"Pyramid Algorithms" presents a unique approach to understanding, analyzing, and computing the most common polynomial and spline curve and surface schemes used in computer-aided geometric design, employing a dynamic programming method based on recursive pyramids.
The recursive pyramid approach offers the distinct advantage of revealing the entire structure of algorithms, as well as relationships between them, at a glance. This book-the only one built around this approach-is certain to change the way you think about CAGD and the way you perform it, and all it requires is a basic background in calculus and linear algebra, and simple programming skills.
* Written by one of the world's most eminent CAGD researchers
* Designed for use as both a professional reference and a textbook, and addressed to computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians, theoreticians, and students alike
* Includes chapters on Bezier curves and surfaces, B-splines, blossoming, and multi-sided Bezier patches
* Relies on an easily understood notation, and concludes each section with both practical and theoretical exercises that enhance and elaborate upon the discussion in the text
* Foreword by Professor Helmut Pottmann, Vienna University of Technology

This book comprises an overview of twelve months of intense activity of the research group Geometry, Topology, Algebra, and Applications (GEOMVAP) at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC). Namely, it contains extended abstracts of the group meeting in Cardona and of the international Workshop of Women in Geometry and Topology aligned with a series of workshops in the topic. As such, it includes a panoramic view of the main research interests of the group which focus on varieties and manifolds from the algebraic, topological and differential perspective with a view towards applications. The GEOMVAP group has a long tradition working on various interfaces of algebra, geometry and topology. In the last decade, the group has become active contributor in interdisciplinary science and it is now focused on both a theoretical point of view and the transversal applications to several disciplines including Robotics, Machine Learning, Phylogenetics, Physics and Celestial Mechanics. The increasing interdisciplinarity of modern research and the fact that the boundaries between different areas of mathematics are vanishing, with a constant transfer of problems and techniques between them, makes it difficult to progress without a multidisciplinary approach. GEOMVAP gathers together experts in Algebraic, Symplectic and Arithmetic Geometry to stimulate the interaction between them and to allow the study of each object from different points of view. The book aims at established researchers, as well as at PhD and postdoctoral students who want to learn more about the latest advances in pure and applied Geometry and Topology.

This volume contains the proceedings of the conference Dynamics: Topology and Numbers, held from July 2-6, 2018, at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn, Germany. The papers cover diverse fields of mathematics with a unifying theme of relation to dynamical systems. These include arithmetic geometry, flat geometry, complex dynamics, graph theory, relations to number theory, and topological dynamics. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Sergiy Kolyada and also contains some personal accounts of his life and mathematics.

This richly illustrated and clearly written undergraduate textbook captures the excitement and beauty of geometry. The approach is that of Klein in his Erlangen programme: a geometry is a space together with a set of transformations of the space. The authors explore various geometries: affine, projective, inversive, hyperbolic and elliptic. In each case they carefully explain the key results and discuss the relationships between the geometries. New features in this second edition include concise end-of-chapter summaries to aid student revision, a list of further reading and a list of special symbols. The authors have also revised many of the end-of-chapter exercises to make them more challenging and to include some interesting new results. Full solutions to the 200 problems are included in the text, while complete solutions to all of the end-of-chapter exercises are available in a new Instructors' Manual, which can be downloaded from www.cambridge.org/9781107647831.

This book contains the proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Topology of Biopolymers, held from April 21-22, 2018, at Northeastern University, Boston, MA. The papers cover recent results on the topology and geometry of DNA and protein knotting using techniques from knot theory, spatial graph theory, differential geometry, molecular simulations, and laboratory experimentation. They include current work on the following topics: the density and supercoiling of DNA minicircles; the dependence of DNA geometry on its amino acid sequence; random models of DNA knotting; topological models of DNA replication and recombination; theories of how and why proteins knot; topological and geometric approaches to identifying entanglements in proteins; and topological and geometric techniques to predict protein folding rates. All of the articles are written as surveys intended for a broad interdisciplinary audience with a minimum of prerequisites. In addition to being a useful reference for experts, this book also provides an excellent introduction to the fast-moving field of topology and geometry of biopolymers.

