Over the last fifteen years there have been dramatic increases in both private and public intervention in international trade. Traditional barriers to market-based trade such as commodity cartels and tariffs have been augmented by new developments such as the rise of regional trade blocs and the growth of intra-firm trade. This book argues that these changes are large and persistent enough to have an impact on total development performance, and on the performance of individual countries and individual sectors. It illustrates this with a wealth of theoretical arguments, empirical evidence and country studies.

This book, originally published in 1975, deals with the sources of economic growth, inflation and the prospects of bringing it under control, floating exchange rates and restrictions on international capital movements. Although aimed at the non-specialist, professional economists willa slo find the book stimulating.

Course Notes is designed to help you succeed in your law examinations and assessments. Each guide supports revision of an undergraduate and conversion GDL/CPE law degree module by demonstrating good practice in creating and maintaining ideal notes. Course Notes will support you in actively and effectively learning the material by guiding you through the demands of compiling the information you need. * Written by expert lecturers who understand your needs with examination requirements in mind * Covers key cases, legislation and principles clearly and concisely so you can recall information confidently * Contains easy to use diagrams, definition boxes and work points to help you understand difficult concepts * Provides self test opportunities throughout for you to check your understanding * Illustrates how to compile the ideal set of revision notes * Covers the essential modules of study for undergraduate llb and conversion-to-law GDL/CPE courses * Additional online revision guidance such as sample essay plans, interactive quizzes and a glossary of legal terms at www.unlockingthelaw.co.uk

This book reveals and examines the relevance of the macroeconomic theory and models behind recommendations for stabilization and structual adjustment. Alternaive analytical approaches are discusses. This is done on the basis of an up-to-date review of developments in sub-saharan Africa during the 1980's and within a common analytical framework.

Since 1965 when the idea of a Pacific Free Trade Area (PAFTA) was proposed, there have been rising levels of integration and co-operation between the Asian-Pacific countries. Pekka Korhonen examines the nature of Japan's economic rise since World War II and its economic and political relations with other nations in the Pacific area as a result of that economic prowess. The study explains Japan's and the region's rapid economic development as having followed the pattern of Akamatsu Kaname's flying geese theory. This in turn led to an optimistic world outlook for Japan, in which political and military tensions could be wiped away as a result of sustained regional economic growth and the formation of an interdependent structure for Asian-Pacific countries. This work should appeal to all those engaged in the study of Pacific economic growth and integration.

This text covers international macroeconomics. It aims to describe the evolution of and experience with global exchange rate regimes. This includes a detailed description and evaluation of the gold standard regimes, the IMF system, the float and the EMS. A second objective is to analyze open economy models, including the Mundell-Fleming model, the well-known Dornbusch and Branson models, models with flexible wages and prices, portfolio balance models, two- and three- country models, and models with traded and non-traded goods. There are also chapters on the New Classical contributions and an extensive review of exchange rate models.

This study of macroeconomics combines treatment of opposing theories with a presentation of evidence to point the way toward a reconstructed macro research and policy programme.

This text covers international macroeconomics. It aims to describe the evolution of and experience with global exchange rate regimes. This includes a detailed description and evaluation of the gold standard regimes, the IMF system, the float and the EMS. A second objective is to analyze open economy models, including the Mundell-Fleming model, the well-known Dornbusch and Branson models, models with flexible wages and prices, portfolio balance models, two- and three- country models, and models with traded and non-traded goods. There are also chapters on the New Classical contributions and an extensive review of exchange rate models.

This study of macroeconomics combines treatment of opposing theories with a presentation of evidence to point the way toward a reconstructed macro research and policy programme.

Since the time of Keynes macroeconomists have been concerned with the effectiveness of stabilization policies in reaching full employment. However no one has provided a convincing argument that this goal is universally desirable. Thus the book's main thesis is that Pareto optimality - the guiding principle of policy evaluation, because some gain and nobody loses - does not apply to macroeconomic policies and that full employment is essentially a political aim. The book is divided into three parts. The first is historical: it examines the limited literature on the optimality of macroeconomic goals and the record of successive governments in achieving the goals they have set. The second part presents a theory of the labour market, and an evaluation of welfare changes from rising or falling real wages. The concluding part looks at public choice decisions, especially those related to spending and taxation, from an individualistic perspective. Although originally intended to show what sacrifices are necessary in collective decisions, the aim is now to maximize your own benefit from government spending and to avoid as much of the burden of taxation as possible.

