The area of computational cryptography is dedicated to the development of effective methods in algorithmic number theory that improve implementation of cryptosystems or further their cryptanalysis. This book is a tribute to Arjen K. Lenstra, one of the key contributors to the field, on the occasion of his 65th birthday, covering his best-known scientific achievements in the field. Students and security engineers will appreciate this no-nonsense introduction to the hard mathematical problems used in cryptography and on which cybersecurity is built, as well as the overview of recent advances on how to solve these problems from both theoretical and practical applied perspectives. Beginning with polynomials, the book moves on to the celebrated Lenstra-Lenstra-Lovasz lattice reduction algorithm, and then progresses to integer factorization and the impact of these methods to the selection of strong cryptographic keys for usage in widely used standards.

Hypergeometric functions have occupied a significant position in mathematics for over two centuries. This monograph, by one of the foremost experts, is concerned with the Boyarsky principle which expresses the analytical properties of a certain proto-gamma function. Professor Dwork develops here a theory which is broad enough to encompass several of the most important hypergeometric functions in the literature and their cohomology. A central theme is the development of the Laplace transform in this context and its application to spaces of functions associated with hypergeometric functions. Consequently, this book represents a significant further development of the theory and demonstrates how the Boyarsky principle may be given a cohomological interpretation. The author includes an exposition of the relationship between this theory and Gauss sums and generalized Jacobi sums, and explores the theory of duality which throws new light on the theory of exponential sums and confluent hypergeometric functions.

This textbook covers a wide array of topics in analytic and multiplicative number theory, suitable for graduate level courses.Extensively revised and extended, this Advanced Edition takes a deeper dive into the subject, with the elementary topics of the previous edition making way for a fuller treatment of more advanced topics. The core themes of the distribution of prime numbers, arithmetic functions, lattice points, exponential sums and number fields now contain many more details and additional topics. In addition to covering a range of classical and standard results, some recent work on a variety of topics is discussed in the book, including arithmetic functions of several variables, bounded gaps between prime numbers a la Yitang Zhang, Mordell's method for exponential sums over finite fields, the resonance method for the Riemann zeta function, the Hooley divisor function, and many others. Throughout the book, the emphasis is on explicit results. Assuming only familiarity with elementary number theory and analysis at an undergraduate level, this textbook provides an accessible gateway to a rich and active area of number theory. With an abundance of new topics and 50% more exercises, all with solutions, it is now an even better guide for independent study.

This undergraduate textbook provides an elegant introduction to the arithmetic of quadratic number fields, including many topics not usually covered in books at this level. Quadratic fields offer an introduction to algebraic number theory and some of its central objects: rings of integers, the unit group, ideals and the ideal class group. This textbook provides solid grounding for further study by placing the subject within the greater context of modern algebraic number theory. Going beyond what is usually covered at this level, the book introduces the notion of modularity in the context of quadratic reciprocity, explores the close links between number theory and geometry via Pell conics, and presents applications to Diophantine equations such as the Fermat and Catalan equations as well as elliptic curves. Throughout, the book contains extensive historical comments, numerous exercises (with solutions), and pointers to further study. Assuming a moderate background in elementary number theory and abstract algebra, Quadratic Number Fields offers an engaging first course in algebraic number theory, suitable for upper undergraduate students.

Robert Langlands formulated his celebrated conjectures, initiating the Langlands Program, at the age of 31, profoundly changing the landscape of mathematics. Langlands, recipient of the Abel Prize, is famous for his insight in discovering links among seemingly dissimilar objects, leading to astounding results. This book is uniquely designed to serve a wide range of mathematicians and advanced students, showcasing Langlands' unique creativity and guiding readers through the areas of Langlands' work that are generally regarded as technical and difficult to penetrate. Part 1 features non-technical personal reflections, including Langlands' own words describing how and why he was led to formulate his conjectures. Part 2 includes survey articles of Langlands' early work that led to his conjectures, and centers on his principle of functoriality and foundational work on the Eisenstein series, and is accessible to mathematicians from other fields. Part 3 describes some of Langlands' contributions to mathematical physics.

