A concise, yet complete study of the theory of international trade and foreign lending. The author discusses two of the major models used to discuss trade: the Theory of Comparative Advantage, and the Heckscher-Ohlin model. Connolly presents empirical tests of both theories, and then moves on to discuss, gains from trade and protectionist vs. free trade arguments and applies the basic trade model to international lending.

In A Dissimulated Trade, German Jimenez-Montes sheds light on the role of foreigners in the Spanish empire. Making use of the rich collection of notarial deeds available at the Archivo Historico Provincial de Sevilla, this book examines how a group of Dutch, Flemish and German merchants came to dominate the supply of timber in Seville. With this microhistory, German Jimenez-Montes offers a new account on the trade between Andalusia and northern Europe at the end of the sixteenth century, focusing on a resource that was essential for Seville's economy and Spain's imperial aspirations.

While most advanced industrial countries have adopted a liberal approach to the regulation of capital flow, the typical developing countries have been driven to control foreign exchange in order to prevent a flood of speculative capital inflow and retain domestic monetary resources for local development needs. This book examines the Taiwanese experience in balancing controls on foreign capital with domestic development needs in a manner that has stabilized the national economy and created a substantial trade surplus. Chich-Heng Kuo's position in the Taiwanese government enables him to provide an accurate analysis of the legal framework and policies that have contributed to his country's success.

Kuo begins with a review of international capital flow patterns and suggests standards for national performance and capital markets that will enable policymakers to evaluate the costs and benefits of foreign exchange controls. His appraisal of the role of capital regulation in Taiwanese economic development indicates that encouragement of foreign direct investment and strict controls on outward capital flow have been key factors in creating a strong economy. Kuo describes the gradual reversal of these policies starting in 1986, when Taiwan had begun to accumulate large foreign exchange reserves and needed to focus on foreign investment abroad to cool down inflationary pressures at home. The final chapter explores possible applications for economic development in other countries. Providing legal and policy analysis as well as information on the impact of specific types of regulations, this case study will be useful to policymakers, professionals, and scholars concerned with international trade, capital, and economic development.

This unique reference provides the first book-length bibliography on NAFTA. The scope of the book encompasses NAFTA from the Bush administration through the Clinton administration, up to and including 1995. It provides sources from a wide range of disciplines-business, economics, law, science, and political science-and from such diverse perspectives as labor and environmentalism. The book covers (1) serials, including journals, magazines, and newspapers; (2) books, pamphlets, government documents, and dissertations; and (3) non-book sources, including online databases, audiovisual materials, and the Internet. This unique reference provides the first book-length annotated bibliography on NAFTA. The scope of the book encompasses NAFTA from the Bush administration through the Clinton administration, up to and including 1995. It includes events leading up to the NAFTA vote in Congress on November 17, 1993, the vote itself and analyses of it, the political aspects of NAFTA's passage, and the status of the agreement once in effect. The book covers (1) serials, including journals, magazines, and newspapers; (2) books, pamphlets, government documents, and dissertations; and (3) non-book sources, including online databases, audiovisual materials, and the Internet. As a distinct reference, the book will be useful to researchers and scholars and will assist both academic and public libraries in answering reference questions.

This collection of orchestrated analyses develops an "issues and process framework" for assessing the Enterprise for the Americas Initiative to develop freer trade within the Western Hemisphere. This volume comes at a time of transition in U.S. domestic politics and global trade negotiations. Anticipating the critical choices to be faced by the Clinton administration, as well as other public and private sector leaders here and abroad, the analyses in the volume, written by a team of leading international trade and economic development specialists, will provide the reader with insights into the complex political, economic, social, and, to some extent, technical character of efforts to expand regional and world trade.

The major advances in transport services and the export of capital from Europe during the years 1870-1914 made possible the development of a true world economy. This volume studies the British Empire's export activity in light of its world power status. Saul traces the development of British overseas trade from its beginnings prior to European imperialism around the world through its standing at the outbreak of World War I.

The major advances in transport services and the export of capital from Europe during the years 1870-1914 made possible the development of a true world economy. This volume studies the British Empire's export activity in light of its world power status. Saul traces the development of British overseas trade from its beginnings prior to European imperialism around the world through its standing at the outbreak of World War I.

