Alan R. Posner discusses the ways state government agencies can and do promote and facilitate the overseas exports of producers in their respective states. He presents detailed case studies of successful state programs and outlines how business can utilize these programs and what opportunities export trading companies can provide. The contributions made by state labor relations specialists and universities to export promotion are described. The author provides a comprehensive directory and listing of the export promotion services each state offers. Posner focuses attention on specific problems and opportunities in agricultural exports. The long-term consequences of continued U.S. emphasis on the export of services and capital investment versus agricultural products and manufactures are evaluated in depth.

When the investment bank Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy in late 2008, the news sent shockwaves across the global economy. The drop in confidence decimated world trade, leading to what the authors of this book call the Great Trade Collapse. The fall in trade was sudden, severe and synchronised - falling faster than during the Great Depression and by more than at any time since the Second World War; more than during the oil-price hikes of the 1970s, the recession of the early 1980s and the bursting of the dotcom bubble in 2001. It affected all 104 nations on which the WTO reports. This book, first published as an eBook on VoxEU.org to inform world leaders ahead of the WTO's Trade Ministerial conference in Geneva in late 2009, presents the economics profession's received wisdom on the causes, consequence and prospects of the Great Trade Collapse - a wisdom that continues to serve the trade community today. The authors are: Dony Alex, Carlo Altomonte, Sonia Araujo, Richard Baldwin, Rudolfs Bems, Fred Bergsten, Gilberto Biacuna, Ingo Borchert, Peter Draper, Simon Evenett, Michael Ferrantino, Lionel Fontagne, Joseph Francois, Caroline Freund, Jeffry Frieden, Guillaume Gaulier, Leonardo Iacovone, David Jacks, Robert Johnson, Tonia Kandiero, Anne Krueger, Rajiv Kumar, Aimee Larsen, Andrei Levchenko, Logan Lewis, Aaditya Mattoo, Christopher Meissner, Jesse Mora, Leonce Ndikumana, Dennis Novy, Joaquim Oliveira Martins, Kevin O'Rourke, Gianmarco Ottaviano, William Powers, Raymond Robertson, Peter Schott, Daria Taglioni, Kiyoyasu Tanaka, Linda Tesar, Ruyhei Wakasugi, Julia Woerz, Kei-Mu Yi, Veronika Zavacka.

This two volume book presents an in-depth analysis of many of the most important issues facing today's shipping and port sectors. Volume 2 of Dynamic Shipping and Port Development in the Globalized Economy focuses on the emerging trends in ports.

Neither Free Trade Nor Protection provides a critical exploration of mainstream and alternative theories of international trade and presents original evidence of trade's consequences. It rejects the choice between openness and closure. Mainstream economists almost always support 'free trade' but their arguments for this are flawed and too often rely on a caricature of their opponents as simple-minded protectionists. Meanwhile, many critics successfully emphasize shortcomings of the orthodoxy but struggle to identify a more positive agenda, either seeing free trade as a desirable, if unachievable, end or equally simplistically blaming trade for international inequality. Both sides of the trade debate share much in terms of how they understand the objectives of national wealth and in how they overlook other economic processes and social questions. Bill Dunn's examination covers:- critical interrogation of both mainstream and heterodox theories - systematic evaluation of contemporary evidence - historical context - trade, restructuring and the crisis of the 2000s - economics as a social science Written in plain English, this book will appeal to students, researchers and political activists alike. It is an indispensable resource to those seeking a deeper understanding of alternative approaches to the mainstream theories of trade and economics.

Fundamental changes in recent decades have heightened the need for new and viable solutions to the problems of world trade. In the new climate of internationalisation an expanding number of firms are engaged in international trade, barriers have been coming down, and trading blocs, whose members may share the advantage of lower tariffs and the absence of quotas, are beginning to predominate. Such systems, however, have a generally negative impact on global trade and can be catastrophic for developing and non-industrialised economies.

The degree of recent change has created an uncertainty that now demands new global trade systems - a new set of rules for the new environment. This book tackles some of the unresolved issues in international trade that will continue to press into the next century: the continuing controversy over NAFTA; globalised trade policy agreements vs local trade agreements; global leadership; the development and impact of the WTO; the Single European Market; trade controls; transition economies; trade policy reform; global airline competition; competition in financial services; trade wars; trade policies; commercial policy, and international technology cooperation.