This book deals with the development of Diophantine problems starting with Thue's path breaking result and culminating in Roth's theorem with applications. It discusses classical results including Hermite-Lindemann-Weierstrass theorem, Gelfond-Schneider theorem, Schmidt's subspace theorem and more. It also includes two theorems of Ramachandra which are not widely known and other interesting results derived on the values of Weierstrass elliptic function. Given the constantly growing number of applications of linear forms in logarithms, it is becoming increasingly important for any student wanting to work in this area to know the proofs of Baker's original results. This book presents Baker's original results in a format suitable for graduate students, with a focus on presenting the content in an accessible and simple manner. Each student-friendly chapter concludes with selected problems in the form of "Exercises" and interesting information presented as "Notes," intended to spark readers' curiosity.

Work examines the latest algorithms and tools to solve classical types of diophantine equations.; Unique book---closest competitor, Smart, Cambridge, does not treat index form equations.; Author is a leading researcher in the field of computational algebraic number theory.; The text is illustrated with several tables of various number fields, including their data on power integral bases.; Several interesting properties of number fields are examined.; Some infinite parametric families of fields are also considered as well as the resolution of the corresponding infinite parametric families of diophantine equations.

This book takes the reader on a journey from familiar high school mathematics to undergraduate algebra and number theory. The journey starts with the basic idea that new number systems arise from solving different equations, leading to (abstract) algebra. Along this journey, the reader will be exposed to important ideas of mathematics, and will learn a little about how mathematics is really done.Starting at an elementary level, the book gradually eases the reader into the complexities of higher mathematics; in particular, the formal structure of mathematical writing (definitions, theorems and proofs) is introduced in simple terms. The book covers a range of topics, from the very foundations (numbers, set theory) to basic abstract algebra (groups, rings, fields), driven throughout by the need to understand concrete equations and problems, such as determining which numbers are sums of squares. Some topics usually reserved for a more advanced audience, such as Eisenstein integers or quadratic reciprocity, are lucidly presented in an accessible way. The book also introduces the reader to open source software for computations, to enhance understanding of the material and nurture basic programming skills. For the more adventurous, a number of Outlooks included in the text offer a glimpse of possible mathematical excursions. This book supports readers in transition from high school to university mathematics, and will also benefit university students keen to explore the beginnings of algebraic number theory. It can be read either on its own or as a supporting text for first courses in algebra or number theory, and can also be used for a topics course on Diophantine equations.

This volume introduces some recent developments in Arithmetic Geometry over local fields. Its seven chapters are centered around two common themes: the study of Drinfeld modules and non-Archimedean analytic geometry. The notes grew out of lectures held during the research program "Arithmetic and geometry of local and global fields" which took place at the Vietnam Institute of Advanced Study in Mathematics (VIASM) from June to August 2018. The authors, leading experts in the field, have put great effort into making the text as self-contained as possible, introducing the basic tools of the subject. The numerous concrete examples and suggested research problems will enable graduate students and young researchers to quickly reach the frontiers of this fascinating branch of mathematics.

These proceedings collect several number theory articles, most of which were written in connection to the workshop WIN4: Women in Numbers, held in August 2017, at the Banff International Research Station (BIRS) in Banff, Alberta, Canada. It collects papers disseminating research outcomes from collaborations initiated during the workshop as well as other original research contributions involving participants of the WIN workshops. The workshop and this volume are part of the WIN network, aimed at highlighting the research of women and gender minorities in number theory as well as increasing their participation and boosting their potential collaborations in number theory and related fields.

This volume presents a collection of results related to the BSD conjecture, based on the first two India-China conferences on this topic. It provides an overview of the conjecture and a few special cases where the conjecture is proved. The broad theme of the two conferences was "Theoretical and Computational Aspects of the Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer Conjecture". The first was held at Beijing International Centre for Mathematical Research (BICMR) in December 2014 and the second was held at the International Centre for Theoretical Sciences (ICTS), Bangalore, India in December 2016. Providing a broad overview of the subject, the book is a valuable resource for young researchers wishing to work in this area. The articles have an extensive list of references to enable diligent researchers to gain an idea of the current state of art on this conjecture.

