This book is an introduction to the theory of calculus in the style of inquiry-based learning. The text guides students through the process of making mathematical ideas rigorous, from investigations and problems to definitions and proofs. The format allows for various levels of rigour as negotiated between instructor and students, and the text can be of use in a theoretically oriented calculus course or an analysis course that develops rigor gradually. Material on topology (e.g. of higher dimensional Euclidean spaces) and discrete dynamical systems can be used as excursions within a study of analysis or as a more central component of a course. The themes of bisection, iteration, and nested intervals form a common thread throughout the text. The book is intended for students who have studied some calculus and want to gain a deeper understanding of the subject through an inquiry-based approach.

This volume contains the proceedings of the ICM 2018 satellite school and workshop $K$-theory conference in Argentina. The school was held from July 16-20, 2018, in La Plata, Argentina, and the workshop was held from July 23-27, 2018, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. The volume showcases current developments in $K$-theory and related areas, including motives, homological algebra, index theory, operator algebras, and their applications and connections. Papers cover topics such as $K$-theory of group rings, Witt groups of real algebraic varieties, coarse homology theories, topological cyclic homology, negative $K$-groups of monoid algebras, Milnor $K$-theory and regulators, noncommutative motives, the classification of $C^*$-algebras via Kasparov's $K$-theory, the comparison between full and reduced $C^*$-crossed products, and a proof of Bott periodicity using almost commuting matrices.

This book comprises an overview of twelve months of intense activity of the research group Geometry, Topology, Algebra, and Applications (GEOMVAP) at the Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya (UPC). Namely, it contains extended abstracts of the group meeting in Cardona and of the international Workshop of Women in Geometry and Topology aligned with a series of workshops in the topic. As such, it includes a panoramic view of the main research interests of the group which focus on varieties and manifolds from the algebraic, topological and differential perspective with a view towards applications. The GEOMVAP group has a long tradition working on various interfaces of algebra, geometry and topology. In the last decade, the group has become active contributor in interdisciplinary science and it is now focused on both a theoretical point of view and the transversal applications to several disciplines including Robotics, Machine Learning, Phylogenetics, Physics and Celestial Mechanics. The increasing interdisciplinarity of modern research and the fact that the boundaries between different areas of mathematics are vanishing, with a constant transfer of problems and techniques between them, makes it difficult to progress without a multidisciplinary approach. GEOMVAP gathers together experts in Algebraic, Symplectic and Arithmetic Geometry to stimulate the interaction between them and to allow the study of each object from different points of view. The book aims at established researchers, as well as at PhD and postdoctoral students who want to learn more about the latest advances in pure and applied Geometry and Topology.

"Pyramid Algorithms" presents a unique approach to understanding, analyzing, and computing the most common polynomial and spline curve and surface schemes used in computer-aided geometric design, employing a dynamic programming method based on recursive pyramids.
The recursive pyramid approach offers the distinct advantage of revealing the entire structure of algorithms, as well as relationships between them, at a glance. This book-the only one built around this approach-is certain to change the way you think about CAGD and the way you perform it, and all it requires is a basic background in calculus and linear algebra, and simple programming skills.
* Written by one of the world's most eminent CAGD researchers
* Designed for use as both a professional reference and a textbook, and addressed to computer scientists, engineers, mathematicians, theoreticians, and students alike
* Includes chapters on Bezier curves and surfaces, B-splines, blossoming, and multi-sided Bezier patches
* Relies on an easily understood notation, and concludes each section with both practical and theoretical exercises that enhance and elaborate upon the discussion in the text
* Foreword by Professor Helmut Pottmann, Vienna University of Technology

This text presents topos theory as it has developed from the study of sheaves. Sheaves arose in geometry as coefficients for cohomology and as descriptions of the functions appropriate to various kinds of manifolds (algebraic, analytic, etc.). Sheaves also appear in logic as carriers for models of set theory as well as for the semantics of other types of logic. Grothendieck introduced a topos as a category of sheaves for algebraic geometry. Subsequently, Lawvere and Tierney obtained elementary axioms for such (more general) categories. This introduction to topos theory begins with a number of illustrative examples that explain the origin of these ideas and then describes the sheafification process and the properties of an elementary topos. The applications to axiomatic set theory and the use in forcing (the Independence of the Continuum Hypothesis and of the Axiom of Choice) are then described. Geometric morphisms- like continuous maps of spaces and the construction of classifying topoi, for example those related to local rings and simplicial sets, next appear, followed by the use of locales (pointless spaces) and the construction of topoi related to geometric languages and logic. This is the first text to address all of these varied aspects of topos theory at the graduate student level.