The great inter-war depression has long been seen as an unprecedented economic disaster for the peoples of the non-European world. This book, with its detailed assessment of the impact of the depression on the economies of Africa and Asia, challenges the orthodox view, and is essential reading for those with a teaching or research interest in the modern economic history of those continents. Established specialists in the modern economic history of parts of Africa or Asia put forward a number of revisionist arguments. They show that some economies were left essentially unscathed by the depression, and that for many export-dependent peasant communities which did face a severe drop in cash income as world commodity prices collapsed from the late 1920s, there was a range of important responses and reactions by which they could defend their economic welfare. For many peasant communities the depression was not a disaster but an opportunity.

With dynamic growth in China and India, recovery in Europe and Japan, and notable gains in U.S. productivity, the question arises: Can Latin America compete? Many argue that macroeconomic and trade reforms achieved in the 1990s merely put a handsome coat of paint over education, labor, judicial, and administrative reforms that remain incomplete. This book identifies and analyzes ten factors that most influence the competitiveness of Latin American nations and will shape their economic futures. In their frank and direct assessment--pulling no punches--the authors also present viable courses of action that Latin America can take to increase its ability to compete in the global economy.

This book provides an in-depth analysis of neo-liberal and progressive economic reforms and policies implemented in Chile since the Pinochet dictatorship. The core thesis of the book is that there is not just 'one Chilean economic model', but that several have been in force since the coup of 1973.

The physical distribution of products is an important element in the marketing operations of all productive enterprises, and in many cases efficient distribution is the most important single factor leading to success. With the emergence of post-industrial society the role of distribution has come to increasingly be viewed as a generator of wealth in the economy, attracting the interest of public policy makers anxious to influence investment, employment and efficiency in the sector.

First published in 1982, this book isolates the major trends affecting the main institutions in distribution and contrasts the processes of change amongst the countries and regions of the European Economic Community. Structural change in the industry is related to spatial change in the regions and comparisons made of the varied public policy responses in member countries. An interesting and relevant reissue, this title will be of particular value to economics and business students with an interest in the development of the European consumer and post-industrial Europe.

Is a State free to adopt measures to protect the public health of its citizens? If so, what are the limits, if any, to such regulatory powers? This book addresses these questions by focusing on the clash between the regulatory autonomy of the state and international investment governance. As a wide variety of state regulations allegedly aimed at protecting public health may interfere with foreign investments, a tension exists between the public health policies of the host state and investment treaty provisions. Under most investment treaties, States have waived their sovereign immunity, and have agreed to give arbitrators a comprehensive jurisdiction over what are essentially regulatory disputes. Some scholars and practitioners have expressed concern regarding the magnitude of decision-making power allocated to investment treaty tribunals. This book contributes to the current understanding of international investment law and arbitration, addressing the fundamental question of whether public health has and/or should have any relevance in contemporary international investment law and policy. With a focus on the 'clash of cultures' between international investment law and public health, the author critically analyses the emerging case law of investment treaty arbitration and considers the theoretical interplay between public health and investor rights in international investment law. The book also explores the interplay between investment law and public health in practice, focusing on specific sectors such as pharmaceutical patents, tobacco regulation and environmental health. It then goes on to analyze the available means for promoting consideration of public health in international investment law and suggests new methods and approaches to better reconcile public health and investor rights.

The last two decades have seen significant changes in the pattern of protectionism, both in terms of the instruments used, and the countries affected. The papers in this volume address all aspects of global protectionism. As well as evaluating aspects of regional protectionism, the papers also address new issues such as trade in services and trade related investment measures. The contributors are drawn from Western Europe, North America, Japan and Latin America, reflecting the breadth of coverage of the volume.