Intended for use in college courses for prospective or in-service secondary school teachers of geometry. Designed to give teachers broad preparation in the content of elementary geometry as well as closely related topics of a slightly more advanced nature. The presentation and the modular format are designed to incorporate a flexible methodology for the teaching of geometry, one that can be adapted to different classroom settings. The basic strategy is to develop the few fundamental concepts of elementary geometry, first in intuitive form, and then more rigorously. The rest of the material is then built up out of these concepts through a combination of exposition and "guided discovery" in the problem sections. A separate volume including the solutions to the exercises is also available.

Topology Through Inquiry is a comprehensive introduction to point-set, algebraic, and geometric topology, designed to support inquiry-based learning (IBL) courses for upper-division undergraduate or beginning graduate students. The book presents an enormous amount of topology, allowing an instructor to choose which topics to treat. The point-set material contains many interesting topics well beyond the basic core, including continua and metrizability. Geometric and algebraic topology topics include the classification of 2-manifolds, the fundamental group, covering spaces, and homology (simplicial and singular). A unique feature of the introduction to homology is to convey a clear geometric motivation by starting with mod 2 coefficients. The authors are acknowledged masters of IBL-style teaching. This book gives students joy-filled, manageable challenges that incrementally develop their knowledge and skills. The exposition includes insightful framing of fruitful points of view as well as advice on effective thinking and learning. The text presumes only a modest level of mathematical maturity to begin, but students who work their way through this text will grow from mathematics students into mathematicians. Michael Starbird is a University of Texas Distinguished Teaching Professor of Mathematics. Among his works are two other co-authored books in the Mathematical Association of America's (MAA) Textbook series. Francis Su is the Benediktsson-Karwa Professor of Mathematics at Harvey Mudd College and a past president of the MAA. Both authors are award-winning teachers, including each having received the MAA's Haimo Award for distinguished teaching. Starbird and Su are, jointly and individually, on lifelong missions to make learning--of mathematics and beyond--joyful, effective, and available to everyone. This book invites topology students and teachers to join in the adventure.

Simplex geometry is a topic generalizing geometry of the triangle and tetrahedron. The appropriate tool for its study is matrix theory, but applications usually involve solving huge systems of linear equations or eigenvalue problems, and geometry can help in visualizing the behaviour of the problem. In many cases, solving such systems may depend more on the distribution of non-zero coefficients than on their values, so graph theory is also useful. The author has discovered a method that in many (symmetric) cases helps to split huge systems into smaller parts. Many readers will welcome this book, from undergraduates to specialists in mathematics, as well as non-specialists who only use mathematics occasionally, and anyone who enjoys geometric theorems. It acquaints the reader with basic matrix theory, graph theory and elementary Euclidean geometry so that they too can appreciate the underlying connections between these various areas of mathematics and computer science.

This self-contained text presents state-of-the-art results on recurrent sequences and their applications in algebra, number theory, geometry of the complex plane and discrete mathematics. It is designed to appeal to a wide readership, ranging from scholars and academics, to undergraduate students, or advanced high school and college students training for competitions. The content of the book is very recent, and focuses on areas where significant research is currently taking place. Among the new approaches promoted in this book, the authors highlight the visualization of some recurrences in the complex plane, the concurrent use of algebraic, arithmetic, and trigonometric perspectives on classical number sequences, and links to many applications. It contains techniques which are fundamental in other areas of math and encourages further research on the topic. The introductory chapters only require good understanding of college algebra, complex numbers, analysis and basic combinatorics. For Chapters 3, 4 and 6 the prerequisites include number theory, linear algebra and complex analysis. The first part of the book presents key theoretical elements required for a good understanding of the topic. The exposition moves on to to fundamental results and key examples of recurrences and their properties. The geometry of linear recurrences in the complex plane is presented in detail through numerous diagrams, which lead to often unexpected connections to combinatorics, number theory, integer sequences, and random number generation. The second part of the book presents a collection of 123 problems with full solutions, illustrating the wide range of topics where recurrent sequences can be found. This material is ideal for consolidating the theoretical knowledge and for preparing students for Olympiads.

