This book describes in detail rehabilitation protocols specific for those disorders that most frequently induce vertigo and dizziness. In particular, it highlights exercise protocols that will enable the best result to be obtained within the shortest time and with the most enduring therapeutic effect. Drawing on their personal experience, the authors describe physical exercises that will prove effective in delivering vestibular rehabilitation all over the world, regardless of the rehabilitation tools available. The protocol standardization and the reduction in instrumental rehabilitation mean that even though some individual tailoring is required, it will be possible to plan cost-effective rehabilitation within both the institutional and the private practice setting. The presented protocols cover vertigo in a wide range of conditions, including acute and chronic vestibular loss, vestibular ataxia, benign positional paroxysmal vertigo, M ni re's disease, dizziness in the elderly, whiplash-associated balance disorders, phobic postural vertigo, and autonomic vertigo. Helpful information is provided on clinical approach to vertigo and dizziness and on vestibular rehabilitation from Cawthorne-Cooksey onward. The quantification of rehabilitation outcome and the role of life-style counseling are also discussed. By documenting effective functional and therapeutic approaches and presenting guidelines for each balance disorder, Vertigo Rehabilitation Protocols will be an invaluable resource for neurologists, ENT physicians, orthopedists, and rehabilitation specialists.

Cochlear implants are currently the standard treatment for profound sensorineural hearing loss. In the last decade, advances in auditory science and technology have not only greatly expanded the utility of electric stimulation to other parts of the auditory nervous system in addition to the cochlea, but have also demonstrated drastic changes in the brain in responses to electric stimulation, including changes in language development and music perception. Volume 20 of SHAR focused on basic science and technology underlying the cochlear implant. However, due to the newness of the ideas and technology, the volume did not cover any emerging applications such as bilateral cochlear implants, combined acoustic-electric stimulation, and other types of auditory prostheses, nor did it review brain plasticity in responses to electric stimulation and its perceptual and language consequences. This proposed volume takes off from Volume 20, and expands the examination of implants into new and highly exciting areas. This edited book starts with an overview and introduction by Dr. Fan-Gang Zeng. Chapters 2-9 cover technological development and the advances in treating the full spectrum of ear disorders in the last ten years. Chapters 10-15 discuss brain responses to electric stimulation and their perceptual impact. This volume is particularly exciting because there have been quantum leap from the traditional technology discussed in Volume 20. Thus, this volume is timely and will be of real importance to the SHAR audience.

Comprehensive Otolaryngology Review is a study guide which provides a concise review of high-yield Otolaryngology topics intended for preparation for the Otolaryngology in-training exam and the Otolaryngology boards. Primarily intended for Otolaryngology residents or fellows in training who are preparing for the board certification exam or the in-service training exam, the book is also useful for those who are preparing for re-certification examinations in Otolaryngology. The book is a rapid review, arranged in an interactive topical fashion by presenting questions in a case-based format with high-yield clinical vignettes intended to cover frequently tested concepts from each of the major areas of Otolaryngology. The text includes images, radiographs, audiograms, etc. that are intended to highlight the characteristic presentation of commonly tested conditions within the field of Otolaryngology. Key features: Contains 44 cases with high-yield clinical vignettes Topics are arranged around questions and answers with references Includes illustrations and tables that highlight commonly tested conditions in the ENT field for optimal study

It is only recently that the use of the endoscope as the sole visualizing tool has been introduced in transsphenoidal pituitary surgery with its favorable related implications and minimal operative trauma. Of course, microscopic and endoscopic anatomy are basically the same, but the optical distorsion of endoscopic images is quite substantial compared to microscopic depictions. An endoscope lens produces images with maximal magnification at its center and severe contraction at its periphery. Nearer images are disproportionally enlarged and remote images are falsely miniaturized. This optical illusion may disorientate a surgeon who is not familiar with this peculiar condition at the skull base. This atlas acts as a guide through the endoscopic anatomy and gives detailed descriptions of the preoperative management and the surgical procedures.

