Bricks and tiles are two of the most universal and ancient building materials and they are able to combine tremendous versatility with the economies and advantages of mass production of standard units. They are employed in repetitive arrangements both to give strength to the structure and to cover surfaces, leading to many different kinds of bonds and styles of surface patterning. Whether you raise your eyes upwards or drop them to look at floors or pavements, there are patterns to be seen and this book draws attention to them. Full of clear colour photographs, and drawings to analyse them, this book will provide designers and artists with a wealth of ideas.

This volume is the conference proceedings of the NATO ARW during August 2001 at Kananaskis Village, Canada on "New Techniques in Topological Quantum Field Theory." This conference brought together specialists from a number of different fields all related to Topological Quantum Field Theory. The theme of this conference was to attempt to find new methods in quantum topology from the interaction with specialists in these other fields.

The featured articles include papers by V. Vassiliev on combinatorial formulas for cohomology of spaces of Knots, the computation of Ohtsuki series by N. Jacoby and R. Lawrence, and a paper by M. Asaeda and J. Przytycki on the torsion conjecture for Khovanov homology by Shumakovitch. Moreover, there are articles on more classical topics related to manifolds and braid groups by such well known authors as D. Rolfsen, H. Zieschang and F. Cohen.

There has recently been a renewal of interest in Fokker-Planck operators, motivated by problems in statistical physics, in kinetic equations, and differential geometry. Compared to more standard problems in the spectral theory of partial differential operators, those operators are not self-adjoint and only hypoelliptic. The aim of the analysis is to give, as generally as possible, an accurate qualitative and quantitative description of the exponential return to the thermodynamical equilibrium. While exploring and improving recent results in this direction, this volume proposes a review of known techniques on: the hypoellipticity of polynomial of vector fields and its global counterpart, the global Weyl-H rmander pseudo-differential calculus, the spectral theory of non-self-adjoint operators, the semi-classical analysis of Schr dinger-type operators, the Witten complexes, and the Morse inequalities.

A number of important results in combinatorics, discrete geometry, and theoretical computer science have been proved using algebraic topology. While the results are quite famous, their proofs are not so widely understood. They are scattered in research papers or outlined in surveys, and they often use topological notions not commonly known among combinatorialists or computer scientists. This book is the first textbook treatment of a significant part of such results. It focuses on so-called equivariant methods, based on the Borsuk-Ulam theorem and its generalizations. The topological tools are intentionally kept on a very elementary level (for example, homology theory and homotopy groups are completely avoided). No prior knowledge of algebraic topology is assumed, only a background in undergraduate mathematics, and the required topological notions and results are gradually explained. At the same time, many substantial combinatorial results are covered, sometimes with some of the most important results, such as Kneser's conjecture, showing them from various points of view. The history of the presented material, references, related results, and more advanced methods are surveyed in separate subsections. The text is accompanied by numerous exercises, of varying difficulty. Many of the exercises actually outline additional results that did not fit in the main text. The book is richly illustrated, and it has a detailed index and an extensive bibliography. This text started with a one-semester graduate course the author taught in fall 1993 in Prague. The transcripts of the lectures by the participants served as a basis of the first version. Some years later, a course partially based on that text was taught by Günter M. Ziegler in Berlin. The book is based on a thoroughly rewritten version prepared during a pre-doctoral course the author taught at the ETH Zurich in fall 2001. Most of the material was covered in the course: Chapter 1 was assigned as an introductory reading text, and the other chapters were presented in approximately 30 hours of teaching (by 45 minutes), with some omissions throughout and with only a sketchy presentation of the last chapter.

Homology 3-sphere is a closed 3-dimensional manifold whose homology equals that of the 3-sphere. These objects may look rather special but they have played an outstanding role in geometric topology for the past fifty years. The book gives a systematic exposition of diverse ideas and methods in the area, from algebraic topology of manifolds to invariants arising from quantum field theories. The main topics covered are constructions and classification of homology 3-spheres, Rokhlin invariant, Casson invariant and its extensions, including invariants of Walker and Lescop, Herald and Lin invariants of knots, and equivariant Casson invariants, Floer homology and gauge-theoretical invariants of homology cobordism. Many of the topics covered in the book appear in monograph form for the first time. The book gives a rather broad overview of ideas and methods and provides a comprehensive bibliography. It will be appealing to both graduate students and researchers in mathematics and theoretical physics.