In this book, the author pays tribute to Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866), a mathematician with revolutionary ideas, whose work on the theory of integration, the Fourier transform, the hypergeometric differential equation, etc. contributed immensely to mathematical physics. The text concentrates in particular on Riemann's only work on prime numbers, including ideas - new at the time - such as analytical continuation into the complex plane and the product formula for entire functions. A detailed analysis of the zeros of the Riemann zeta-function is presented. The impact of Riemann's ideas on regularizing infinite values in field theory is also emphasized. This revised and enhanced new edition contains three new chapters, two on the application of Riemann's zeta-function regularization to obtain the partition function of a Bose (Fermi) oscillator and one on the zeta-function regularization in quantum electrodynamics. Appendix A2 has been re-written to make the calculations more transparent. A summary of Euler-Riemann formulae completes the book.

Den beiden Autoren ist es auf hervorragende Weise gelungen, das Ziel ihres Buches zu verwirklichen und dem interessierten Nichtmathematiker einen tiefen Einblick in das Wesen der Mathematik, ihre SchAnheit und Tiefe zu ermAglichen. So werden in 26 in sich abgeschlossenen Kapiteln ausgewAhlte Themen der klassischen Mathematik - unter anderem Probleme der Zahlentheorie, der analytischen Geometrie und der Topologie - in fesselnder Form vorgetragen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei aber nicht auf der mathematisch-stofflichen Tatsache, sondern auf dem Ablauf des Geschehens, auf der Methode der Fragestellung und auf der Methode, gestellte Fragen zu lAsen. Dieses Buch fA1/4r Liebhaber der Mathematik hat seit seinem Erscheinen im Jahre 1930 nichts von seiner Frische und Faszination verloren.

This textbook provides an accessible account of the history of abstract algebra, tracing a range of topics in modern algebra and number theory back to their modest presence in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, and exploring the impact of ideas on the development of the subject. Beginning with Gauss's theory of numbers and Galois's ideas, the book progresses to Dedekind and Kronecker, Jordan and Klein, Steinitz, Hilbert, and Emmy Noether. Approaching mathematical topics from a historical perspective, the author explores quadratic forms, quadratic reciprocity, Fermat's Last Theorem, cyclotomy, quintic equations, Galois theory, commutative rings, abstract fields, ideal theory, invariant theory, and group theory. Readers will learn what Galois accomplished, how difficult the proofs of his theorems were, and how important Camille Jordan and Felix Klein were in the eventual acceptance of Galois's approach to the solution of equations. The book also describes the relationship between Kummer's ideal numbers and Dedekind's ideals, and discusses why Dedekind felt his solution to the divisor problem was better than Kummer's. Designed for a course in the history of modern algebra, this book is aimed at undergraduate students with an introductory background in algebra but will also appeal to researchers with a general interest in the topic. With exercises at the end of each chapter and appendices providing material difficult to find elsewhere, this book is self-contained and therefore suitable for self-study.

This graduate textbook offers an introduction to modern methods in number theory. It gives a complete account of the main results of class field theory as well as the Poitou-Tate duality theorems, considered crowning achievements of modern number theory.Assuming a first graduate course in algebra and number theory, the book begins with an introduction to group and Galois cohomology. Local fields and local class field theory, including Lubin-Tate formal group laws, are covered next, followed by global class field theory and the description of abelian extensions of global fields. The final part of the book gives an accessible yet complete exposition of the Poitou-Tate duality theorems. Two appendices cover the necessary background in homological algebra and the analytic theory of Dirichlet L-series, including the Cebotarev density theorem. Based on several advanced courses given by the author, this textbook has been written for graduate students. Including complete proofs and numerous exercises, the book will also appeal to more experienced mathematicians, either as a text to learn the subject or as a reference.

There are numbers of all kinds: rational, real, complex, p-adic. The p-adic numbers are less well known than the others, but they play a fundamental role in number theory and in other parts of mathematics. This elementary introduction offers a broad understanding of p-adic numbers. From the reviews: "It is perhaps the most suitable text for beginners, and I shall definitely recommend it to anyone who asks me what a p-adic number is." --THE MATHEMATICAL GAZETTE

Ideal for a first course in number theory, this lively, engaging text requires only a familiarity with elementary algebra and the properties of real numbers. Author Underwood Dudley, who has written a series of popular mathematics books, maintains that the best way to learn mathematics is by solving problems. In keeping with this philosophy, the text includes nearly 1,000 exercises and problems--some computational and some classical, many original, and some with complete solutions.
The opening chapters offer sound explanations of the basics of elementary number theory and develop the fundamental properties of integers and congruences. Subsequent chapters present proofs of Fermat's and Wilson's theorems, introduce number theoretic functions, and explore the quadratic reciprocity theorem. Three independent sections follow, with examinations of the representation of numbers, diophantine equations, and primes. The text concludes with 260 additional problems, three helpful appendixes, and answers to selected exercises and problems.