This book discusses the role of knowledge in European transformation under a regional actors perspective. It brings together diverse contributions dealing with particular actors and cases. Besides the educational focus, the volume contains illustrative case studies of knowledge utilisation in the corporate sector. Its focus is on the Alps-Adriatic cross-border region in Central Europe with some international comparisons. Here the dense fabric of knowledge in regional societies is demonstrated empirically. Awareness of the importance of regions in socio-economic development is raised.

With the establishment of new international standards for environmental management systems (EMS), many managers are faced with the daunting and often bewildering task of creating management systems that enable their companies to conform to these standards. In their haste and confusion, however, many companies implement bureaucratic, ineffective systems that add no real value to their businesses.

The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide: Creating an Integrated Management System shows you how to use the ISO 14001 standard to improve your company's productivity and profitability while meeting registration requirements. Using a practical, business-oriented approach, this authoritative book details the background and development of the ISO 14000 series of standards, fully explains the requirements of 14001, and offers hands-on guidance on how to implement an effective EMS. It highlights common but costly mistakes, and leads you step-by-step through the creation of an EMS that will result in a more competitive business as well as a cleaner environment.

Suzan L. Jackson draws on her experience as an ISO 9000 and ISO 14000 consultant and trainer and as a member of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical Committee 207, which is developing the ISO 14000 environmental management standards. With her insider's perspective, Jackson demonstrates how the implementation of a cohesive, well-defined management system helps cut costs, increase efficiency, and focus energies. In addition, she provides insights into ways of successfully integrating ISO 9000, ISO 14001, and other management systems.

The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide provides a wealth of proven tips, techniques, and tools that help ensure smooth, trouble-free, and efficient EMS implementation, including critical success factors, flowcharts for setting up the elements of an environmental management system, helpful tips, and advice for avoiding common pitfalls.

With its timely, straightforward, and on-target advice, The ISO 14001 Implementation Guide is the definitive, practical guide for environmental and quality professionals and managers who need to develop an environmental management system that will improve business as well as meet the ISO 14001 standard.

"An excellent, and very readable workbook on how to integrate management systems into an organization. ISO 14001 will be an important, but difficult, step into the future for much of U.S. industry—this book should be close at hand for those taking that step."—Dorothy P. Bowers, Vice President, Environmental and Safety Policy , Merck & Co., Inc.

"Suzan Jackson's book provides vital guidance and answers. . . . Her book can be quite helpful to those who are considering establishing a new environmental management system, or those who just want a better understanding of ISO 14001."—John Master, Former Director, Environmental, Health and Safety , ARCO Chemical Co.

"A remarkably easy-to-read, highly authoritative guide to a very complex standard. Suzan Jackson shows us how environmental management and business ,improvement are no longer mutually exclusive goals." —Robin Gildersleeve, President, INFORM (International Forum for Management Systems, Inc.)

Written by a recognized ISO expert and member of the U.S. Technical Advisory Group to ISO Technical Committee 207, which is preparing the ISO 14000 environmental management standard, this invaluable guide shows you how to:

• Learn to use an environmental management system to improve the overall effectiveness and profitability of the company.
• Meet the requirements of ISO 14001.
• Develop and implement a cohesive, well-defined environmental management system.
• Integrate an EMS with other management systems.
• Formulate an environmental policy and draw up strategic plans and objectives for your company.
• Monitor and measure the effectiveness of the system, keep records, and take preventive and corrective action.

This book provides a thorough and practical interdisciplinary foundation for analyzing and structuring business relationships with customers in China in a post-Tiananmen context. The authors present a carefully crafted and timely synthesis of the commercial, financial, and legal framework that has been adopted by China to encourage foreign trade and investment. It focuses on China's steadfast commitment to the support of market-oriented reforms throughout the period of economic isolation imposed by the international community of nations from June 1989 through mid-1991. Support is provided for the position that China has irrevocably embarked on its journey toward a market economy and that the climate for foreign trade and investment has become sufficiently stable to warrant serious consideration by foreign business with long-term expansion goals.