Gestalt psychology, neurophysiology and the psychology of perception have tried to answer the question of whether we see forms as a whole or as the sum of their parts, why we perceive things as they are and not as they appear on the retina, which is in fact changed in perspective and in size, and which visual cortical areas and which neurons react to which phenomena. But the most important question for the author is which additional information the thing that is seen conveys. How do we tell the difference between a cheerful and a gloomy face? Why do we see that a bud will open shortly? Why do we find some phenomena to be dangerous and others to be desirable? These question have not yet been investigated in a systematic and scientific way, although they are of vital importance to our behaviour. Jürgen Weber brings together the results of various disciplines and his own research and experience as a sculptor and painter with a scientific background and develops a new theory of perception of form.

Develops the theory of jet single-time Lagrange geometry and presents modern-day applications

"Jet Single-Time Lagrange Geometry and Its Applications" guides readers through the advantages of jet single-time Lagrange geometry for geometrical modeling. With comprehensive chapters that outline topics ranging in complexity from basic to advanced, the book explores current and emerging applications across a broad range of fields, including mathematics, theoretical and atmospheric physics, economics, and theoretical biology.

The authors begin by presenting basic theoretical concepts that serve as the foundation for understanding how and why the discussed theory works. Subusequent chapters compare the geometrical and physical aspects of jet relativistic time-dependent Lagrange geometry to the classical time-dependent Lagrange geometry. A collection of jet geometrical objects are also examined such as d-tensors, relativistic time-dependent semisprays, harmonic curves, and nonlinear connections. Numerous applications, including the gravitational theory developed by both the Berwald-Moor metric and the Chernov metric, are also presented.

Throughout the book, the authors offer numerous examples that illustrate how the theory is put into practice, and they also present numerous applications in which the solutions of first-order ordinary differential equation systems are regarded as harmonic curves on 1-jet spaces. In addition, numerous opportunities are provided for readers to gain skill in applying jet single-time Lagrange geometry to solve a wide range of problems.

Extensively classroom-tested to ensure an accessible presentation, "Jet Single-Time Lagrange Geometry and Its Applications" is an excellent book for courses on differential geometry, relativity theory, and mathematical models at the graduate level. The book also serves as an excellent reference for researchers, professionals, and academics in physics, biology, mathematics, and economics who would like to learn more about model-providing geometric structures.

This is the second edition of the only book dedicated to the Geometry of Polycentric Ovals. It includes problem solving constructions and mathematical formulas. For anyone interested in drawing or recognizing an oval, this book gives all the necessary construction, representation and calculation tools. More than 30 basic construction problems are solved, with references to Geogebra animation videos, plus the solution to the Frame Problem and solutions to the Stadium Problem. A chapter (co-written with Margherita Caputo) is dedicated to totally new hypotheses on the project of Borromini's oval dome of the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome. Another one presents the case study of the Colosseum as an example of ovals with eight centres as well as the case study of Perronet's Neuilly bridge, a half oval with eleven centres. The primary audience is: architects, graphic designers, industrial designers, architecture historians, civil engineers; moreover, the systematic way in which the book is organised could make it a companion to a textbook on descriptive geometry or on CAD. Added features in the 2nd edition include: the revised hypothesis on Borromini's project for the dome of the church of San Carlo alle Quattro Fontane in Rome, an insight into the problem of finding a single equation to represent a four-centre oval, a suggestion for a representation of a four-centre oval using Geogebra, formulas for parameters of ovals with more than 4 centres and the case study of the eleven-centre half-oval arch used to build the XVIII century Neuilly bridge in Paris.

