As a participant in and negotiator of NAFTA and the World Trade Organization, Thomas A. Hockin provides a unique insider's look at the political challenges to free trade and U. S. trade policy. In this timely and important book, Hockin explores the fragile ecosystem of multinational trade alliances in the face of insurgent political protests from both the left and the right. The American Nightmare takes a close look at WTO obstacles such as the failure of member countries to follow dispute settlement arrangements; the conflict surrounding the membership of China; and, the mercurial administration of trade law in the U.S. Hockin makes a convincing case for the current incoherence of American trade policy, warning of a possible collapse of the world economy if the WTO's ability to settle disputes becomes further frustrated. With lucid analysis of the systemic problems involved in free trade and thoughtful possible solutions to them, The American Nightmare is a clarion call for policy makers and a thought provoking read for those of us on the sidelines.

Free trade has always been a moral and political, as well as economic, programme. Although free traders call for the liberalization of the economy from governmental interference, it is understood that international exchange can only operate within a framework of the law. Defenders of free trade believe not only will it promote economic prosperity, but that it enhances worldwide peace and understanding by substituting commercial competition for the pursuit of national goals by military means. Protection, on the other hand, has been defended as safeguarding those vulnerable to the fluctuations of world markets. This collection of essays by international lawyers and moral philosophers arises from a multi-disciplinary conference to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846. It examines legal, moral and political dimensions of free trade. Contributors explore issues such as: the ethics and rules of competition; the idea of global justice; the problem of international exploitation; the protection of the environment; the regulation of services; and international taxation and the justifications for the barriers to trade. The book seeks to provide an insight i

Is there an inherent conflict between competition and trade policies, or are the two policy areas complementing each other? The relationship between competition and trade policies, and the development of an effective competition policy for an integrated world economy, is an issue policy makers face in the mid-to-late-1990s. This book examines current debates around competition and trade policy interactions, and discusses the need for new policy initiatives in an international context. The papers in this collection are presented in five parts which discuss in turn: general principles and issues; network industries and telecommunications; European Economic Area policies, notably the initiative taken by the Commissioner for Competition, Karel van Miert, for developing an EU competition policy for the new trade order; and recent development policy aspects. The final part of this book contains background papers for panel discussions on vertical restraints and business perspectives, respectively, in an international trade and competition policy context.

Series Information:
Routledge Studies in the Modern World Economy

As cross-market bond trading has increased, it has become vital for international participants to understand the many different features that characterize the various international bond markets. Of particular interest to bond traders and investors are such factors as calculation of prices, accrued interest, yields, and durations. "Bond Markets" compares and contrasts all major bond markets with particular attention to: how different instruments are normally quoted; how much accrued interest is payable by the buyer in addition to traded price; the cost of a bond if quoted on a yield basis; normal settlement terms; rules for adjusting coupon rates; and how yields are quoted and calculated.

Environmental groups for the first time formalized their role in shaping U.S. and international trade policy during their involvement in NAFTA negotiations. John J. Audley identifies the political forces responsible for forging this new intersection of trade and environment policy during NAFTA negotiations, analyzes the achievements of the environmentalists, and explores their prospects for influencing future trade policy.

The need to reconcile the conflicting paradigms of economic expansion through free trade and that of limited sustainable development played a significant part in the political debate. Reluctant to acknowledge any relationship between these two principles, traditional trade policy actors were forced to include environmental interest groups in negotiations when the latter seriously threatened the treaty by aligning themselves with other anti-NAFTA interest groups, particularly labor. Other environmental groups worked with trade advocates to secure compromises in the agreement. The final bill included unprecedented environmental provisions, but not without serious infighting within the environmentalist community.

Drawing on his access to private as well as public documents exchanged among participants, Audley explores the interactions among the political actors. He explains how political compromises between environmental groups and trade policy elites came about, focusing in particular on the roles played by eleven national environmental organizations. In identifying their accomplishments, he concludes that although the environmentalists won some procedural changes, they failed to modify the norm of unfettered growth as the guiding principle of U.S. trade policy.