This volume combines an introduction to central collineations with an introduction to projective geometry, set in its historical context and aiming to provide the reader with a general history through the middle of the nineteenth century. Topics covered include but are not limited to: The Projective Plane and Central Collineations The Geometry of Euclid's Elements Conic Sections in Early Modern Europe Applications of Conics in History With rare exception, the only prior knowledge required is a background in high school geometry. As a proof-based treatment, this monograph will be of interest to those who enjoy logical thinking, and could also be used in a geometry course that emphasizes projective geometry.

This authoritative volume in honor of Alain Connes, the foremost architect of Noncommutative Geometry, presents the state-of-the art in the subject. The book features an amalgam of invited survey and research papers that will no doubt be accessed, read, and referred to, for several decades to come. The pertinence and potency of new concepts and methods are concretely illustrated in each contribution. Much of the content is a direct outgrowth of the Noncommutative Geometry conference, held March 23-April 7, 2017, in Shanghai, China. The conference covered the latest research and future areas of potential exploration surrounding topology and physics, number theory, as well as index theory and its ramifications in geometry.

Through a unique approach combining art and mathematics, Perspective and Projective Geometry introduces students to the ways that projective geometry applies to perspective art. Geometry, like mathematics as a whole, offers a useful and meaningful lens for understanding the visual world. Exploring pencil-and-paper drawings, photographs, Renaissance paintings, and GeoGebra constructions, this textbook equips students with the geometric tools for projecting a three-dimensional scene onto two dimensions. Organized as a series of exercise modules, this book teaches students through hands-on inquiry and participation. Each lesson begins with a visual puzzle that can be investigated through geometry, followed by exercises that reinforce new concepts and hone students' analytical abilities. An electronic instructor's manual available to teachers contains sample syllabi and advice, including suggestions for pacing and grading rubrics for art projects. Drawing vital interdisciplinary connections between art and mathematics, Perspective and Projective Geometry is ideally suited for undergraduate students interested in mathematics or computer graphics, as well as for mathematically inclined students of architecture or art. * Features computer-based GeoGebra modules and hands-on exercises * Contains ample visual examples, math and art puzzles, and proofs with real-world applications * Suitable for college students majoring in mathematics, computer science, and art * Electronic instructor's manual (available only to teachers)

This easy-to-read 2010 book demonstrates how a simple geometric idea reveals fascinating connections and results in number theory, the mathematics of polyhedra, combinatorial geometry, and group theory. Using a systematic paper-folding procedure it is possible to construct a regular polygon with any number of sides. This remarkable algorithm has led to interesting proofs of certain results in number theory, has been used to answer combinatorial questions involving partitions of space, and has enabled the authors to obtain the formula for the volume of a regular tetrahedron in around three steps, using nothing more complicated than basic arithmetic and the most elementary plane geometry. All of these ideas, and more, reveal the beauty of mathematics and the interconnectedness of its various branches. Detailed instructions, including clear illustrations, enable the reader to gain hands-on experience constructing these models and to discover for themselves the patterns and relationships they unearth.

The theory of persistence modules originated in topological data analysis and became an active area of research in algebraic topology. This book provides a concise and self-contained introduction to persistence modules and focuses on their interactions with pure mathematics, bringing the reader to the cutting edge of current research. In particular, the authors present applications of persistence to symplectic topology, including the geometry of symplectomorphism groups and embedding problems. Furthermore, they discuss topological function theory, which provides new insight into oscillation of functions. The book is accessible to readers with a basic background in algebraic and differential topology.