This volume contains the proceedings of the conference Dynamics: Topology and Numbers, held from July 2-6, 2018, at the Max Planck Institute for Mathematics, Bonn, Germany. The papers cover diverse fields of mathematics with a unifying theme of relation to dynamical systems. These include arithmetic geometry, flat geometry, complex dynamics, graph theory, relations to number theory, and topological dynamics. The volume is dedicated to the memory of Sergiy Kolyada and also contains some personal accounts of his life and mathematics.

This book develops some of the extraordinary richness, beauty, and power of geometry in two and three dimensions, and the strong connection of geometry with topology. Hyperbolic geometry is the star. A strong effort has been made to convey not just denatured formal reasoning (definitions, theorems, and proofs), but a living feeling for the subject. There are many figures, examples, and exercises of varying difficulty.

This book was the origin of a grand scheme developed by Thurston that is now coming to fruition. In the 1920s and 1930s the mathematics of two-dimensional spaces was formalized. It was Thurston's goal to do the same for three-dimensional spaces. To do this, he had to establish the strong connection of geometry to topology--the study of qualitative questions about geometrical structures. The author created a new set of concepts, and the expression "Thurston-type geometry" has become a commonplace.

"Three-Dimensional Geometry and Topology" had its origins in the form of notes for a graduate course the author taught at Princeton University between 1978 and 1980. Thurston shared his notes, duplicating and sending them to whoever requested them. Eventually, the mailing list grew to more than one thousand names. The book is the culmination of two decades of research and has become the most important and influential text in the field. Its content also provided the methods needed to solve one of mathematics' oldest unsolved problems--the Poincare Conjecture.

In 2005 Thurston won the first AMS Book Prize, for "Three-dimensional Geometry and Topology." The prize recognizes an outstanding research book that makes a seminal contribution to the research literature. Thurston received the Fields Medal, the mathematical equivalent of the Nobel Prize, in 1982 for the depth and originality of his contributions to mathematics. In 1979 he was awarded the Alan T. Waterman Award, which recognizes an outstanding young researcher in any field of science or engineering supported by the National Science Foundation."

This volume contains the proceedings of the CRM Workshops on Probabilistic Methods in Spectral Geometry and PDE, held from August 22-26, 2016 and Probabilistic Methods in Topology, held from November 14-18, 2016 at the Centre de Recherches Mathematiques, Universite de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Probabilistic methods have played an increasingly important role in many areas of mathematics, from the study of random groups and random simplicial complexes in topology, to the theory of random Schrodinger operators in mathematical physics. The workshop on Probabilistic Methods in Spectral Geometry and PDE brought together some of the leading researchers in quantum chaos, semi-classical theory, ergodic theory and dynamical systems, partial differential equations, probability, random matrix theory, mathematical physics, conformal field theory, and random graph theory. Its emphasis was on the use of ideas and methods from probability in different areas, such as quantum chaos (study of spectra and eigenstates of chaotic systems at high energy); geometry of random metrics and related problems in quantum gravity; solutions of partial differential equations with random initial conditions. The workshop Probabilistic Methods in Topology brought together researchers working on random simplicial complexes and geometry of spaces of triangulations (with connections to manifold learning); topological statistics, and geometric probability; theory of random groups and their properties; random knots; and other problems. This volume covers recent developments in several active research areas at the interface of Probability, Semiclassical Analysis, Mathematical Physics, Theory of Automorphic Forms and Graph Theory.

This book contains the proceedings of the AMS Special Session on Topology of Biopolymers, held from April 21-22, 2018, at Northeastern University, Boston, MA. The papers cover recent results on the topology and geometry of DNA and protein knotting using techniques from knot theory, spatial graph theory, differential geometry, molecular simulations, and laboratory experimentation. They include current work on the following topics: the density and supercoiling of DNA minicircles; the dependence of DNA geometry on its amino acid sequence; random models of DNA knotting; topological models of DNA replication and recombination; theories of how and why proteins knot; topological and geometric approaches to identifying entanglements in proteins; and topological and geometric techniques to predict protein folding rates. All of the articles are written as surveys intended for a broad interdisciplinary audience with a minimum of prerequisites. In addition to being a useful reference for experts, this book also provides an excellent introduction to the fast-moving field of topology and geometry of biopolymers.

