Cuomo's Commission on Competitiveness argues that America must reform its economic and social policies and institutions to reverse the weakening of its industrial leadership, the erosion of living standards and escalating social problems. Topics include public investment, urban poverty, health care, the environment, fiscal policy and international strategies.

The term "1992 Project" refers to the portion of the 1987 Single European Act that commits the European Community to the completion of a single integrated market by 1992. The project has brought about a dramatic revival of interest in the EC and this volume is a product of that revival. It provides evaluations and estimates of the future of the integration process and of the EC itself. The contributors share two broad themes. The first is a view of the integration process as a multilevel game. The second is consideration of the consequences of that process.

The term "1992 Project" refers to the portion of the 1987 Single European Act that commits the European Community to the completion of a single integrated market by 1992. The project has brought about a dramatic revival of interest in the EC and this volume is a product of that revival. It provides evaluations and estimates of the future of the integration process and of the EC itself. The contributors share two broad themes. The first is a view of the integration process as a multilevel game. The second is consideration of the consequences of that process.

This book provides a perspective by a prominent economist on the problems of debt, recession, and recovery in the 1930s as compared with the 1990s. The book begins with several chapters on the explosion of debt in the public and private sectors during the 1970s and 1980s, and its implications for economic stagnation and recession that seem to plague the economy. Resolution of the debt problem and reform of the banking and financial system are critically important because these problems dampen economic recovery and growth in the future. The second part of the book is a reprint of Albert Hart's classic 1938 study, Debts and Recovery 1929 to 1937, originally published by the 20th Century Fund. The extraordinary parallel between financial problems of the 1930s and the 1990s, solutions of the past, and proposed reforms for the future may provide a fascinating study for scholars and interested citizens alike.

These essays on Post-Keynesian economics were written expressly for a volume to honour the life and work of Alfred Eichner. The original countributions - that critically examine and extend ideas in Eichner's "The Macrodynamics of Advanced Market Economies" are organized in seven sections that correspond to areas of economics in which Eichner made a significant contribution. Part 1 deals with the megacorp, a theory of firm pricing and investment that was one of Eichner's most important contributions. Issues of productivity and technical change, that lie at the center of Eichner's macrodynamic model, are the focus of part 1 and parts 3 and 4 elaborate on Eichner's work on growth and money and yield insights into the theoretical disagreements among the Post-Keynesians themselves. Part 5 presents a number of examples of non-neo-classical model building. Part 6 opens with a critique of the "new economic history" that leads to other essays on thorny methodological issues confronting Post-Keynesians. Part 7 gives a European perspective on North American Post-Keynesian economics. The essays reveal the relationships between Eichner's work and Institutionalist and Marxian economics. At the same time, the book raises current theoretical conflicts among these groups as well as among Post-Keynesians themselves. This book compliments Alfred S.Eichner's "The Macrodynamics of Advanced Market Economies", also published in 1991, and is appropriate for scholars and upper-level undergraduates and graduate students.

Prior to the breakdown of communism in the Eastern Bloc, reform minded economists had experimented with the concepts of "market socialism" which presented no real challenge to the basics of the Soviet-type system. However, those same economists are now formulating radical proposals for deregulation, privatization and political democratization. This book tries to understand the intellectual background that changed these "reformers" into "transformers" and examines the problems of managing this dramatic transition. The book demonstrates the rediscovery of economic liberalism in Eastern Europe and provides a fresh look at economics in this area. Contributors include some of the most distinguished economists in Europe and leading policy makers from the post-socialist world including Leszek Balcerowicz, Raimund Dietz and D. Duff Milenkovitch. This book should be of interest to academics and undergraduates in the fields of economics, politics and East European studies.

Whilst development economics has focused on questions of growth, income distribution - and its implications for growth and for the eradication of poverty - has received less attention. This book, by a leading expert in the field, corrects that imbalance, and gives a comprehensive review of the link between income distribution and the growth of national income. This book should be of interest to undergraduates, postgraduates and academics; economics and development studies; staff of national and international agencies concerned with policy making in LDCs.

Hillel Ticktin has been one of the most controversial figures in Soviet studies for 25 years. His assertions that the Soviet economy was hopelessly inefficient, that the ruble was a sham, and that the elite was desperate once sounded outrageous. Ticktin consistently argued that perestroika would fail. In his view the USSR was and remained inherently Stalinist. It might lurch back and forth between reformist and reactionary leadership factions but, the system could not evolve, nor could it be restructured. Ultimately, it could only disintegrate, and when it did, the workers would hold the balance. This collection of essays offers a thorough sample of his views.