One of the most striking development of the last decades in the study of minimal surfaces, constant mean surfaces and harmonic maps is the discovery that many classical problems in differential geometry - including these examples - are actually integrable systems. This theory grew up mainly after the important discovery of the properties of the Korteweg-de Vries equation in the sixties. After C. Gardner, J. Greene, M. Kruskal et R. Miura 44] showed that this equation could be solved using the inverse scattering method and P. Lax 62] reinterpreted this method by his famous equation, many other deep observations have been made during the seventies, mainly by the Russian and the Japanese schools. In particular this theory was shown to be strongly connected with methods from algebraic geom etry (S. Novikov, V. B. Matveev, LM. Krichever. . . ), loop techniques (M. Adler, B. Kostant, W. W. Symes, M. J. Ablowitz . . . ) and Grassmannian manifolds in Hilbert spaces (M. Sato . . . ). Approximatively during the same period, the twist or theory of R. Penrose, built independentely, was applied successfully by R. Penrose and R. S. Ward for constructing self-dual Yang-Mills connections and four-dimensional self-dual manifolds using complex geometry methods. Then in the eighties it became clear that all these methods share the same roots and that other instances of integrable systems should exist, in particular in differential ge ometry. This led K."

Offering a concise collection of MatLab programs and exercises to accompany a third semester course in multivariable calculus, "A MatLab Companion for Multivariable Calculus" introduces simple numerical procedures such as numerical differentiation, numerical integration and Newton's method in several variables, thereby allowing students to tackle realistic problems. The many examples show students how to use MatLab effectively and easily in many contexts. Numerous exercises in mathematics and applications areas are presented, graded from routine to more demanding projects requiring some programming. Matlab M-files are provided on the Harcourt/Academic Press web site at http: //www.harcourt-ap.com/matlab.html.
* Computer-oriented material that complements the essential topics in multivariable calculus
* Main ideas presented with examples of computations and graphics displays using MATLAB
* Numerous examples of short code in the text, which can be modified for use with the exercises
* MATLAB files are used to implement graphics displays and contain a collection of mfiles which can serve as demos

A gentle introduction to the geometry of convex sets in n -dimensional space Geometry of Convex Sets begins with basic definitions of the concepts of vector addition and scalar multiplication and then defines the notion of convexity for subsets of n-dimensional space. Many properties of convex sets can be discovered using just the linear structure. However, for more interesting results, it is necessary to introduce the notion of distance in order to discuss open sets, closed sets, bounded sets, and compact sets. The book illustrates the interplay between these linear and topological concepts, which makes the notion of convexity so interesting. Thoroughly class-tested, the book discusses topology and convexity in the context of normed linear spaces, specifically with a norm topology on an n-dimensional space. Geometry of Convex Sets also features: * An introduction to n-dimensional geometry including points; lines; vectors; distance; norms; inner products; orthogonality; convexity; hyperplanes; and linear functionals * Coverage of n-dimensional norm topology including interior points and open sets; accumulation points and closed sets; boundary points and closed sets; compact subsets of n-dimensional space; completeness of n-dimensional space; sequences; equivalent norms; distance between sets; and support hyperplanes * * Basic properties of convex sets; convex hulls; interior and closure of convex sets; closed convex hulls; accessibility lemma; regularity of convex sets; affine hulls; flats or affine subspaces; affine basis theorem; separation theorems; extreme points of convex sets; supporting hyperplanes and extreme points; existence of extreme points; Krein Milman theorem; polyhedral sets and polytopes; and Birkhoff s theorem on doubly stochastic matrices * Discussions of Helly s theorem; the Art Gallery theorem; Vincensini s problem; Hadwiger s theorems; theorems of Radon and Caratheodory; Kirchberger s theorem; Helly-type theorems for circles; covering problems; piercing problems; sets of constant width; Reuleaux triangles; Barbier s theorem; and Borsuk s problem Geometry of Convex Sets is a useful textbook for upper-undergraduate level courses in geometry of convex sets and is essential for graduate-level courses in convex analysis. An excellent reference for academics and readers interested in learning the various applications of convex geometry, the book is also appropriate for teachers who would like to convey a better understanding and appreciation of the field to students. I. E. Leonard, PhD, was a contract lecturer in the Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences at the University of Alberta. The author of over 15 peer-reviewed journal articles, he is a technical editor for the Canadian Applied Mathematical Quarterly journal. J. E. Lewis, PhD, is Professor Emeritus in the Department of Mathematical Sciences at the University of Alberta. He was the recipient of the Faculty of Science Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2004 as well as the PIMS Education Prize in 2002.