Providing safe, effective anaesthesia for patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery presents unique challenges involving a wide range of complex procedures, treatments, and interventions to manage an array of pathologies. This textbook is a practical, easy to read and engaging guide to the entire perioperative management process, encompassing everything that the practitioner needs to know. It utilises a clear, step-by-step approach to managing all aspects of anaesthesia for oral and maxillofacial surgery, from routine elective procedures to emergencies, difficult airways, cancer, and pain. A contemporary, evidence based approach and the most up-to-date techniques are described, with reference to current guidelines and standards. This comprehensive second edition will empower the novice, but also support more experienced practitioners and those who may occasionally be called upon to manage emergency cases. Written by international experts in the field with many years of experience both conducting and teaching oral and maxillofacial anaesthesia, this textbook is an essential resource for all members of the multidisciplinary team who wish to improve their understanding of and confidence with anaesthesia for this surgery.

The benefits of this book lies not in the association of anatomy with modern imaging techniques (CT and MRI), but also and predominantly in the numerous diagrams of bony fenestration of the cochlea, the vestibule and the semicircular canals. These views reveal the membranous labyrinth, the internal organs of balance and audition, and highlight their innervation, as well as the utricular and saccular nerves of the spiral organ of corti.

Written by some of the most experienced surgeons in the United States, Contemporary Transoral Surgery for Primary Head and Neck Cancer is a distinct resource for surgeons and oncologists interested in transoral surgery. This text gives readers current, thoroughly illustrated, and data-driven information on all aspects of transoral surgery. The authors are pioneers in the field, having performed thousands of transoral surgery cases and publishing and lecturing extensively on the subject. Opening with the history of transoral surgery, the book goes on to address endoscopic anatomy, general techniques, as well as tips for analysis and pathologic considerations, and provides comprehensive coverage of surgeries for the head and neck subsites. Also included are valuable chapters on surgery for chemoradiation failures, reconstruction techniques for surgical defects, and oncologic and functional outcomes using open surgery, chemoradiation, and transoral surgery.To supplement the text and provide additional visualization of the concepts described, readers can access a companion website that contains video footage of transoral surgery techniques for various head and neck primary cancer sites. Through this highly relevant text, physicians not only learn the technical aspects of transoral surgery for head and neck cancer, but also its importance in the treatment of these patients.

Logan Turner's Diseases of the Nose, Throat and Ear has been completely updated and expanded to reflect the increasing sophistication of diagnostic and managment skills within otolaryngology. This classic textbook of otolaryngology is divided into four parts: Rhinology; Head and Neck; Otology; Paediatrics. Each section has been extensively updated and paediatric otoaryngology explanded to take into account increasing interest in this field. Chapters on diseases specific to the developing countires are now included to complement each section.

Das Werk behandelt in 18 Kapiteln den gesamten aktuellen Wissensstand der Pathologie der Mundhoehle mit angrenzendem Weichteil- und Knochengewebe unter Berucksichtigung der umfangreichen Literatur. Die zahlreichen Abbildungen und Tabellen sollen sowohl dem interessierten Kliniker wie auch dem Pathologen den weiteren Zugang zu den vielfaltigen Krankheiten der Mundhoehle ermoeglichen. Der Band wendet sich daher besonders an die Fachdiziplinen der Zahnmedizin, Mund-, Kiefer- und Gesichtschirurgie, Hals-, Nasen-, Ohrenheilkunde sowie an die Dermatologie und Innere Medizin.

Providing practical, multidisciplinary coverage of the latest diagnostic and multidisciplinary therapeutic approaches for head and neck cancer, the 5th Edition of this award-winning text helps you achieve the best possible surgical outcomes and preserve and restore form and function. Internationally renowned surgeon Dr. Jatin P. Shah, joined by colleagues Snehal G. Patel, Bhuvanesh Singh, and Richard Wong, guides you step by step through every aspect of this challenging field, helping you take advantage of every multidisciplinary management approach available for your patients. Offers complete coverage of the scalp, skull base, paranasal sinuses, oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, cervical lymph nodes, thyroid, salivary glands, and soft tissue and bone tumors - from incidence, diagnosis, and work up through treatment planning, operative techniques, rehabilitation, and outcomes. Features new diagnostic approaches, staging, algorithmic thought processes for therapy selection, and outcomes of treatment for head and neck tumors, allowing for a better overall understanding of head and neck oncology. Includes new information on multimodal management of head and neck cancer; a new Radiation Therapy Glossary; and hundreds of new surgical photographs presented in sequential order from the surgeon's point of view. Provides outcomes of therapy data from the NCDB, institutional data from MSKCC, and evidence-based information throughout. Covers key topics such as radiation oncology, medical oncology including targeted therapies, and maxillofacial prosthodontics and dental oncology. Addresses the day-to-day, practical care of patients with basic operating room techniques and technology, intraoperative decisions, and post-operative care for patients undergoing head and neck surgery. Enhanced eBook version included with purchase. Your enhanced eBook allows you to access all of the text, figures, and references from the book on a variety of devices.