Hillel Ticktin has been one of the most controversial figures in Soviet studies for 25 years. His assertions that the Soviet economy was hopelessly inefficient, that the ruble was a sham, and that the elite was desperate once sounded outrageous. Ticktin consistently argued that perestroika would fail. In his view the USSR was and remained inherently Stalinist. It might lurch back and forth between reformist and reactionary leadership factions but, the system could not evolve, nor could it be restructured. Ultimately, it could only disintegrate, and when it did, the workers would hold the balance. This collection of essays offers a thorough sample of his views.

This volume establishes a theoretical framework for exploring the role of host state legal systems (courts and bureaucracies) in mediating relations between foreign investment, civil society and government actors. It then demonstrates the application of that framework in the context of the south Indian city of Bengaluru (formerly Bangalore). Drawing on the 'law-and-community' approach of Roger Cotterrell, the volume identifies three mechanisms through which law might, in theory, ensure that social relations are productive: by expressing any mutual trust which may hold actors together, by ensuring that actors participate fully in social life and by coordinating the differences that hold actors apart. Empirical data reveals that each of these legal mechanisms is at work in Bengaluru. However, their operation is limited and skewed by the extent to which actors use, abuse and/or avoid them. Furthermore, these legal mechanisms are being eroded as a direct result of the World Bank's 'investment climate' discourse, which privileges the interests and values of foreign investors over those of other actors.

Addressing a number of 'missing links' in the analysis of labour and its geographies, this volume examines how theoretical perspectives on both labour in general and the organizations of the labour movement in particular can be refined and redefined. Issues of agency, power and collective mobilizations are examined and illustrated via a wide range of case studies from the 'global north' and 'global south' in order to develop a better and fuller appreciation of labour market processes in developed and developing countries.

From the perspective of the 1990s, the 1960s seem an economic golden age. National income was growing even faster than in the 1950s; unemployment remained around 2 per cent of the labour force and inflation was at 4 per cent for most of the decade. The decade marked the peak of the long boom that began at the end of the Second World War and was to continue until the oil crisis of 1973. Prosperity was linked with social change in many forms, including the relaxations in the law that contributed to the arrival of the "permissive" society, the founding of many new universities and the first attempts to join the European Community. In "The Legacy of the Golden Age", a team of economists and policy-makers examine the conditions that enabled the boom to last so long, and the factors that finally brought it to an end. The economic problems that had developed by 1970 are still very much on the agenda and the book concludes by assessing the extent to which policy mistakes in the 1960s were responsible for these problems. This book should be of interest to academics, postgraduates and undergraduates in economics, politics and economic history.

An expanded and updated edition of Woronoff's 1986 study of Asia's emerging economic giants, this book looks back at what has happened in the intervening years, especially as regards the "discovery" of this phenomenon in the Western media and the overreactive hype that has accompanied it. As the author puts it: "My purpose is to show how these countries, which hitherto has been quite unremarkable, began to develop vigorously. What policies and strategies they used. What they did right and, even more importantly, what they did wrong."

First Published in 2004. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.

Understanding Macroeconomics provides short non-technical summaries of important areas of economics, especially those where the alternative literature is either not easily accessible or else highly specialized. An important objective of the book is to provide an analysis of current economic policy. It successfully demonstrates that simple economic analysis can be brought to bear lucidly and penetratingly on economic problems. The result is a book which, for its concise and authoritative survey of major areas, will be an essential purchase for school and college economics teachers and their libraries. It will also prove invaluable to university and polytechnic students of economics seeking an introduction to the application of economic theory to the major problems facing economists today.

This major two volume work contains a selection of the best papers presented at the annual meeting of the History of Economics Society. They correct errors of interpretation and undertake constructive analyses. They show the importance of studies of the history of economic thought for an understanding of its influence on our conceptions of the world and on economic, social and political behaviour.

When Gorbachev introduced the concepts of "glasnost" and "perestroika" to the world, they were greeted with optimism and hope. Glasnost has exceeded all expectations; perestroika seems less likely to meet its goals. The future of the former Soviet Union is one of the crucial questions for the 1990s, and the success or failure of perestroika is central to this issue.
"Restructuring the Soviet Economy" examines Gorbachev's most pressing problem: the disintegration of the Soviet economy. David Dyker argues that the current chaos can be understood only in the context of the failure of fifty years of central planning. Can the Soviet economy recover from half a century of poor central planning and make the transition to a market economy? To answer this question, the author focuses on the crisis points--some new, some perennial--within the Soviet economy: the relationship between the enterprise, the regions, and the center; agriculture; investment and stagnation; inflation and the budget deficit. In conclusion, Dyker assesses whether the most ambitious attempt ever made to reform the Soviet economy will succeed.