This is the second in a series of three volumes dealing with important topics in algebra. Volume 2 is an introduction to linear algebra (including linear algebra over rings), Galois theory, representation theory, and the theory of group extensions. The section on linear algebra (chapters 1-5) does not require any background material from Algebra 1, except an understanding of set theory. Linear algebra is the most applicable branch of mathematics, and it is essential for students of science and engineering As such, the text can be used for one-semester courses for these students. The remaining part of the volume discusses Jordan and rational forms, general linear algebra (linear algebra over rings), Galois theory, representation theory (linear algebra over group algebras), and the theory of extension of groups follow linear algebra, and is suitable as a text for the second and third year students specializing in mathematics.

This is the first in a series of three volumes dealing with important topics in algebra. It offers an introduction to the foundations of mathematics together with the fundamental algebraic structures, namely groups, rings, fields, and arithmetic. Intended as a text for undergraduate and graduate students of mathematics, it discusses all major topics in algebra with numerous motivating illustrations and exercises to enable readers to acquire a good understanding of the basic algebraic structures, which they can then use to find the exact or the most realistic solutions to their problems.

This highly readable book aims to ease the many challenges of starting undergraduate research. It accomplishes this by presenting a diverse series of self-contained, accessible articles which include specific open problems and prepare the reader to tackle them with ample background material and references. Each article also contains a carefully selected bibliography for further reading. The content spans the breadth of mathematics, including many topics that are not normally addressed by the undergraduate curriculum (such as matroid theory, mathematical biology, and operations research), yet have few enough prerequisites that the interested student can start exploring them under the guidance of a faculty member. Whether trying to start an undergraduate thesis, embarking on a summer REU, or preparing for graduate school, this book is appropriate for a variety of students and the faculty who guide them.

Mumford is a well-known mathematician and winner of the Fields Medal, the highest honor available in mathematics Many of these papers are currently unavailable, and the correspondence with Grothendieck has never before been published

This book casts the theory of periods of algebraic varieties in the natural setting of Madhav Nori's abelian category of mixed motives. It develops Nori's approach to mixed motives from scratch, thereby filling an important gap in the literature, and then explains the connection of mixed motives to periods, including a detailed account of the theory of period numbers in the sense of Kontsevich-Zagier and their structural properties. Period numbers are central to number theory and algebraic geometry, and also play an important role in other fields such as mathematical physics. There are long-standing conjectures about their transcendence properties, best understood in the language of cohomology of algebraic varieties or, more generally, motives. Readers of this book will discover that Nori's unconditional construction of an abelian category of motives (over fields embeddable into the complex numbers) is particularly well suited for this purpose. Notably, Kontsevich's formal period algebra represents a torsor under the motivic Galois group in Nori's sense, and the period conjecture of Kontsevich and Zagier can be recast in this setting. Periods and Nori Motives is highly informative and will appeal to graduate students interested in algebraic geometry and number theory as well as researchers working in related fields. Containing relevant background material on topics such as singular cohomology, algebraic de Rham cohomology, diagram categories and rigid tensor categories, as well as many interesting examples, the overall presentation of this book is self-contained.

This volume collects lecture notes and research articles from the International Autumn School on Computational Number Theory, which was held at the Izmir Institute of Technology from October 30th to November 3rd, 2017 in Izmir, Turkey. Written by experts in computational number theory, the chapters cover a variety of the most important aspects of the field. By including timely research and survey articles, the text also helps pave a path to future advancements. Topics include: Modular forms L-functions The modular symbols algorithm Diophantine equations Nullstellensatz Eisenstein series Notes from the International Autumn School on Computational Number Theory will offer graduate students an invaluable introduction to computational number theory. In addition, it provides the state-of-the-art of the field, and will thus be of interest to researchers interested in the field as well.