MCQs for ENT: Specialist Revision Guide for the FRCS is a key resource for candidates preparing to sit the FRCS (ORL-HNS). It contains over 300 single best answer questions and over 70 extended matching questions to help candidates prepare for all aspects of ENT they may face in this challenging exam. Written by expert consultants who have succeeded in the exam, this resource provides comprehensive coverage of theory and practice, including new questions on challenging topics such as electroneurography and voice clinic procedures, and questions on rare topics such as oropharyngeal cancers. All answers have full explanations, providing candidates with high-quality self-assessment in order to maximize exam success. Providing a thorough assessment of the reader's ENT knowledge, this is an essential revision book for any candidate facing the FRCS ORL-HNS exam.

1.1 Historischer UEberblick.- 1.2 Wirkungsmechanismus.- Indikationen.- 2.1 Benigne Erkrankungen.- 2.1.1 Struma mit Euthyreose.- 2.1.2 Funktionelle Autonomie.- 2.1.3 Immunogene Hyperthyreose.- 2.2 Maligne Erkrankungen.- Praktische Durchfuhrung.- 3.1 Strahlenschutzvoraussetzungen/ neue gesetzliche Bestimmungen.- 3.2 Dosiskalkulation - Radiojodtest.- 3.3 Durchfuhrung der Therapie.- 3.4 Bauliche Voraussetzungen.- Ergebnisse.- 4.1 Benigne Erkrankungen.- 4.1.1 Euthyreote Struma.- 4.1.2 Funktionelle Autonomie.- 4.1.3 Immunogene Hyperthyreose.- 4.2 Maligne Erkrankungen.- Nebenwirkungen.- 5.1 Benigne Erkrankungen.- 5.2 Maligne Erkrankungen.- Nachsorge und medikamentoese Nachbehandlung.- 6.1 Benigne Erkrankungen.- 6.2 Maligne Erkrankungen.- Literatur.- Anhang A Verzeichnis der deutschen Therapiezentren.- Anhang B Leitlinien zur Radiojodtherapie.- Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Nuklearmedizin Leitlinie zur Radiojodtherapie (RIT) beim differenzierten Schilddrusenkarzinom (Stand des Entwurfs 25.1.99).- Leitlinien der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Nuklearmedizin Leitlinie zur Radiojodtherapie (RIT) bei benignen Schilddrusenerkrankungen (Stand des Entwurfs 25.1.99).- Sachferzeichnis.

This book covers the latest advances in disciplines related to the middle ear pathologies such as: the innovations in the understanding of its functional anatomy and their implications along with the breakthroughs in the physiopathology of its diseases and the most recent concepts of their pathogenesis. More adapted audiological investigative methods and the advanced imaging approaches for an accurate diagnostic work up and the best management of middle ear ailments are presented . As an up-to-date learning resource, based on demonstrated clinico-radiological correlations, this book is a highly valuable teaching tool, especially when contemplating proceeding in middle ear surgery. Middle Ear Diseases is a comprehensive work, aimed for trainees, board candidates and teachers in otolaryngology and otology to respond to every educational need in regard to the most common middle ear pathologies. It is also a useful update for more experienced professionals in this field, as well as radiologists, audiologists and speech therapists.