The book begins with a historic overview of economic and legal developments in China since 1949. The impact of economic reforms implemented in response to the open door policy adopted by the Chinese leadership in 1979 on the state-planned, product-oriented command society is analyzed in the context of the decentralization of managerial responsibility. The structure and operations of domestic Chinese entities are examined in detail. Also emphasized is the importance of understanding the legal and practical aspects of these relationships prior to entering into serious negotiations with a potential partner. Care is taken to fully examine the Chinese Economic Contract Law and the Chinese Foreign Economic Contract Law. The role and function of China's major financial institutions are reviewed, and China's foreign exchange control system is also examined. The structure of China's foreign trade controls including tariff and non-tariff measures is analyzed for its impact on China's application for participation in GATT. Finally, the book focuses on integrating China's evolving commercial and legal framework for foreign trade and investment into actual business ventures with foreign partners. Foreign investment guidelines are reviewed, and the applicability of the Chinese Foreign Joint Venture Enterprise Law is comprehensively explained. The book is an indispensable tool for CEOs, strategic planners considering off-shore expansion, and academicians in the fields of international law, finance, and marketing.

The book addresses the issue of product market integration within the European Union (EU) from a multidisciplinary approach that ranges from economics to political science and sociology. Besides the contributions from academia the book also includes the perspectives of the European Commission - Directorate Industry and Enterprise, and of the business community, thus providing a comprehensive overview of the issue under analysis. The book is organized around three main themes: plural perspectives and assessments of current market integration in the EU, empirical analysis of trade and trade barriers within the EU, and discussion of today's challenges in market integration. As such, the book starts by assessing the functioning of the EU Internal Market and by evaluating the need for differentiated integration in an enlarged and increasingly heterogeneous EU. It then proceeds with three empirical studies relating to intra-EU trade, focusing on technical barriers, on the importance of institutional factors in explaining non-tariff protection, and on the consequences of legal and administrative regulations on trade opportunities. The book ends by presenting and discussing today's challenges to market integration in a globalized world as well as the role of the EU in shaping a new mode of governance in transatlantic market integration. Regulation and governance in integrated markets are recurrent topics in the various chapters. The book presents state-of-the art academic research on product market integration and given its multidisciplinary approach it has distinguishing features that make it unique in the literature.

The United States holds strategic stockpiles of nearly 100 industrial minerals, metals, and other commodities. These stockpiles have influenced the world commodity markets in many ways. This work brings together in one place, documentary and statistical evidence about the size and nature of the U.S. strategic stockpiles, and the ways in which this influence has been evidenced, in markets for the important industrial metals.

Japan and the European Union sets out to answer a number of crucial questions on the effect of Japan's international relations upon its internal affairs -- in particular how international issues, and Japan's growing relationship with the European Union, have come to penetrate the political economy and decision-making structure in Japanese industry and legislation. Japan/EU affairs have never been marked by any significant political relations, and until the past twenty years, they have been characterized by a reserved indifference. However, as a result of accelerated political and economic changes in the past decade, the two economic giants have made considerable efforts to nurture bilateral relations largely initiated by trade concerns. The author examines the development of this relationship informed by International Relations perspectives and taking into account the growing dependence of successful bilateral relations on the international political economy. Furthermore, Dr. Abe explains the attempt that has been made to resolve Japanese/EU disputes by way of a Joint Declaration. This includes an examination of the 1991 Automobile Agreement involving Japan, the EC Commission and the Japanese manufacturers; and the Liquor Tax dispute which ran from 1986-1995. Throughout this account, the concerns of the United States, and its impact on this relationship, are fully registered.

In the face of globalization, workers feel less secure in their jobs and fear wage losses and unemployment. This book explores these issues, asking whether the concerns are warranted.It brings together recent work in an important and rapidly expanding area. It provides comprehensive coverage of both theoretical and empirical aspects. It takes popular concerns about globalization seriously.Although economists have long pointed to the aggregate gains from increased economic integration, the popular perception of globalization is much more pessimistic.

'Baum's book provides a wealth of heretofore unavailable information on marketing in the strawberry industry. It contains invaluable insights by an insider gleaned from many years of experience. It is required reading for anyone with an interest in the industry. -Dr. George Tolley, professor emeritus, University of Chicago 'Quest. is an important resource for anybody involved in production and marketing of strawberries. It] provides a needed analysis of commodity board marketing plans, but it also chronicles much history of California agriculture by recording the development of the strawberry industry from a localized, fragmented small farm economy into a corporate age production system. -Tom Am Rhein, strawberry grower and Vice President of Operations, Naturipe Berry Growers 'The history of the California strawberry industry, captured by Herb Baum, must be studied to appreciate the economic dilemma of California farmers and the seemingly inadequate support of commodity boards and university research programs. Ten years from now, as a new generation becomes farmers and industry leaders, Quest will be even more important.