The principles of symmetry and self-similarity structure nature's most beautiful creations. For example, they are expressed in fractals, famous for their beautiful but complicated geometric structure, which is the subject of study in dimension theory. And in dynamics the presence of invariant fractals often results in unstable "turbulent-like" motions and is associated with "chaotic" behavior.
In this book, Yakov Pesin introduces a new area of research that has recently appeared in the interface between dimension theory and the theory of dynamical systems. Focusing on invariant fractals and their influence on stochastic properties of systems, Pesin provides a comprehensive and systematic treatment of modern dimension theory in dynamical systems, summarizes the current state of research, and describes the most important accomplishments of this field.
Pesin's synthesis of these subjects of broad current research interest will be appreciated both by advanced mathematicians and by a wide range of scientists who depend upon mathematical modeling of dynamical processes.

A selection of topics which graduate students have found to be a successful introduction to the field, employing three distinct techniques: geometric topology manoeuvres, combinatorics, and algebraic topology. Each topic is developed until significant results are achieved and each chapter ends with exercises and brief accounts of the latest research. What may reasonably be referred to as knot theory has expanded enormously over the last decade and, while the author describes important discoveries throughout the twentieth century, the latest discoveries such as quantum invariants of 3-manifolds as well as generalisations and applications of the Jones polynomial are also included, presented in an easily intelligible style. Readers are assumed to have knowledge of the basic ideas of the fundamental group and simple homology theory, although explanations throughout the text are numerous and well-done. Written by an internationally known expert in the field, this will appeal to graduate students, mathematicians and physicists with a mathematical background wishing to gain new insights in this area.

Soil Physical Chemistry, Second Edition takes up where the last edition left off. With comprehensive and contemporary discussions on equilibrium and kinetic aspects of major soil chemical process and reactions this excellent text/reference presents new chapters on precipitation/dissolution, modeling of adsorption reactions at the mineral/water interface, and the chemistry of humic substances. An emphasis is placed on understanding soil chemical reactions from a microscopic point of view and rigorous theoretical developments such as the use of modern in situ surface chemical probes such as x-ray adsorption fine structure (XAFS), Fournier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies, and scanning probe microscopies (SPM) are discussed.

Diese 2., uberarbeitete und erweiterte Auflage des bisher unter dem Titel "Elementare Geometrie und Algebra" erschienenen Lehrbuches weist deutlicher auf die angestrebte Vernetzung der Mathematik in Schule und Hochschule hin. In dem neuen ersten Kapitel wird die "Philosophie" des Buches mit seinen zentralen didaktischen Prinzipien dargestellt. In jedem der folgenden funf Kapitel wird zunachst im ersten Abschnitt ausfuhrlich die Wechselwirkung der jeweiligen Thematik mit dem schulischen Mathematikunterricht dargestellt. Der dann folgende mathematische Inhalt der Kapitel ist im Wesentlichen eine UEberarbeitung der Kapitel der ersten Auflage. Dieses Buch setzt eine gewisse "mathematische Grundbildung" voraus, wie sie z. B. in den ersten zwei mathematischen Studiensemestern erworben wird. Die Kapitel sind unabhangig voneinander lesbar, moeglichst oft wurden historische Zusammenhange eingearbeitet und auch passende interessante mathematische Anekdoten erwahnt.

This detailed yet accessible text provides an essential introduction to the advanced mathematical methods at the core of theoretical physics. The book steadily develops the key concepts required for an understanding of symmetry principles and topological structures, such as group theory, differentiable manifolds, Riemannian geometry, and Lie algebras. Based on a course for senior undergraduate students of physics, it is written in a clear, pedagogical style and would also be valuable to students in other areas of science and engineering. The material has been subject to more than twenty years of feedback from students, ensuring that explanations and examples are lucid and considered, and numerous worked examples and exercises reinforce key concepts and further strengthen readers' understanding. This text unites a wide variety of important topics that are often scattered across different books, and provides a solid platform for more specialized study or research.

Introducing foundational concepts in infinite-dimensional differential geometry beyond Banach manifolds, this text is based on Bastiani calculus. It focuses on two main areas of infinite-dimensional geometry: infinite-dimensional Lie groups and weak Riemannian geometry, exploring their connections to manifolds of (smooth) mappings. Topics covered include diffeomorphism groups, loop groups and Riemannian metrics for shape analysis. Numerous examples highlight both surprising connections between finite- and infinite-dimensional geometry, and challenges occurring solely in infinite dimensions. The geometric techniques developed are then showcased in modern applications of geometry such as geometric hydrodynamics, higher geometry in the guise of Lie groupoids, and rough path theory. With plentiful exercises, some with solutions, and worked examples, this will be indispensable for graduate students and researchers working at the intersection of functional analysis, non-linear differential equations and differential geometry. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.