Its self-contained presentation and 'do-it-yourself' approach make this the perfect guide for graduate students and researchers wishing to access recent literature in the field of nonlinear wave equations and general relativity. It introduces all of the key tools and concepts from Lorentzian geometry (metrics, null frames, deformation tensors, etc.) and provides complete elementary proofs. The author also discusses applications to topics in nonlinear equations, including null conditions and stability of Minkowski space. No previous knowledge of geometry or relativity is required.

This book focuses on origami from the point of view of computer science. Ranging from basic theorems to the latest research results, the book introduces the considerably new and fertile research field of computational origami as computer science. Part I introduces basic knowledge of the geometry of development, also called a net, of a solid. Part II further details the topic of nets. In the science of nets, there are numerous unresolved issues, and mathematical characterization and the development of efficient algorithms by computer are closely connected with each other. Part III discusses folding models and their computational complexity. When a folding model is fixed, to find efficient ways of folding is to propose efficient algorithms. If this is difficult, it is intractable in terms of computational complexity. This is, precisely, an area for computer science research. Part IV presents some of the latest research topics as advanced problems. Commentaries on all exercises included in the last chapter. The contents are organized in a self-contained way, and no previous knowledge is required. This book is suitable for undergraduate, graduate, and even high school students, as well as researchers and engineers interested in origami.

This text bridges the gap existing in the field of set theoretical topology between the introductory texts and the more specialised monographs. The authors review fit developments in general topology and discuss important new areas of research and the importance of defining a methodology applicable to this active field of mathematics. The concept of normal cover and related ideas is considered in detail, as are the characterisations of normal spaces, collectionwise normal spaces and their interrelationships with paracompact spaces (and other weaker forms of compactness). Various methods of embedding subspaces are studied, before considering newer concepts such as M-spaces and their relationships with established ideas. These ideas are applied to give new results pertaining to the extension of continuous vector-valued functions. Wallman Frink compactifications and realcompactifications are also studied to assist in unifying the ideas through the use of the more general L-filter.

This book traces the development of Kepler's ideas along with his unsteady wanderings in a world dominated by religious turmoil. Johannes Kepler, like Galileo, was a supporter of the Copernican heliocentric world model. From an early stage, his principal objective was to discover "the world behind the world", i.e. to identify the underlying order and the secrets that make the world function as it does: the hidden world harmony. Kepler was driven both by his religious belief and Greek mysticism, which he found in ancient mathematics. His urge to find a construct encompassing the harmony of every possible aspect of the world - including astronomy, geometry and music - is seen as a manifestation of a deep human desire to bring order to the apparent chaos surrounding our existence. This desire continues to this day as we search for a theory that will finally unify and harmonise the forces of nature.

Arithmetic and Geometry presents highlights of recent work in arithmetic algebraic geometry by some of the world's leading mathematicians. Together, these 2016 lectures-which were delivered in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the annual summer workshops in Alpbach, Austria-provide an introduction to high-level research on three topics: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings height and L-functions. The book consists of notes, written by young researchers, on three sets of lectures or minicourses given at Alpbach. The first course, taught by Peter Scholze, contains his recent results dealing with the local Langlands conjecture. The fundamental question is whether for a given datum there exists a so-called local Shimura variety. In some cases, they exist in the category of rigid analytic spaces; in others, one has to use Scholze's perfectoid spaces. The second course, taught by Umberto Zannier, addresses the famous Pell equation-not in the classical setting but rather with the so-called polynomial Pell equation, where the integers are replaced by polynomials in one variable with complex coefficients, which leads to the study of hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians. The third course, taught by Shou-Wu Zhang, originates in the Chowla-Selberg formula, which was taken up by Gross and Zagier to relate values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. Zhang, X. Yuan, and Wei Zhang prove the Gross-Zagier formula on Shimura curves and verify the Colmez conjecture on average.