Following on the favorable reception of the first edition, the authors have thoroughly revised and updated the second edition of this resourceful clinical handbook. The book has been well received internationally by a wide audience of clinicians, including general dentists, oral surgeons, otolaryngologists, primary care physicians, nurse practitioners, dental hygienists, physician assistants, and dermatologists, and sales have been strong among students and post-graduate residents training in medical, dental, and allied health fields, supporting the versatility of this work and serving as testimony to its value in both the academic and private practice arenas. Several key updates and improvements have been made to the second edition. All informational content has been updated to ensure accuracy and relevance, particularly in the rapidly evolving fields of oncology and pharmacology. A new chapter has been added entitled "Oral Sequelae of Cancer and Cancer Therapy" which better organizes and consolidates previous content while expanding on topics such as targeted therapies and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Additional clinical images have been included throughout the book so that the full clinical spectrum of any given condition is well-represented. Furthermore, the print quality, as well as the positioning and layout of the clinical images has been improved for optimal utility. Lastly, the summary boxes that follow each condition have been reconfigured with color-coded icons for improved definition, ease of use and cross-referencing. Clinical Oral Medicine and Pathology, Second Edition will continue to serve as an authoritative contemporary resource for clinicians seeking guidance in the diagnosis and management of oral diseases.

This book is a concise guide to laryngology for clinicians. Beginning with an overview of clinical anatomy, voice assessment and imaging, the following sections cover a range of topics, from swallowing, paediatric laryngology, singers, and the aging voice, to more complex disorders and laryngotracheal reconstruction. The text discusses the latest techniques for laryngeal documentation, key principles in the management of laryngeal disorders, outcome measures, quality of life assessment, and evolving technologies. The book is enhanced by high quality clinical photographs and illustrations. Key points Concise guide to laryngology for clinicians Covers range of topics, from basic anatomy and physiology, to complex disorders and management Includes discussion on techniques for documentation and evolving technologies Highly illustrated with clinical photographs and diagrams

It is one of the most extraordinary cases in the history of science: the mating calls of insects were mistaken for a "sonic weapon" that led to a major diplomatic row. Since August 2017, the world media has been absorbed in the "attack" on diplomats from the American and Canadian Embassies in Cuba. While physicians treating victims have described it as a novel and perplexing condition that involves an array of complaints including brain damage, the authors present compelling evidence that mass psychogenic illness was the cause of "Havana Syndrome." This mysterious condition that has baffled experts is explored across 11-chapters which offer insights by a prominent neurologist and an expert on psychogenic illness. A lively and enthralling read, the authors explore the history of similar scares from the 18th century belief that sounds from certain musical instruments were harmful to human health, to 19th century cases of "telephone shock," and more contemporary panics involving people living near wind turbines that have been tied to a variety of health complaints. The authors provide dozens of examples of kindred episodes of mass hysteria throughout history, in addition to psychosomatic conditions and even the role of insects in triggering outbreaks. Havana Syndrome: Mass Psychogenic Illness and the Real Story Behind the Embassy Mystery and Hysteria is a scientific detective story and a case study in the social construction of mass psychogenic illness.

Designed to enhance the learning experience for both practicing otolaryngologists and otolaryngology residents, Bailey's Head & Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology, 6th Edition, delivers concise, practical information in all areas of this complex field. Dr. Clark A. Rosen (Laryngology) and his hand-picked editorial team representing all of the sub-disciplines of Head & Neck Surgery-Otolaryngology of Drs. Stacey Gray (rhinology), Patrick Ha (Head and Neck Surgery), Charles Limb (Otology), Stephen Park (Facial Plastics and Reconstructive Surgery), and Gresham Richter (Pediatric Otolaryngology) ensure that all content in this two-volume text is current, useful, and evidence based. Each chapter has been written to increase the reader's understanding, retention, and ability to successfully apply information in everyday practice. Features 238 concise chapters covering Basic Science/General Medicine, Rhinology and Allergy, Comprehensive Otolaryngology, Laryngology, Trauma, Pediatric Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Sleep Medicine, Otology, Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, and Contemporary Issues. Includes new chapters on Diagnosis of Pediatric Sleep Disorders, Pediatric Facial Trauma, Endoscopic Ear Surgery, Robotics in Head and Neck Surgery, and Ethics in Otolaryngology. Contains more than 3,000 full-color illustrations; helpful summary tables on diagnosis, treatment, complications, and emergencies; and supplemental videos that make complex topics easier to understand. Provides bulleted lists at the end of each chapter for a quick review of key concepts. Enrich Your eBook Reading Experience Read directly on your preferred device(s), such as computer, tablet, or smartphone. Easily convert to audiobook, powering your content with natural language text-to-speech.

