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Books > Science & Mathematics > Astronomy, space & time > Time (chronology) > General
What is time? Is there a link between objective knowledge about
time and subjective experience of time? And what is eternity? Does
religion have the answer? Does science?Internationally known
scholar Antje Jackelen investigates the problem and concept of
time. Her study draws on her experiences in the
Continental-European science and religion dialogue, with a
particular focus on the German, Scandinavian, and Anglo-American
dialogues. Her analysis of the subject includes: The notion of time
and eternity as it is narrated through Christian hymn books
stemming from Germany, Sweden, and the English-speaking world, with
insights into changes of the concept and understanding of time in
Christian spirituality over the past few decadesTheological
approaches to time and eternity, as well as a look at Trinitarian
theology and its relation to timeThe discussion of scientific
theories of time, including Newtonian, relativistic, quantum, and
chaos theoriesThe formulation of a "theology of time," a
theological-mathematical model incorporating relational thinking
oriented toward the future, the doctrine of trinity, and the notion
of eschatology
This investigation is concerned with ancient Egyptian calendars.
Its specific focus is one of the oldest problems of the study of
these calendars: the so-called problem of the month names. This
work's main purpose is to suggest an explanation for the Brugsch
phenomenon. The Brugsch phenomenon is one of the two main aspects
of the problem of the month names. The other is the Gardiner
phenomenon. No new theory is presented for the Gardiner phenomenon.
As a problem, the Brugsch phenomenon is slightly older than the
Gardiner Phenomenon. It has occupied center stage in the study of
ancient Egyptian calendars since the early days of this endeavor.
In 1870, Heinrich Brugsch, the great pioneer in this subject, wrote
about the phenomenon, "Here we encounter all at once the most
curious contradiction." Just recently, Rolf Krauss has described
the contradiction as still "unsolved". The Brugsch phenomenon
concerns the indisputable fact that the last or twelfth month of
the Egyptian civil year can be named as if it were the first. Two
month names are involved. The first is wp rnpt. Its meaning "opener
of the year," refers to a beginning. The second month name is mswt
r' "birth of Re" in hieroglyphic Egyptian, Mesore in Aramaic, Greek
and Coptic. Both can otherwise also refer to New Year's Day, the
quintessential calendrical beginning.
Judaism and Christianity are both religions of history and
remembrance and rely on calendars and accurate chronologies to
recall and reenact the signal events in their histories. The import
of dividing the day and night, of knowing the moment of Sabbath and
Lord's Day, of properly timing Passover and Easter cannot be
overstated. Throughout the history of both religions, these issues
were central to worship and practice of religion and had
far-reaching effects from messianism to prophecy. But their very
centrality meant they were issues of controversy and debate. Roger
Beckwith looks carefully at the Jewish and Christian records
concerning calendar and chronology, compares, contrasts, and
challenges rival solutions to these complex questions. His breath
of research -- from the ancient Near East to Qumran, from Josephus
and Philo to the Maccabean writings, and from the points of view of
Paul and Jesus to the Fathers of the church -- and his focus on the
more controversial issues of dating make Calendar and Chronology an
essential book for any serious scholar of history, liturgy,
worship, and interpretation.
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