A complete overview of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry From an overview of the history of descriptive geometry to the application of the principles of descriptive geometry to real-world scenarios, Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Descriptive Geometry provides a comprehensive look at the topic. Used throughout the disciplines of science, engineering, and architecture, descriptive geometry is crucial for everything from understanding the various segments and inter-workings of structural systems to grasping the relationship of molecules in a chemical compound. For those requiring a full accounting of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry, this text is a definitive and comprehensive resource.

The volume reports on interdisciplinary discussions and interactions between theoretical research and practical studies on geometric structures and their applications in architecture, the arts, design, education, engineering, and mathematics. These related fields of research can enrich each other and renew their mutual interest in these topics through networks of shared inspiration, and can ultimately enhance the quality of geometry and graphics education. Particular attention is dedicated to the contributions that women have made to the scientific community and especially mathematics. The book introduces engineers, architects and designers interested in computer applications, graphics and geometry to the latest advances in the field, with a particular focus on science, the arts and mathematics education.

Explores the development of the ellipse and presents mathematical concepts within a rich, historical context

"The Ellipse" features a unique, narrative approach when presenting the development of this mathematical fixture, revealing its parallels to mankind's advancement from the Counter-Reformation to the Enlightenment. Incorporating illuminating historical background and examples, the author brings together basic concepts from geometry, algebra, trigonometry, and calculus to uncover the ellipse as the shape of a planet's orbit around the sun.

The book begins with a discussion that tells the story of man's pursuit of the ellipse, from Aristarchus to Newton's successful unveiling nearly two millenniums later. The narrative draws insightful similarities between mathematical developments and the advancement of the Greeks, Romans, Medieval Europe, and Renaissance Europe. The author begins each chapter by setting the historical backdrop that is pertinent to the mathematical material that is discussed, equipping readers with the knowledge to fully grasp the presented examples and derive the ellipse as the planetary pathway. All topics are presented in both historical and mathematical contexts, and additional mathematical excursions are clearly marked so that readers have a guidepost for the materials' relevance to the development of the ellipse.

"The Ellipse" is an excellent book for courses on the history of mathematics at the undergraduate level. It is also a fascinating reference for mathematicians, engineers, or anyone with a general interest in historical mathematics.

Each chapter devoted to single type of problem with accompanying commentary and set of practice problems. Amateur puzzlists, students of mathematics and geometry will enjoy this rare opportunity to match wits with civilization's great mathematicians and witness the invention of modern mathematics.

This book presents, in a clear and structured way, the set function \mathcal{T} and how it evolved since its inception by Professor F. Burton Jones in the 1940s. It starts with a very solid introductory chapter, with all the prerequisite material for navigating through the rest of the book. It then gradually advances towards the main properties, Decomposition theorems, \mathcal{T}-closed sets, continuity and images, to modern applications. The set function \mathcal{T} has been used by many mathematicians as a tool to prove results about the semigroup structure of the continua, and about the existence of a metric continuum that cannot be mapped onto its cone or to characterize spheres. Nowadays, it has been used by topologists worldwide to investigate open problems in continuum theory. This book can be of interest to both advanced undergraduate and graduate students, and to experienced researchers as well. Its well-defined structure make this book suitable not only for self-study but also as support material to seminars on the subject. Its many open problems can potentially encourage mathematicians to contribute with further advancements in the field.

In this book, Cathleen Heil addresses the question of how to conceptually understand children's spatial thought in the context of geometry education. She proposes that in order to help children develop their abilities to successfully grasp and manipulate the spatial relations they experience in their everyday lives, spatial thought should not only be addressed in written or tabletop settings at school. Instead, geometry education should also focus on settings involving real space, such as during reasoning with maps. In a first part of this book, she theoretically addresses the construct of spatial thought at different scales of space from a cognitive psychological point of view and shows that maps can be rich sources for spatial thinking. In a second part, she proposes how to measure children's spatial thought in a paper-and-pencil setting and map-based setting in real space. In a third, empirical part, she examines the relations between children's spatial thought in those two settings both at a manifest and latent level.