The first book to probe the role that environmental politics play in trade policy, this volume offers new insights into the political effectiveness of environmental organizations.

The worldwide expansion of the tourism industry creates many encounters between global agents and local forces, yet the host-guest interaction is rarely considered from the point of view of the experience of work. This study documents and discusses such a global-local encounter, based on fieldwork carried out in hotels in Barbados and Malta. Insight is drawn froma a review of such issues as recruitment, promotion, redundancy, discipline, security, communication, expertise, total quality management iniatives, trade unionism and industrial action.

A collection of one-on-one discussions with 40 of the world's greatest thought and action leaders and prominent philanthropic figures. The Business of Philanthropy shares unique insights into the power of strategic philanthropy that will inform, inspire and mobilise the next generation of social innovators, philanthropy sector practitioners and social impact leaders to drive positive change. Prominent philanthropists such as Bill Gates, HRH King Charles, HM Queen Rania Al Abdullah and many more discuss their concerns and hopes for the world of today and tomorrow. They shed light on new revelations and insights regarding the increasingly important role that strategic philanthropy will play in solving some of the world's biggest problems. In a world that is wrestling with a host of existential risks, The Business of Philanthropy addresses the need for fresh, new perspectives on old and new problems, as well as an infusion of hope and optimism to face these problems.

The 18th century was the crucial period in the development of the Sino-Western relationship. This was the period when tea became the main commodity traded between Asia and Europe and which saw the rise of the great chartered companies and the advent of the opium trade as the means for the British to wrest a profit out of their Indian conquests. This was also the period that saw the last great expansion and contraction of the Chinese junk trade. For 160 years (1684-1843), China tried to contain the growing Western presence and avoid the complication of a state-to-state relationship spanning a wide cultural divide by delegating authority to the principal Chinese merchants trading at Canton with the Europeans. The Co-Hong or Hong merchants, as they came to be called, became increasingly involved in managing these foreigners, the trade, and the collection of revenue. Eventually, the attempt failed and the merchants' quasi-diplomatic status was ended following the first Opium War when Britain forced the opening of China to British trade, the cession of Hong Kong and the abolition of the Co-Hong. This study eschews the uncritical acceptance of secondary sources that has characterized stu

The essays in Transitions, Environments, Translations explore the varied meanings of feminism in different political, cultural, and historical contexts. They respond to the claim that feminism is Western in origin and universalist in theory, and to the assumption that feminist goals are self-evident and the same in all contexts.
Rather than assume that there is a blueprint by which to measure the strength or success of feminism in different parts of the world, these essays consider feminism to be a site of local, national and international conflict. They ask: What is at stake in various political efforts by women in different parts of the world? What meanings have women given to their efforts? What has been their relationship to feminism--as a concept and as an international movement? What happens when feminist ideas are translated from one language, one political context, to another?

The essays in Transitions, Environments, Translations explore the varied meanings of feminism in different political, cultural, and historical contexts. They respond to the claim that feminism is Western in origin and universalist in theory, and to the assumption that feminist goals are self-evident and the same in all contexts.
Rather than assume that there is a blueprint by which to measure the strength or success of feminism in different parts of the world, these essays consider feminism to be a site of local, national and international conflict. They ask: What is at stake in various political efforts by women in different parts of the world? What meanings have women given to their efforts? What has been their relationship to feminism--as a concept and as an international movement? What happens when feminist ideas are translated from one language, one political context, to another?

Japan's dependence on raw materials from South Africa made it impossible for Tokyo in the 1970s and 1980s to support other African States in their fight against the minority government and its policy of apartheid. Kweku Ampiah's detailed analysis of Japan's political, economic and diplomatic relations with sub-Saharan Africa from 1974 to the early 1990s makes it clear that Japan was lukewarm in the struggle against apartheid. Case studies of Tanzania and Nigeria dissect Japan's trade, aid, and investment policies in sub-Saharan Africa more widely. Ampiah concludes that Japan successfully employed economic diplomacy in its relations with Africa and was able to reconcile its interests in resources in South Africa with its diplomatic interests in other sub-Saharan states.