An easily accessible introduction to over three centuries of innovations in geometry

Praise for the First Edition

." . . a welcome alternative to compartmentalized treatments bound to the old thinking. This clearly written, well-illustrated book supplies sufficient background to be self-contained." --CHOICE

This fully revised new edition offers the most comprehensive coverage of modern geometry currently available at an introductory level. The book strikes a welcome balance between academic rigor and accessibility, providing a complete and cohesive picture of the science with an unparalleled range of topics.

Illustrating modern mathematical topics, "Introduction to Topology and Geometry, Second Edition "discusses introductory topology, algebraic topology, knot theory, the geometry of surfaces, Riemann geometries, fundamental groups, and differential geometry, which opens the doors to a wealth of applications. With its logical, yet flexible, organization, the "Second Edition: "- Explores historical notes interspersed throughout the exposition to provide readers with a feel for how the mathematical disciplines and theorems came into being- Provides exercises ranging from routine to challenging, allowing readers at varying levels of study to master the concepts and methods- Bridges seemingly disparate topics by creating thoughtful and logical connections- Contains coverage on the elements of polytope theory, which acquaints readers with an exposition of modern theory"Introduction to Topology and Geometry, Second Edition "is an excellent introductory text for topology and geometry courses at the upper-undergraduate level. In addition, the book serves as an ideal reference for professionals interested in gaining a deeper understanding of the topic.

The general problem studied by information theory is the reliable transmission of information through unreliable channels. Channels can be unreliable either because they are disturbed by noise or because unauthorized receivers intercept the information transmitted. In the first case, the theory of error-control codes provides techniques for correcting at least part of the errors caused by noise. In the second case cryptography offers the most suitable methods for coping with the many problems linked with secrecy and authentication. Now, both error-control and cryptography schemes can be studied, to a large extent, by suitable geometric models, belonging to the important field of finite geometries. This book provides an update survey of the state of the art of finite geometries and their applications to channel coding against noise and deliberate tampering. The book is divided into two sections, "Geometries and Codes" and "Geometries and Cryptography." The first part covers such topics as Galois geometries, Steiner systems, Circle geometry and applications to algebraic coding theory. The second part deals with unconditional secrecy and authentication, geometric threshold schemes and applications of finite geometry to cryptography. This volume recommends itself to engineers dealing with communication problems, to mathematicians and to research workers in the fields of algebraic coding theory, cryptography and information theory.

A veteran math educator reveals the hidden fascinations of geometry and why this staple of math education is important. If you remember anything about high school geometry class, it's probably doing proofs. But geometry is more than axioms, postulates, theorems, and proofs. It's the science of beautiful and extraordinary geometric relationships--most of which is lost in high school classrooms where the focus is on the rigor of logically proving those relationships. This book will awaken readers to the appeal of geometry by placing the focus squarely on geometry's visually compelling features and intrinsic elegance. Who knew that straight lines, circles, and area could be so interesting? Not to mention optical illusions. So get out the rulers, compasses, or even a software program, and discover geometry for the first time.

Suitable for advanced undergraduates and graduate students, this text introduces the broad scope of convexity by highlighting diverse applications. Topics include characterizations of convex sets, polytopes, duality, optimization, and convex functions. Exercises appear throughout the text, with solutions, hints, and references at the end. 1982 edition.

Euclid's Elements is the most famous mathematical work of classical antiquity, and has had a profound influence on the development of modern Mathematics and Physics. This volume contains the definitive Ancient Greek text of J.L. Heiberg (1883), together with an English translation. For ease of use, the Greek text and the corresponding English text are on facing pages. Moreover, the figures are drawn with both Greek and English symbols. Finally, a helpful Greek/English lexicon explaining Ancient Greek mathematical jargon is appended. Volume II contains Books 5-9, and covers the fundamentals of proportion, similar figures, and number theory.