Intended for use in college courses for prospective or in-service secondary school teachers of geometry. Designed to give teachers broad preparation in the content of elementary geometry as well as closely related topics of a slightly more advanced nature. The presentation and the modular format are designed to incorporate a flexible methodology for the teaching of geometry, one that can be adapted to different classroom settings. The basic strategy is to develop the few fundamental concepts of elementary geometry, first in intuitive form, and then more rigorously. The rest of the material is then built up out of these concepts through a combination of exposition and "guided discovery" in the problem sections. A separate volume including the solutions to the exercises is also available.

In this paper the authors first develop various enhancements of the theory of spectral invariants of Hamiltonian Floer homology and of Entov-Polterovich theory of spectral symplectic quasi-states and quasi-morphisms by incorporating bulk deformations, i.e., deformations by ambient cycles of symplectic manifolds, of the Floer homology and quantum cohomology. Essentially the same kind of construction is independently carried out by Usher in a slightly less general context. Then the authors explore various applications of these enhancements to the symplectic topology, especially new construction of symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphisms and new Lagrangian intersection results on toric and non-toric manifolds. The most novel part of this paper is its use of open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory and its variant involving closed orbits of periodic Hamiltonian system to connect spectral invariants (with bulk deformation), symplectic quasi-states, quasi-morphism to the Lagrangian Floer theory (with bulk deformation). The authors use this open-closed Gromov-Witten-Floer theory to produce new examples. Using the calculation of Lagrangian Floer cohomology with bulk, they produce examples of compact symplectic manifolds $(M,\omega)$ which admits uncountably many independent quasi-morphisms $\widetilde{{\rm Ham}}(M,\omega) \to {\mathbb{R}}$. They also obtain a new intersection result for the Lagrangian submanifold in $S^2 \times S^2$.

Topology Through Inquiry is a comprehensive introduction to point-set, algebraic, and geometric topology, designed to support inquiry-based learning (IBL) courses for upper-division undergraduate or beginning graduate students. The book presents an enormous amount of topology, allowing an instructor to choose which topics to treat. The point-set material contains many interesting topics well beyond the basic core, including continua and metrizability. Geometric and algebraic topology topics include the classification of 2-manifolds, the fundamental group, covering spaces, and homology (simplicial and singular). A unique feature of the introduction to homology is to convey a clear geometric motivation by starting with mod 2 coefficients. The authors are acknowledged masters of IBL-style teaching. This book gives students joy-filled, manageable challenges that incrementally develop their knowledge and skills. The exposition includes insightful framing of fruitful points of view as well as advice on effective thinking and learning. The text presumes only a modest level of mathematical maturity to begin, but students who work their way through this text will grow from mathematics students into mathematicians. Michael Starbird is a University of Texas Distinguished Teaching Professor of Mathematics. Among his works are two other co-authored books in the Mathematical Association of America's (MAA) Textbook series. Francis Su is the Benediktsson-Karwa Professor of Mathematics at Harvey Mudd College and a past president of the MAA. Both authors are award-winning teachers, including each having received the MAA's Haimo Award for distinguished teaching. Starbird and Su are, jointly and individually, on lifelong missions to make learning--of mathematics and beyond--joyful, effective, and available to everyone. This book invites topology students and teachers to join in the adventure.

This self-contained text presents state-of-the-art results on recurrent sequences and their applications in algebra, number theory, geometry of the complex plane and discrete mathematics. It is designed to appeal to a wide readership, ranging from scholars and academics, to undergraduate students, or advanced high school and college students training for competitions. The content of the book is very recent, and focuses on areas where significant research is currently taking place. Among the new approaches promoted in this book, the authors highlight the visualization of some recurrences in the complex plane, the concurrent use of algebraic, arithmetic, and trigonometric perspectives on classical number sequences, and links to many applications. It contains techniques which are fundamental in other areas of math and encourages further research on the topic. The introductory chapters only require good understanding of college algebra, complex numbers, analysis and basic combinatorics. For Chapters 3, 4 and 6 the prerequisites include number theory, linear algebra and complex analysis. The first part of the book presents key theoretical elements required for a good understanding of the topic. The exposition moves on to to fundamental results and key examples of recurrences and their properties. The geometry of linear recurrences in the complex plane is presented in detail through numerous diagrams, which lead to often unexpected connections to combinatorics, number theory, integer sequences, and random number generation. The second part of the book presents a collection of 123 problems with full solutions, illustrating the wide range of topics where recurrent sequences can be found. This material is ideal for consolidating the theoretical knowledge and for preparing students for Olympiads.

