of Internal Migration in East Africa Revisited, Alfred Agwanda, Mary Muyonga, Milton Adieri and George Odipo 31. International Migration and Development in Sub-Saharan Africa, Aderanti Adepoju Part 7: Demographic Dividend 32.The Demography of Human Capital Formation in Sub-Saharan Africa, 1950-2100, Claudia Reiter, Anne Goujon and Samir K.C 33. Demographic Transition and Development in Africa, Patricia Agupusi 34.The Economic Lifecycle and Africa’s Demographic Dividend: Evidence from National Transfer Accounts, Morné Oosthuizen 35. Demographic Dividend Monitoring Index Conceptual Framework and Case Studies in Africa, Latif Dramani, Edem Akpo, Jean Baptiste Oga, Camille Détondji Guidimé, Silvere Konan, Sam Agbahoungba, Dalomi Bahan, Cheikh Tidiane Ndiaye and Crispin Mabika Part 8: Ageing 36.Ageing in sub-Saharan Africa: Demographic and Historical Perspectives, Ayo S. Adebowale, Obiageli Onwusaka, Mobolaji M. Salawu, Segun Bello and David A. Adewole 37. Intergenerational Family Support and the Health and Well-Being of Older Adults in Sub-Saharan Africa: a Systematic Review, Mark A. Aviisah, Hinke H. Haisma and Tobias C. Vogt Part 9: Mortality 38. Causes of Death and the Double Burden of Disease in Africa: Evidence from the sub-Saharan Africa, N.N. Wekwete and K. Mangombe 39. Dynamics of Adult Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: are there Prospects for Decline?, Ayo S. Adebowale, Adeniyi F. Fagbamigbe, Tubosun Olowolafe and Rotimi F. Afolabi 40. Maternal Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Measurement, Levels and Determinants, Dorothy N. Ononokpono, Bernard Baffour, Nsidibe Usoro and Olukemi Adebola 41. Estimating Maternal Mortality: Surveillance Methods and Agenda for Improvement, Oluwatosin Ariyo and Henry Victor Doctor 42. Infant and child mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: an overview of levels, determinants, interventions and updates on estimation techniques, Sunday A. Adedini and Joshua O. Akinyemi Part 10: Concluding matters 43.Anthropological Demography in Africa, Daniel Jordan Smith 44. The Role of Quality Data in Changing HIV/AIDS Trajectory and Narratives in Sub-Saharan Africa, Jacob A. Adetunji 45. The State of the African Demographic Transition, 1990-2016, Lungile F. Motsa and Clifford O. Odimegwu

This book provides a detailed examination of the demographic behavior of families during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries in a sample of fourteen villages in five different regions of Germany. It is based on the reconstituted family histories of vital events (births, deaths and marriages) compiled by genealogies for the entire populations of these villages. The book applies the type of micro-level analysis possible with family reconstitution data for the crucial period leading to and encompassing the early stages of the demographic transition, including the initial onset of the decline of fertility to low modern levels. The analysis explores many aspects of demographic behavior which have been largely ignored by previous macro-level investigations of the demographic transition. These include infant and child mortality, maternal mortality, marriage, marital dissolution, bridal pregnancy and illegitimacy. The core of the study, however, deals with marital reproduction, examining the modernization of reproductive behavior in terms of the transition from a situation of natural fertility to one characterized by pervasive family limitation.

The transition to twenty-first century post-industrial capitalism from the 'welfare' industrial capitalism of the twentieth century, has affected the ways in which class is lived in terms of relational inequality and the factors that structure identity. Class After Industry takes a complex realist approach to the dynamics of individual lives, places, the social structure and analyses their significance in terms of class. A wide range of quantitative and qualitative studies are drawn on to explore how 'life after industry' shapes class, and the consequent potential for social change. The book will be of interest across the social sciences and beyond, to those concerned with how class forms might translate into political action.

This book examines the link between population growth and environmental impact and explores the implications of this connection for the ethics of procreation. In light of climate change, species extinctions, and other looming environmental crises, Trevor Hedberg argues that we have a collective moral duty to halt population growth to prevent environmental harms from escalating. This book assesses a variety of policies that could help us meet this moral duty, confronts the conflict between protecting the welfare of future people and upholding procreative freedom, evaluates the ethical dimensions of individual procreative decisions, and sketches the implications of population growth for issues like abortion and immigration. It is not a book of tidy solutions: Hedberg highlights some scenarios where nothing we can do will enable us to avoid treating some people unjustly. In such scenarios, the overall objective is to determine which of our available options will minimize the injustice that occurs. This book will be of great interest to those studying environmental ethics, environmental policy, climate change, sustainability, and population policy.