This book analyzes the competitive forces which dominate this major sector, and traces how the nature of competition has evolved during the last two hundred years. Through an analysis of key factors, including demand, related and supporting industries, firm strategy, structure and national rivalry, chance and government policy, the author explains how and why the locus of competitive advantage in textiles and apparel has moved from country to country, particularly in the period since 1945.

This title was first published in 2002: Anthony Bende-Nabende focuses on the ongoing globalization process, which has sparked an unprecedented world-wide debate. He provides a one-stop centre for a balanced coverage of the theoretical, empirical and policy issues linking globalization with foreign direct investment, regional economic integration, and economic growth and sustainable development. This stimulating book comprehensively explores the theoretical and empirical literature inter-linking the aforementioned factors from the anti-globalization activists' viewpoint, and from the pro-globalization proponents' perspective. It proposes policies that individual countries should pursue, based on the recognition that globalization generates both positive and negative effects. These comprise policies required to maximise the economic benefits globalization may generate, and those that aim to eliminate or at least minimize the negative development-oriented effects globalization may engender and, hence, to propel sustainable development. The book will be an essential guide for students, academics and those involved in international economics, environmental studies, international relations, and growth and development studies.

This title was first published in 2002: Utilizing the case of the 1994 US decision to delink China's human rights record from most favoured nation status, Susan C. Morris addresses the critical issues where commercialism and human rights converge. This insightful addition to the literature on US foreign policy on human rights draws on both political and economic theory, touching upon the relationships between labour conditions and production, business and freedom of association, management and bargaining and ultimately the relationship between economics and human justice. Empirically, the work draws on US Congressional proceedings and debates throughout the decade of the 1990s. Although the trade and human rights debate has long been ingrained in the rhetoric of scholars, the research approaches the issue within the context of communism's last major threshold, making it a valuable contribution to the field of international relations.

This study presents new information about the four Quaker businessmen who helped found the London Abolition Committee in 1787 and remained active in the late anti-slave trade movement throughout their lifetimes. Drawing on previously unused primary sources, the study traces the close personal, business, social and religious ties binding the men together and shaping their abolition activities and arguments. By closely examining the lives of Joseph Woods, James Philips, George Harrison and Samuel Hoare, the study presents a new view of the factors shaping the arguments and strategies of abolitionism in Britain.

This study presents new information about the four Quaker businessmen who helped found the London Abolition Committee in 1787 and remained active in the late anti-slave trade movement throughout their lifetimes. Drawing on previously unused primary sources, the study traces the close personal, business, social and religious ties binding the men together and shaping their abolition activities and arguments. By closely examining the lives of Joseph Woods, James Philips, George Harrison and Samuel Hoare, the study presents a new view of the factors shaping the arguments and strategies of abolitionism in Britain.

This book describes and assesses an emerging threat to states' territorial control and sovereignty: the hostile control of companies that carry out privatized aspects of sovereign authority. The threat arises from the massive worldwide shift of state activities to the private sector since the late 1970s in conjunction with two other modern trends - the globalization of business and the liberalization of international capital flows. The work introduces three new concepts: firstly, the rise of companies that handle privatized activities, and the associated advent of "post-government companies" that make such activities their core business. Control of them may reside with individual investors, other companies or investment funds, or it may reside with other states through state-owned enterprises or sovereign wealth funds. Secondly, "imperfect privatizations:" when a state privatizes an activity to another state's public sector. The book identifies cases where this is happening. It also elaborates on how ownership and influence of companies that perform privatized functions may not be transparent, and can pass to inherently hostile actors, including criminal or terrorist organizations. Thirdly, "belligerent companies," whose conduct is hostile to those of states where they are active. The book concludes by assessing the adequacy of existing legal and regulatory regimes and how relevant norms may evolve.