This volume combines an introduction to central collineations with an introduction to projective geometry, set in its historical context and aiming to provide the reader with a general history through the middle of the nineteenth century. Topics covered include but are not limited to: The Projective Plane and Central Collineations The Geometry of Euclid's Elements Conic Sections in Early Modern Europe Applications of Conics in History With rare exception, the only prior knowledge required is a background in high school geometry. As a proof-based treatment, this monograph will be of interest to those who enjoy logical thinking, and could also be used in a geometry course that emphasizes projective geometry.

This authoritative volume in honor of Alain Connes, the foremost architect of Noncommutative Geometry, presents the state-of-the art in the subject. The book features an amalgam of invited survey and research papers that will no doubt be accessed, read, and referred to, for several decades to come. The pertinence and potency of new concepts and methods are concretely illustrated in each contribution. Much of the content is a direct outgrowth of the Noncommutative Geometry conference, held March 23-April 7, 2017, in Shanghai, China. The conference covered the latest research and future areas of potential exploration surrounding topology and physics, number theory, as well as index theory and its ramifications in geometry.

This volume contains the proceedings of the 2016 Summer School on Fractal Geometry and Complex Dimensions, in celebration of Michel L. Lapidus's 60th birthday, held from June 21-29, 2016, at California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, California. The theme of the contributions is fractals and dynamics and content is split into four parts, centered around the following themes: Dimension gaps and the mass transfer principle, fractal strings and complex dimensions, Laplacians on fractal domains and SDEs with fractal noise, and aperiodic order (Delone sets and tilings).

This book focuses on origami from the point of view of computer science. Ranging from basic theorems to the latest research results, the book introduces the considerably new and fertile research field of computational origami as computer science. Part I introduces basic knowledge of the geometry of development, also called a net, of a solid. Part II further details the topic of nets. In the science of nets, there are numerous unresolved issues, and mathematical characterization and the development of efficient algorithms by computer are closely connected with each other. Part III discusses folding models and their computational complexity. When a folding model is fixed, to find efficient ways of folding is to propose efficient algorithms. If this is difficult, it is intractable in terms of computational complexity. This is, precisely, an area for computer science research. Part IV presents some of the latest research topics as advanced problems. Commentaries on all exercises included in the last chapter. The contents are organized in a self-contained way, and no previous knowledge is required. This book is suitable for undergraduate, graduate, and even high school students, as well as researchers and engineers interested in origami.

This book traces the development of Kepler's ideas along with his unsteady wanderings in a world dominated by religious turmoil. Johannes Kepler, like Galileo, was a supporter of the Copernican heliocentric world model. From an early stage, his principal objective was to discover "the world behind the world", i.e. to identify the underlying order and the secrets that make the world function as it does: the hidden world harmony. Kepler was driven both by his religious belief and Greek mysticism, which he found in ancient mathematics. His urge to find a construct encompassing the harmony of every possible aspect of the world - including astronomy, geometry and music - is seen as a manifestation of a deep human desire to bring order to the apparent chaos surrounding our existence. This desire continues to this day as we search for a theory that will finally unify and harmonise the forces of nature.

Arithmetic and Geometry presents highlights of recent work in arithmetic algebraic geometry by some of the world's leading mathematicians. Together, these 2016 lectures-which were delivered in celebration of the tenth anniversary of the annual summer workshops in Alpbach, Austria-provide an introduction to high-level research on three topics: Shimura varieties, hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians, and Faltings height and L-functions. The book consists of notes, written by young researchers, on three sets of lectures or minicourses given at Alpbach. The first course, taught by Peter Scholze, contains his recent results dealing with the local Langlands conjecture. The fundamental question is whether for a given datum there exists a so-called local Shimura variety. In some cases, they exist in the category of rigid analytic spaces; in others, one has to use Scholze's perfectoid spaces. The second course, taught by Umberto Zannier, addresses the famous Pell equation-not in the classical setting but rather with the so-called polynomial Pell equation, where the integers are replaced by polynomials in one variable with complex coefficients, which leads to the study of hyperelliptic continued fractions and generalized Jacobians. The third course, taught by Shou-Wu Zhang, originates in the Chowla-Selberg formula, which was taken up by Gross and Zagier to relate values of the L-function for elliptic curves with the height of Heegner points on the curves. Zhang, X. Yuan, and Wei Zhang prove the Gross-Zagier formula on Shimura curves and verify the Colmez conjecture on average.