With hundreds of question and answer items and bite-sized chunks of information that can be read and processed easily, reviewing for the pediatric board exams - or just brushing up in your spare time - has never been easier. Pediatric Tricky Topics, Volume 2: A Practically Painless Review includes review items in pediatric immunology, hematology, oncology, nephrology, urology, dermatology, ophthalmology, otorhinolaryngology, and gynecology, among others. Selected expanded sections provide more in-depth information, while the Q&A format allows for self-testing or study with a partner or a group and is practical and accessible enough to dip into during a few minutes of downtime at the hospital or office. As such, it is suitable for those studying for the pediatric board exam, practicing physicians brushing up their skills, and any busy medical student, nurse or clinician who wants to learn more about these topics while on the go.

In diesem essential lernen Sie die Grundlagen einer Psychologie des Hoerens kennen. Dabei erfahren Sie, wie sich die Wahrnehmung von Musik und Klang in Alltag und Biografie beschreiben und fur Therapie und Beratung als Ressource nutzbar machen lasst. Von den fruhesten audiobiografischen Erfahrungen bis hin zur Vielfalt des Hoerens im Erwachsenenalter beschreibt der Autor in 'Audiobiografie und Hoererleben' wichtige Stadien der Entwicklung des Hoerens und regt Sie zugleich dazu an, die eigene Audiobiografie zu reflektieren sowie die Bedeutung des Hoerens fur den Menschen in Alltag und Biografie besser zu verstehen.

Die Mikrogefasschirurgie spielt bei Gewebetransplantationen eine immer groessere Rolle. Dieses Buch ist ein "Gewusst-wie"-Text uber die mikrovaskulare Rekonstruktionschirurgie, das vorwiegend von einem einzelnen Chirurgen geschrieben wurde. Es richtet sich sowohl an den erfahrenen als auch an den noch in der Ausbildung befindlichen Chirurgen. Das Buch ist in zwei Abschnitte gegliedert. Der erste beschreibt die operative Anatomie und Technik, die mit der Hebung jedes freien Gewebetransfers verbunden ist. Der zweite Teil behandelt die Anwendung dieser Transplantate fur die Rekonstruktion in drei anatomischen Regionen, in denen die rekonstruktive Mikrochirurgie bedeutende Ergebnisse geliefert hat: Kopf, Hals sowie obere und untere Extremitat. Das Buch ist ein aktuelles Nachschlagewerk fur jeden auf diesem Gebiet arbeitenden Chirurgen, Orthopaden und Traumatologen.

Interdisziplinares Praxis-Wissen fur die radiologische Abklarung entzundlicher Orbita-Erkrankungen steht Ihnen mit diesem Werk lerngerecht, ubersichtlich und aktuell zur Verfugung: - Systematisch werden klinische Merkmale, charakteristische CT- Befundmuster sowie die wichtigsten Kriterien fur die Differentialdiagnose beschrieben. - Aussagekraftige Fallbeispiele ermoeglichen Ihnen die Vertiefung wichtiger differentialdiagnostischer Kriterien. - Bei jedem Fall sind Klinik und radiologische Diagnostik aufeinanderfolgend behandelt. Umfangreiches Bildmaterial begleitet den Text. Expertenwissen auf einen Blick - Ihre sichere Entscheidungshilfe fur Klinik und Praxis.

Die Inzidenz der boesartigen Tumoren der oberen Luft- und Speisewege nimmt eindeutig zu. Diese im Hals-Bereich lokalisierten (zumeist Plattenepithel-) Karzinome gehen haufig mit dort lokalisierten Lymphknotenmetastasen einher. Haufig fallen sie durch diese uberhaupt erst auf, zumal der Primartumor gelegentlich kaum Beschwerden bereitet. Das vorliegende Buch bietet als Nachschlagewerk einen umfassenden UEberblick der fur alle AErzte (auch Internisten, Allgemeinmediziner und Dermatologen) absolut notwendigen Kenntnis um die Differenzialdiagnostik der Lymphknotenerkrankungen und deren Therapie, insbesondere der verschiedenen Formen der Neck-Dissection. Hochqualitative Abbildungen und Tabellen ermoeglichen es, die Thematik mit hohem didaktischen Wert vorzustellen.