The Asian continent has a maritime tradition spanning as far back as the third millennium BC, and its port cities have for centuries had a social and cultural character radically different from those on the shores of the Atlantic. This book offers a fresh perspective on Asian history, focusing on the vital role played by ports and port cities.

Drucker on Asia is written in two parts (Times of Challenge & Time to Reinvent) which is the result of a dialogue between Peter Drucker and Isao Nakauchi on international themes.
Drucker On Asia is the result of extensive dialogue between two of the world's leading business figures, Peter F Drucker and Isao Nakauchi. Their dialogue considers the changes occuring in the economic world today and identifies the challenges that free markets and free enterprises now face with specific reference to China and Japan. * What do these economic changes mean for an individual country and its economy? * What do these changes mean to Japan? * What do these changes mean to society; the individual company; the individual professional and executive? These are the questions that Drucker and Nakauchi address in their brilliant insight into the future economic role of Asia.
Written by 2 of the world's leading business figures
Gives a brilliant insight into the future economic role of Asia

This title was first published in 2000: An investigation of the issue of financial markets interdependence or integration through the application of recently developed and powerful techniques in time series econometrics. The text provides coverage of theoretical analysis and applications in the context of the Asia-Pacific region.

This title was first published in 2002: This compelling text is the first major application of Michael Porter's diamond framework to identify the sources of national competitive advantage in the case of Greece. Offering a useful evaluation of Porter's theory through an extensive literature review, the book also draws on empirical evidence from five selected Greek industries. It also provides information and commentary on many aspects of the Greek economy, its historical evolution and its current trends. International and Greek investors, international organizations, business consultants and financial institutions will certainly benefit from this analysis of the Greek economic environment. Moreover, universities and researchers will be interested in the evidence supporting or refuting parts of the widely used and cited "diamond" framework.

Goods are imbued with meanings and uses by their producers. When they are exported, they can act as a means of communication or domination. However, there is no guarantee that the intentions of the producer will be recognized, much less respected, by the consumer from another culture. Cross-Cultural Consumption is a fascinating guide to the cultural implications of the globalization of a consumer society. The chapters address topics ranging from the clothing of colonial subjects in South Africa and the rise of the hypermarket in Argentina, to the presentation of culture in international tourist hotels. Through their examination of cultural imperialism and cultural appropriation of the representation of otherness and identity, Howes and his contributors show how the increasingly global flow of goods and images challenges the very idea of the cultural border and creates new spaces for cultural invention. Marian Bredin, Concordia University, Constance Classen, Jean Comaroff, University of Chicago, Mary Crain, University of Barcelona, Carol Handrickson, Marlboro Colleg

Goods are imbued with meanings and uses by their producers. When they are exported, they can act as a means of communication or domination. However, there is no guarantee that the intentions of the producer will be recognized, much less respected, by the consumer from another culture. This guide to the cultural implications of the globalization of a consumer society addresses topics ranging from the clothing of colonial subjects in South Africa and the rise of the "hypermarket" in Argentina, to the presentation of culture in international tourist hotels. Through their examination of cultural imperialism and cultural appropriation of the representation of "otherness" and identity, the contributors show how the increasingly global flow of goods and images challenges the very idea of the "cultural border" and creates new spaces for cultural invention.

European agricultural policy is too often a tangled web of technicalities wrapped in incomprehensible jargon. Yet it deals with the most basic human requirement - food. This work attempts to explain the complexities of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), the 1994 General Agreement of Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and the changes that are being forced on agricultural policy in Europe by environmental legislation, biotechnology and political change. Reforms of the CAP were agreed in 1992. Explaining the reform programme in detail, the book goes on to question the effectiveness of the reform and suggests that they will do nothing to diminish the costliness of the CAP or prevent European farm production overstepping the limits imposed by the 1994 GATT agreement. Referring to a wide geographical range of European case material, the author challenges the common assumption that in a world apparently short of food it makes sense to expand high-cost European farm production. It is clear that continued over-production will inevitably lead to new political conflicts with America and other major agricultural exporting nations.