Since the time of Keynes macroeconomists have been concerned with the effectiveness of stabilization policies in reaching full employment. However no one has provided a convincing argument that this goal is universally desirable. Thus the book's main thesis is that Pareto optimality - the guiding principle of policy evaluation, because some gain and nobody loses - does not apply to macroeconomic policies and that full employment is essentially a political aim. The book is divided into three parts. The first is historical: it examines the limited literature on the optimality of macroeconomic goals and the record of successive governments in achieving the goals they have set. The second part presents a theory of the labour market, and an evaluation of welfare changes from rising or falling real wages. The concluding part looks at public choice decisions, especially those related to spending and taxation, from an individualistic perspective. Although originally intended to show what sacrifices are necessary in collective decisions, the aim is now to maximize your own benefit from government spending and to avoid as much of the burden of taxation as possible.

This new edition provides an alternative overview of 18th-century British economy. Recent macroeconomic history has discounted many of the achievements of the Industrial Revolution, but this text dissects the characteristics and processes of industry in the 18th century. A male industrial revolution has been presented as the general experience, but new industries, notably in textiles and metal products, were primarily employers of women. This work gives these industries and their workforce due prominence. Technologies, work processes, labour forces and markets shifted in a variety of directions and forms to create a sector of dynamic new initiatives alongside stable and declining crafts. The key to the Industrial Revolution lies in the sources of technological creativity and the structures of industrial communities. The rise of the factory system was one result. This text reasserts the primacy of the industrial experience to Britain's economic history.

Capitalist firms, government-owned firms, nonprofit organizations, employee-owned firms, and labor unions are analyzed in detail. The problems limiting the efficiency of organizations are shown to be of a technical-administrative nature, where rationally-bounded members act in support of the goals set by the principals-controllers of the organization, or of an agency-managerial type, where they act to further their own interests.
The reasons, methods and outcomes of system change in general and in Russia and Eastern Europe in particular are analyzed, using the analytical apparatus developed in the monograph.
This monograph charts a new course for comparative economics as the field devoted to the study of the organization of economies, their behaviour, and outcomes. It examines economic systems as mechanisms for coordinating decisions and allocating resources at the macro level of national companies, cartels and franchises. A systemic approach to the description and comparison of economic syste

Poverty comparisons--such as assessment of whether poverty has increased, or where it is greatest are typically clouded in conceptual and methodological uncertainties. How should individual well-being be assessed in deciding who is poor? Is a household survey a reliable guide? Where should the poverty line be drawn, and does the choice matter? This monograph surveys the issues that need to be considered in answering these questions. "Poverty Comparisons" provides an accessible introduction to the most recent literature. The strengths and weaknesses of past methods are discussed, and a summary of methodological recommendations is given. A number of new analytical tools are described which can greatly facilitate poverty comparisons, recognizing the uncertainties involved.
Martin Ravallion is Principal Economist of the Poverty Analysis and Policy Division at the World Bank, Washingtin DC, USA

Reliable, easily administered, and objective ways of assessing the well-being of the elderly and their use of, and need for, services are rare. The author of this study provides current information on the Multidimensional Functional Assessment of Older Adults (MFAQ) -- the most widely used questionnaire of its type. This volume discusses ways in which the procedure has been used and can be used by clinicians, program evaluators and planners. The book also examines OARS (Older Americans Resources and Services Program) MFAQ and how it permits assessment of the level of functioning in five areas: social, economic, mental health, physical health and self-care. Readers will find detailed and updated information on administration, hand and computer-based scoring, as well as use of the questionnaire.

Development planning provides a useful set of analytical techniques to facilitate economic decision making and management. As techniques evolve, models can now be designed to match both the constraints and the objectives of individual economies.
"Development" "Policy and Planning" provides an accessible explanation of each of the main techniques used for economic policy formulation in developing countries and discusses their application. Anis Chowdhury and Colin Kirkpatrick examine such topics as growth modelling, social accounting matrices, computable general equilibrium models, linear programming, and cost-benefit analysis. They describe each technique and use practical examples to illustrate methods which enable economies to be guided toward their development goals.

Development planning provides a useful set of analytical techniques to facilitate economic decision making and management. As techniques evolve, models can now be designed to match both the constraints and the objectives of individual economies.
"Development" "Policy and Planning" provides an accessible explanation of each of the main techniques used for economic policy formulation in developing countries and discusses their application. Anis Chowdhury and Colin Kirkpatrick examine such topics as growth modelling, social accounting matrices, computable general equilibrium models, linear programming, and cost-benefit analysis. They describe each technique and use practical examples to illustrate methods which enable economies to be guided toward their development goals.