Der V. Band der allgemeinen und speziellen Operationslehre, die Oto-Rhino- Laryngologischen Operationen, erscheint in diesen Jahren in der dritten Auflage. Er beginnt mit dem vorliegenden Band V/1, der die Operationen an der Nase und im Nasapharynx mit Berucksichtigung der transsphenoidalen Operationen an der Hypophyse und der Eingriffe am vegetativen Nervensystem des Kopfes abhandelt. Band V /2, der anschliessend erscheint, wird die Operationen an den Nasennebenhoehlen und der angrenzenden Schadelbasis beinhalten. Band V/3 mit der Darstellung der oto-rhino-larnygologischen Operationen im Mund-und Halsbereich (DENECKE) sowie Band V /4, die allgemeinchirurgischen Operationen am Hals (SCHWEMMLE), sind 1980 erschienen. Band V /5 wird die Operationen am Ohr und der zugehoerigen Schadelbasis enthalten. Diese Ausweitung des V. Bandes gegenuber seiner zweiten Auflage von 1953 wurde durch das Hinzukommen einer grossen Anzahl neu entwickelter Operatio- nen an den einzelnen Organen im Bereich von Hals, Nase und Ohr notwendig. Neue Erkenntnisse uber die Pathophysiologie und die Funktion der Organe sind in die entwickelten Oprationstechniken eingeflossen. Dadurch wurde eine voellige Neubearbeitung des Stoffes erforderlich. Als Co-Autor fur den vorliegenden Band V/1 konnte Professor WERNER EY, Darmstadt, gewonnen werden, der sich seit Jahrzehnten mit der Chirurgie der ausseren und inneren Nase besonders intensiv befasst hat. Bei der korrigierenden Rhinoplastik und bei den rekonstruktiven Verfahren haben die Autoren versucht, die neuen Erkenntnisse uber eine funktionelle Chir- urgie unter Berucksichtigung der Pathophysiologie der Nase herauszuarbeiten.

Die Kenntnisse uber das vestibulare System wurden durch grundlegende kli- nische Untersuchungen erarbeitet. Im europaischen Raum sind wesentlich die Arbeiten von ARSLAN, BARANY, BoENNINGHAUS, DECHER, DIX, DOHLMAN, FRENZEL, GREINER, HALLPIKE, HENRIKSSON, HOOD, JONGKEES, JUNG, KORN- HUBER, MEYER ZUM GOTTESBERGE, MITTERMAIER, MONTANDON, PFALTZ STENGER U. a. Dieses Basiswissen erscheint heute in einer neuen Dimension. Aus flug- und verhaltensphysiologischen Untersuchungen, insbesondere aus der Kinetose- forschung haben wir gelernt, dass das vestibulare System kein in sich geschlos- senes Sinnessystem darstellt wie z. B. das Hoersystem und das Riechsystem, sondern Teil eines weitreichenden, multilokularen Systems ist. Es koordiniert Meldungen aus wahrscheinlich allen Sinnessystemen zum Zweck der Orien- tierung des Menschen in seiner Umwelt. Die Koordinationsfunktion des Gleichgewichtssystems hat zur Zusammenar- beit von Physiologen, Neurologen, Otologen und Ophthalmologen gefuhrt. Eine Fulle von Untersuchungsmethoden war die Folge. Kaum ein klinisch ta- tiger Arzt hat die Moeglichkeit, alle zu kennen. Deshalb ist ein Leitfaden durch die angewachsene Materie notwendig geworden, der dem Anfanger den Ein- stieg erleichtert, dem Untersuchenden genaue Anweisungen erteilt und dem Erfahrenen als Nachschlagewerk dient. Dem medizinischen Assistenzperso- nal soll das Buch helfen, die taglich ausgefuhrten Untersuchungen besser ver- stehen zu lernen. Um ubersichtlich zu bleiben, werden nicht alle Variationen einer Untersu- chungsmethode und auch nicht alle Veroeffentlichungen berucksichtigt. Es werden bewahrte Methoden dargestellt und kommentiert. Um die Kapitel in sich geschlossen darzustellen, wurden Wiederholungen in Kauf genommen. Auf der Kenntnis der Untersuchungsmethode aufbauend werden im zweiten klinischen Band Befunde von Krankheitsbildern zugeordnet und differential- diagnostisch betrachtet. Die therapeutischen Moeglichkeiten werden eroertert.