There is much evidence to suggest that segregation creates and sustains inequality, and undermines the social trust necessary for shared citizenship. Yet in this highly original study the idea that integration is the only or even the best remedy for these ills is forthrightly challenged. Carefully framing his analysis using the political principles of liberty, equality and citizenship, and attentive to the contextual realities for minority groups on both sides of the Atlantic, Michael Merry challenges many of our most cherished and time-honored beliefs in integration. Defending a circumscribed notion of 'voluntary separation', Merry argues that for many stigmatized groups it is not 'integration' but rather an imaginative, pragmatic and organized response to the terms of one's segregated experience that may facilitate possibilities to pursue important forms of equality and to cultivate civic virtues that promote the good of one's community.

The New Sociology of Ageing explores the challenges and opportunities of ageing as a global force. Alongside globalisation, urbanisation, new technology, climate change, and global pandemics, ageing is transforming life in the twenty-first century. Through the eyes of a young sociology student and her multigenerational family, this book sets out a new sociological framework to interpret ageing societies. It explores how the 'New Old' - the baby boomer generation - might be mobilised as an agency of social change in transforming later life. It proposes this generation as the co-architects of a new intergenerational social contract for the era ahead, rather than as the recipients of a post-war twentieth-century social contract that society can no longer support. Taking Britain as a case study and societies across the world as examples, Slattery explores emerging revolutions in work and retirement, potential crises in pensions, healthcare and housing, as well as transformations in family life and in our attitudes to sex and death in later life. This book provides a clear overview of the sociology of ageing. It introduces students to demography as a sociological force of the future, and to the perils and the promises of longevity as societies across the world approach the Hundred-Year Life. This book will be of interest to undergraduate students and early scholars in the social sciences, particularly in sociology, gerontology, social policy, and public health.

The New Sociology of Ageing explores the challenges and opportunities of ageing as a global force. Alongside globalisation, urbanisation, new technology, climate change, and global pandemics, ageing is transforming life in the twenty-first century. Through the eyes of a young sociology student and her multigenerational family, this book sets out a new sociological framework to interpret ageing societies. It explores how the 'New Old' - the baby boomer generation - might be mobilised as an agency of social change in transforming later life. It proposes this generation as the co-architects of a new intergenerational social contract for the era ahead, rather than as the recipients of a post-war twentieth-century social contract that society can no longer support. Taking Britain as a case study and societies across the world as examples, Slattery explores emerging revolutions in work and retirement, potential crises in pensions, healthcare and housing, as well as transformations in family life and in our attitudes to sex and death in later life. This book provides a clear overview of the sociology of ageing. It introduces students to demography as a sociological force of the future, and to the perils and the promises of longevity as societies across the world approach the Hundred-Year Life. This book will be of interest to undergraduate students and early scholars in the social sciences, particularly in sociology, gerontology, social policy, and public health.

Pension Sustainability in China: Fragmented Administration and Population Aging aims to investigate the impact of fragmentation and population ageing on pension sustainability in China. The book demonstrates how pension sustainability is compromised by various adverse effects produced by fragmentation, such as the moral hazard caused by the disarticulated intergovernmental fiscal responsibility. An overlapping generations (OLG) model is updated with the latest demographic data and is used to assess the impact of population ageing on pension sustainability. The book considers whether adjustment in retirement age can ensure long-term financial sustainability. It explores how, compared to the population ageing, the issues stemming from the fragmentation pose a more insidious threat to pension sustainability in China.

Initially published in 1943. In A Demographic Study of an Egyptian Province (Sharquiya) Dr Ammar, an Egyptian anthropologist, raises a number of questions around the relevance of and need for accurate population statistics in field economic studies. His tables and sociological analysis will be of particular interest to those working in other Muslim areas and the economic conclusions he draws, have familiarity to all who are studying 'the problem of primary poverty'.

This book investigates the interaction between complex transformational socio-economic processes, migratory vectors, and the role of ethnic belonging. It outlines the hitherto unexamined determining factors of the mass emigration of the Pontic and Urum Greeks of Georgia. The author addresses the following questions: How, if at all, did ethnic affiliation influence the decision-making process to emigrate? Therefore, should this migration be considered as a "repatriation" process, or should it rather be analyzed in the context of labor migration? The study triangulates qualitative and quantitative analyses of 47 interviews, spatial analysis, as well as materials on Georgia's and the destination countries' socioeconomic realities. This enables a clear understanding of the circumstances that stimulate emigration, the routes, and the experience of living abroad.

This book analyses the political transition in West Bengal, India, which witnessed longest democratically elected Left regime of the world. It examines and compares micro-dynamics of political practices in India and delineates underlying political themes of state politics. The author explores the politics of land reform and the anti-land-acquisition movements which were critical points in the contemporary history of Bengal in independent India. The volume further delves into the caste and communal politics which had been latent until the Left Front's loss in the state, as well as the what sets apart politics in West Bengal from other Indian states. Based on thorough ethnographic research, this volume will be of great interest to scholars and researchers of South Asian studies, politics and political processes, sociology and social anthropology.