Max Corden has during the course of a long and distinguished career become established as one of the world's leading authorities on international trade theory. This selection of some of his most important articles and papers - many of which are considered classics - demonstrates his distinctive style, favouring words and diagrams over mathematics and aiming always for clear and simple exposition.Part I consists of three surveys: the first covers the period from 1949 to 1964, the second reviews empirical work on protection and the third provides a long review of the normative theory of international trade. Part II deals with the theory of trade policy and includes a critical essay on strategic trade policy, as well as articles on effective protection, foreign investment and protection, and customs union theory. Other topics covered include trade and growth, balance-of-payments theory, booming sector and Dutch disease economics, and international macroeconomic policy interaction and transmission. In an introduction Max Corden gives a fascinating account of how he came to write these papers. The book will be an essential reference companion for both students and researchers concerned with international trade theory.

On attaining office in Autumn 1989, the Solidarity-led government in Poland faced two enormous tasks. First was the restoration of stability to an economy prone to hyperinflation; second, was the replacement of a crumbling command system in favour of a market mechanism, in a country whose market institutions had been destroyed under 40 years of communist rule. "Stabilization and Structural Adjustment in Poland" recounts the events of this period and the course taken by the new government. The authors analyze the issues involved and their significance for the transition process in Poland and elsewhere. The book is divided into four parts. Part 1 outlines the economic and intellectual climate prior to the introduction of the government's bold plan. Named the "Balcerowicz Plan", after its chief architect, this aimed to liberalize and stabilize the economy simultaneously. Part 2 examines the macroeconomic situation in this period. The authors discuss the initial improvements - the improved balance of trade, the accumulation of foreign reserves and the increase in the external value of the zloty. These developments, however, were short lived, and the macroeconomy soon began to decline.

The book offers guidance to aspiring historians at every stage and in every walk of life, from practical advice on tackling and organizing projects to recommendations for finding and using resources of all kinds, whether at the local library or historical society or on the world wide web. It is intended to be a serious guide to the best practices for researchers as well as a good read as a collection of research stories. The author includes useful bibliographies, vetted websites, and practical advice on doing research well.

The book offers guidance to aspiring historians at every stage and in every walk of life, from practical advice on tackling and organizing projects to recommendations for finding and using resources of all kinds, whether at the local library or historical society or on the world wide web. It is intended to be a serious guide to the best practices for researchers as well as a good read as a collection of research stories. The author includes useful bibliographies, vetted websites, and practical advice on doing research well.

The collapse of socialism in Eastern Europe continues to have profound and far-reaching implications. In the former socialist states, immediate concerns are largely economic and, in particular, the move to privatization. However, these implications are not restricted to Europe. They have also had a powerful effect on those countries which continue as one-party states under some form of communist government. In "Revitalizing Socialist Enterprise", the authors place privatization in the wider context of restructuring governments, industries, enterprises and management. The book also examines the similarities and differences between former Eastern European socialist countries and those which are still socialist but, nevertheless, are also engaged in revitalization. The problems of these two groups are clearly inter-connected. While the need for change across most countries has a common origin - an inability to make the communist economic system work well - the "triggers" for major change have been varied. Divided into three parts, the book introduces the subject, and looks at the process in seven of the former socialist states of Eastern Europe and the CIS.

The book is concerned with strategy and tactics for directing that small slice of world income into filling the gap. This must be done country by country, on the initiative of each country's government: with the maximum involvement of its own civil society, and with the rich world also making a contribution. To add momentum, the international community needs to adopt targets far more specific than the fifty percent extreme 'poverty reduction' of the first Millennium Development Goal.

Lee brings together the discourses of political economy and cultural studies in order to shed light on our social situations. Lee sees the commodity as the vital touchstone behind both analysis of the economy and culture.

All too often we are confronted with pitiful images of the victims of famine and drought which emanate from sub-Saharan Africa. While these images are normally drawn from the very poorest countries, the entire region faces an intense economic crisis. Why is this area in a state of near-permanent crisis and perhaps, more importantly, what can be done about it? "Economic Crisis in Africa" presents an overview of the situation and examines the feasibility of current policies as well as presenting long term objectives. The book is divided into parts. Part One presents an overall view of the African crisis and crisis management. The authors focus on present economic and social conditions in the region. These are illustrated with cross-country studies, focusing particularly on Tanzania and Kenya. Part Two examines problems of the external sector particularly, trade liberalization. Here, the relative success of Zimbabwe and Botswana is contrasted with the failure of Lesotho to implement an adjustment policy and the prevalence of "Dutch Disease" in Zambia. Part Three presents a micro perspective on the African crisis and adjustment.