This new edition of International Trade Law Statutes and Conventions presents all the key legislation for International Trade Law in one student-friendly volume. Developed in response to feedback from lecturers and students, this book is: Up-to-date with the law: this book provides a fully current and comprehensive collection of legislation Tailored Content: content has been curated to align with international trade law courses Exam Friendly: conforming to regulations, this is an un-annotated text that is suitable for exam use Easy to Use Format: a clear and attractive text design, detailed table of contents and multiple indices provides ease of reference and navigation With easily accessible coverage of course-relevant material, International Trade Law Statutes and Conventions is ideal for course and exam use, as well as for reference. This book is a perfect companion resource to student learning and exam success.

This book examines the historical and contextual background to the oil and gas resources in the Kurdish territories, placing particular emphasis on the reserves situated in the disputed provinces. The volume is singularly unique in focusing on an examination of the rules reflected in both the national and the regional constitutional, legislative, and contractual measures and documents relevant to the question of whether the central government in Baghdad or the Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) in Erbil has a stronger claim to legal control over the oil and gas resources in the disputed Kurdish territories. As a subsidiary focus, the author also draws attention to how the basic thrust of the volume connects to broader jurisprudential issues regarding the nature and purpose of law, the matter of claims by native peoples to natural resources on traditional lands, and the place of regional minorities operating in a federal system. Since the law examined is domestic or municipal in origin, additional reference is made to the role that such law can play in the "bottom up" (as opposed to more conventional "top down") development of international law. The book's opening chapters provide a valuable contextual introduction, followed by a number of substantive chapters providing an analytical and critical assessment of the controlling legal rules. Written in a scholarly, yet accessible style, and covering matters of basic importance to academics, lawyers, political scientists, government representatives, and students of energy and natural resources, as well as those of developing legal structures, Oil and Gas in the Disputed Kurdish Territories is an essential addition to any collection.

Since 1925, import substitution programs have diverted South Africa's mineral revenues away from efficient investments and into the creation of an uncompetitive manufacturing sector. Protection has recently been augmented by a General Export Incentive Scheme that was designed to increase manufacturing exports. A multisector general equilibrium analysis shows the export scheme is highly complex with unusual and undesirable structural effects, seeming little more than a continuation of social engineering of the past. This work provides a definitive analysis of past and present South African trade policy, using a methodology of interest to other trade and development researchers operating in similarly spare informational environments.

This book brings together papers written by representatives from UN agencies and academics who take a fresh look at the expanding role of transnational corporations and foreign direct investment in the world economy. These papers deal with such issues as the nature and extent of globalisation, the shifting relations between transnational corporations and national economies, and the opportunities and obstacles facing policy makers in the rapidly changing global economy.

First published in 1975, this book traces the origins of our modern economy, showing the routes by which nations have either achieved wealth or have been impoverished. W. W. Rostow brings together issues of public policy, international trade and the world of science and technology, arguing that conventional economic thought has failed to relate scientific innovation to the economic process. Chapters consider the politics of modernization, the Commercial Revolution and the development of the world economy between 1783 and 1820.

"Provides a comprehensive analysis of why reforms in Latin America have failed in achieving growth and equity. The book focuses on three strategic areas of reforms of the Washington Consensus: Macroeconomics, Trade and Finance. Identifies main analytical inconsistencies in the market fundamentalism that has dominated present reforms. In a firmly based policy-oriented approach, Ffrench-Davis offers alternative policies to reform the reforms in the three areas of macroeconomics, trade and finance, seeking for sustained equitable growth."--BOOK JACKET.

Kunst und Antiquitaten GmbH, a company in the shade of the GDR export trade generated foreign exchange with the export of works of art. The book works off the occurrences ten years after the reunification from a jurisprudential point of view. How was art export organised and where did the works of art come from? The book is about the prosecution of private art dealers and collectors in the GDR in the seventies and eighties on the one hand and the export of cultural possessions especially from GDR museums on the other hand."

Gianturco examines the roles played by export credit agencies (ECAs) which are specialized financial institutions that cover some $1 trillion of exports each year. In terms of their financial impact on international trade, these agencies are unsurpassed, but rarely do they receive attention in the financial press or broader recognition.