A complete overview of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry From an overview of the history of descriptive geometry to the application of the principles of descriptive geometry to real-world scenarios, Fundamentals of Three-Dimensional Descriptive Geometry provides a comprehensive look at the topic. Used throughout the disciplines of science, engineering, and architecture, descriptive geometry is crucial for everything from understanding the various segments and inter-workings of structural systems to grasping the relationship of molecules in a chemical compound. For those requiring a full accounting of the fundamentals of three-dimensional descriptive geometry, this text is a definitive and comprehensive resource.

Through a unique approach combining art and mathematics, Perspective and Projective Geometry introduces students to the ways that projective geometry applies to perspective art. Geometry, like mathematics as a whole, offers a useful and meaningful lens for understanding the visual world. Exploring pencil-and-paper drawings, photographs, Renaissance paintings, and GeoGebra constructions, this textbook equips students with the geometric tools for projecting a three-dimensional scene onto two dimensions. Organized as a series of exercise modules, this book teaches students through hands-on inquiry and participation. Each lesson begins with a visual puzzle that can be investigated through geometry, followed by exercises that reinforce new concepts and hone students' analytical abilities. An electronic instructor's manual available to teachers contains sample syllabi and advice, including suggestions for pacing and grading rubrics for art projects. Drawing vital interdisciplinary connections between art and mathematics, Perspective and Projective Geometry is ideally suited for undergraduate students interested in mathematics or computer graphics, as well as for mathematically inclined students of architecture or art. * Features computer-based GeoGebra modules and hands-on exercises * Contains ample visual examples, math and art puzzles, and proofs with real-world applications * Suitable for college students majoring in mathematics, computer science, and art * Electronic instructor's manual (available only to teachers)

The volume reports on interdisciplinary discussions and interactions between theoretical research and practical studies on geometric structures and their applications in architecture, the arts, design, education, engineering, and mathematics. These related fields of research can enrich each other and renew their mutual interest in these topics through networks of shared inspiration, and can ultimately enhance the quality of geometry and graphics education. Particular attention is dedicated to the contributions that women have made to the scientific community and especially mathematics. The book introduces engineers, architects and designers interested in computer applications, graphics and geometry to the latest advances in the field, with a particular focus on science, the arts and mathematics education.

Explores the development of the ellipse and presents mathematical concepts within a rich, historical context

"The Ellipse" features a unique, narrative approach when presenting the development of this mathematical fixture, revealing its parallels to mankind's advancement from the Counter-Reformation to the Enlightenment. Incorporating illuminating historical background and examples, the author brings together basic concepts from geometry, algebra, trigonometry, and calculus to uncover the ellipse as the shape of a planet's orbit around the sun.

The book begins with a discussion that tells the story of man's pursuit of the ellipse, from Aristarchus to Newton's successful unveiling nearly two millenniums later. The narrative draws insightful similarities between mathematical developments and the advancement of the Greeks, Romans, Medieval Europe, and Renaissance Europe. The author begins each chapter by setting the historical backdrop that is pertinent to the mathematical material that is discussed, equipping readers with the knowledge to fully grasp the presented examples and derive the ellipse as the planetary pathway. All topics are presented in both historical and mathematical contexts, and additional mathematical excursions are clearly marked so that readers have a guidepost for the materials' relevance to the development of the ellipse.

"The Ellipse" is an excellent book for courses on the history of mathematics at the undergraduate level. It is also a fascinating reference for mathematicians, engineers, or anyone with a general interest in historical mathematics.

What does it mean to have visual intuition? Can we gain geometrical knowledge by using visual reasoning? And if we can, is it because we have a faculty of intuition? In" After Euclid," Jesse Norman reexamines the ancient and long-disregarded concept of visual reasoning and reasserts its potential as a formidable tool in our ability to grasp various kinds of geometrical knowledge. The first detailed philosophical case study of its kind, this text is essential reading for scholars in the fields of mathematics and philosophy.

In this book, Cathleen Heil addresses the question of how to conceptually understand children's spatial thought in the context of geometry education. She proposes that in order to help children develop their abilities to successfully grasp and manipulate the spatial relations they experience in their everyday lives, spatial thought should not only be addressed in written or tabletop settings at school. Instead, geometry education should also focus on settings involving real space, such as during reasoning with maps. In a first part of this book, she theoretically addresses the construct of spatial thought at different scales of space from a cognitive psychological point of view and shows that maps can be rich sources for spatial thinking. In a second part, she proposes how to measure children's spatial thought in a paper-and-pencil setting and map-based setting in real space. In a third, empirical part, she examines the relations between children's spatial thought in those two settings both at a manifest and latent level.