First published in 1919, this book traces the growth of War Debt during the First World War, examines the real meaning of the Debt and discusses the proposals for clearing it. As the chief contemporary proposal put forward for meeting the interest and repaying the principal of the Debt was the "Conscription of Wealth", or the "Capital Levy", this provides a main focus for the analysis. The author also examines whether the methods of financing war - by borrowing the required money - is sound and whether it should be replaced by taxation. A plan for the reform of income tax is put forward, designed to yield two-thirds of the revenue needed for a Peace Budget that also addresses the War Debt.

The most agonizing and protracted of all the Soviet reform debates has been the debate over economic reform. This anthology of essays and roundtables from party, professional and literary journals surveys the key issues in the market debate.

The most agonizing and protracted of all the Soviet reform debates has been the debate over economic reform. This anthology of essays and roundtables from party, professional and literary journals surveys the key issues in the market debate.

In the conventional discourse on macroeconomics, the subject of human development is at best marginal and at worst irrelevant. In the unconventional discourse on human development, macroeconomics or its constraints are seldom recognised, even if its consequences are often highlighted. There are, however, intersections and interconnections, which provide the rationale for this book that seeks to map some broad contours of an unexplored, yet important, domain. Macroeconomics is important for human development because it determines levels of employment, the degree of social protection and the public provision of services such as healthcare or education. Human development has implications and consequences for macroeconomics, for it can mobilize or claim resources to enlarge or diminish space for macroeconomic policies. The relationship exists, and matters, not only in poor countries but also in wealthy ones. Employment, even if neglected, provides the critical link. This book shows that causation runs in both directions and can be either positive or negative. It reveals similarities and differences between developing countries and industrialised countries. The political context is significant everywhere as interests, ideology and institutions influence economic policies in both spheres to shape outcomes. This book was originally published as a special issue of the Journal of Human Development and Capabilities.

China's economy continues to grow at a great rate, with important consequences for China's society and environment, as well as for the wider world economy. Reforms are being undertaken in many areas within China, both to encourage continued economic growth and also to mitigate the adverse effects of growth on society and the environment. This book, based on extensive original research by a wide range of leading experts, examines many key issues connected to China's economic growth and its impact. Subjects covered amongst many others include: growth and inequality; labour market reforms; technological innovations and their impact; employment, unemployment and training; and the search for economic development that is ecologically sustainable.

Behind the rhetoric of intervention' and deregulation' which has accompanied state attempts to stimulate technological innovation in the last decade is secreted a story of failed ambitions, confusion, muddle and incoherence.
Techno-industrial innovation does make demands on the state, not only in terms of new industries, but also in regard to the inter-relation of industrial and R&D policy and the creation of markets.
This book provides a comparative analysis of techno-industrial innovation in Europe, Japan and the USA. Drawing on case studies ranging from the semi-conductor to the biotechnology industries, the book presents a comprehensive and detailed survey of national strategies for the internal and world markets and sets them in their political context, where the costs may be high and the pay-offs uncertain'.

Ever since Japan's economy recovered in the 1960s, scholars have been searching for the reasons for its meteoric postwar success. Until now, much research has been based on the study of Japan's society, its political and economic infrastructure, and its particular model of capitalism. But now that American and British government documents from the 1950s have been released, it emerges that the United States - as part of its Cold War economic and military strategy in East Asia - played a large part in assisting Japan out of its economic difficulties, whereas Britain's role seems to have been more ambivalent and circumspect. This book sets out to rectify the lack of full research into Anglo-Japanese trade relations from the late 1940s up to the early 1960s, and to examine the impact of cultural differences and perceptions on diplomacy, as well as the influence of prevailing political considerations like the Cold War. This book highlights the ebbs and flows in bilateral relations as Japan increased its economic and financial presence in Southeast Asia and Britain retreated politically and economically from its Empire in the East.

The role of fiscal policy in short-run macroeconomic stabilization is, by now, well known in the academic literature and in policy circles. However, this focus on the short-run, especially in a democracy, means that much less attention has been paid to the other consequences of the use of fiscal policy. By studying the intergenerational-welfare aspects of fiscal policy, this book deals with some fundamental issues of fiscal policy. Why does public debt tend to rise over time in democracies? Why is there a tendency for government spending on consumption and on social security to grow? Why do governments fail to invest in public capital adequately? Should a dollar transferred from the young be treated as a dollar transferred to the old? By studying the international aspects of fiscal policy, the book establishes international differences in fiscal policy as determinants of persistent trade imbalances and international indebtedness. It also considers some basic questions on international transfers and austerity in open economies. What criteria should be used to define a successful foreign-aid programme? Why is foreign aid likely to fail in a world of global wealth disparity? Can reliance be placed on the international coordination of austerity to improve welfare in the long run? Is austerity accompanied by international transfers superior to austerity unaccompanied by international transfers? This book based on the OLG model fills a gap on fiscal-policy issues in the recent spate of books on overlapping generations.