In this book Gianturco uncovers the ECAs--revealing and explaining their history, role, functions, and controversies regarding their missions. There are currently some 90 countries with official ECAs; two-thirds of these countries can be classified as developing or transitional nations; the remainder include the major developed countries. ECAs provide loans, guarantees, insurance, and other financial services to their particular nation's exporters and foreign direct investors. Their contribution to national growth and development both in the United States and abroad is significant, and the special nature of their operations makes them essential to the welfare of countless businesses worldwide. Essential reading for business professionals, scholars, researchers, and students involved with international business and economic development.

The Caribbean banana trade is a controversial issue within international affairs, and this book investigates the complex political relationships between the traditional actors in the trade and how the issues of colonialism and globalization have shaped their interactions. It presents a detailed analysis of the development of the Caribbean banana trade and analyzes why the influence and importance of the traditional actors within the trade has diminished over the last thirty years.

'Dr Wignaraja is a rare economist who can put the important lessons of mainstream economics into the wider context that good policy demands. This book is yet another demonstration of this ability, displayed to advantage in discussing the architecture of trade policy. It should be read by all policymakers who want to make a difference' - Jagdish Bhagwati;The East Asian experience suggests that technological development is fundamental to export success in outward-oriented economies. This study analyses export performance in Sri Lanka at a national and firm-lele, focusing on the acquisition of industrial technological capabilities during a period of trade liberalization. It compares Sri Lanka's record with Korea, Taiwan and Thailand. Analysis of the export and technological record of enterprises of varying performance highlights the policies which enhance competitiveness in developing and transition economies.

This book examines the transformation of the economies of China and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region through the process of globalization. A subject gathering tremendous interest globally, due in part to China's transformation being a spectacular successful story and because Hong Kong, as the world's freest economy, has been seen to be bearing the brunt of the opening up of China to the extent that Fortune magazine carried a story announcing its 'death'. This volume provides comprehensive coverage of various issues, including industrial restructuring, financial markets, technology, agriculture, exchange rate issues, trade and FDI issues, environmental issues, distributional issues and corporate governance issues. The message is clear: China's influence on the world economy is carrying increasing weight and yet this is providing the country with tremendous opportunity to play a role that will contribute toward a sustainable, prosperous world economy.

This book, now in its third edition, is written for lawyers, trade associations and marketing managers. It is one of the first to deal with the new regulations on dumping and sub-sidies which were adopted to implement the European Union's obligations under the Uruguay Round's 1994 Anti-Dumping Code and the 1994 Subsidies and Countervailing Measures Code. It places the highly complex subject of dumping and sub-sidisation in its WTO and EU contexts before taking the reader through a legal and arithmetical analysis of the technicalities involved. The book has been completely revised and expanded since it was last published in 1983, and provides many more worked examples, and draws on the much enlarged case-law of the European Court of Justice to illustrate the discussion. With more than ten years additional experience since the last edition, the authors provide a stimulating analysis of the turning points in Community anti-dumping law: revocation of undertakings, non-cooperation, five year sunset reviews, screwdriver assembly, anti-absorption measures, newcomer reviews, and now, with the new reg-ulations, currency conversions, detailed rules on sampling methods, de minimis rules on injury, procedural deadlines, consumer interests and a new approach to circumvention.

The current restructuring of the world-economy under global capitalism has further integrated international trade and production. It thus has brought to the fore the key role of commodity chains in the relationships of capital, labor, and states. Commodity chains are most simply defined as the link between successive processes of manufacturing that result in a final product available for individual consumption. Each production site in the chain involves organizing the acquisition of necessary raw materials plus semifinished inputs, the recruitment of labor power and its provisioning, arranging transportation to the next site, and the construction of modes of distribution (via markets and transfers) and consumption. The contributors to this volume explore and elaborate the global commodity chains (GCCs) approach, which reformulates the basic conceptual categories for analyzing varied patterns of global organization and change. The GCC framework allows the authors to pose questions about development issues, past and present, that are not easily handled by previous paradigms and to more adequately forge the macro-micro links between processes that are generally assumed to be discretely contained within global, national, and local units of analysis. The paradigm that GCCs embody is a network-centered, historical approach that probes above and below the level of the nation-state to better analyze structure and change in the contemporary world.