In the past twenty years the clusters of small enterprises proved to be among the most dynamic ways to promote the endogenous growth of local economic systems. However, the case of 'survival clusters' in developing countries is more controversial, as many international organizations and specialized government agencies have verified over their long-term experience. This book offers a new interpretative key, which we call 'a stage and eclectic approach' to the development of clusters. This approach supports public efforts to increase the effectiveness of policy-making and development operations in local contexts.

In every system aimed at trade liberalisation, it is necessary to balance this goal with the protection of (other) values. Not only does this have economic implications, but it also strikes at the heart of regulatory autonomy, sovereignty, division of power between levels and branches of government and constitutionalism. The optimal balance necessarily depends on the system's aims, structure, membership and level of homogeneity. This book explores this broad idea in the specific context of the EU and WTO rules on non-pecuniary restrictions on the free movement of goods and seeks to establish how to optimally interpret them. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the EU internal market rules have strong external effects which can be felt within the WTO.

The tariff policies of the 1890-1922 led to the development of tariff rates that launched the United States on a path that led to later trade wars. The Republican Party and Porter McCumber took the lead in promoting these policies, claiming that the tariff would protect new and struggling industries. In many instances, items subjected to high tariffs were not in conflict with industries in the United States. In addition, although the tariff covered agricultural products, it was not sufficient to halt an agricultural decline. This work traces the course of U.S. policy through five tariffs which preceded the Fordney-McCumber tariff of 1922, when the tariff was used for both protection and revenue. McCumber's economic nationalism combined with his internationalism in other areas is detailed in the work.

As firms from East Asia gain global market share they are stirring trade disputes with import-competing firms in the West. Jessica Liao analyzes the role played by government-business collaboration in determining how effective East Asian governments are in helping their exporters gain an edge over western competitors through WTO litigation.

In this study, labor economist Henry Schechter concludes that there is a need for greater international prohibitions and for keeping open channels for collective bargaining for higher wages. He presents an analysis of recent changes in the United States and elsewhere, highlighting the spread of automated production technology to lesser developed, low-wage areas of the world, which leads to global demand-supply imbalances and downward pressure on wages. This circumstance, he charges, is aggravated as multinational corporations affiliate with one another, lessening competition and increasing monopolistic influences worldwide. This work will be of interest to the scholars and policymakers in academia, government, business, and the labor movement concerned with fiscal and labor economic policies.

Productivity growth is vital for wealth creation. It is fashioned by a number of factors including international trade and foreign direct investment. This volume examines the nature of the links between the globalisation process and productivity growth whilst including empirical analyses of these links. Other subjects covered include how exporting and productivity interact; the relevance of ownership to productivity growth; and potential spillovers from multinational firms to indigenous firms in their host country. This volume offers the most complete collection of studies available on this key issue.

"U.S. International CompetitivenesS" challenges the common assertions concerning causes of America's growing trade deficit. The authors' unique empirical analysis of industry specific trade flows using numerous explanatory variables provides a vigorous test of the view that deficit growth is primarily due to unfair foreign trade practices, overzealous antitrust laws, slack U.S. management, and other microeconomic factors. Their conclusions on the actual culprits offer a sobering reassessment of current and proposed trade policies. American and foreign public policy makers, as well as trade and industrial organization scholars, will find this volume to be enlightening and provocative reading.

The first two chapters establish the parameters and theoretical background for the study. The authors then review the microeconomic explanations for sudden trade deficit growth, identify industry characteristics included in the study, and specify the model to be tested. Turning to an examination of the empirical results, they initially look at whether changes in industry characteristics over time could have increased the deficit. They then highlight microeconomic explanations for changes in the U.S. trade balance. Concluding chapters present detailed case studies of particular industries as well as the policy implications to be drawn from the study.

The unprecedented global economic growth of recent decades is closely tied to the trading relations that have developed in the postwar period. The authors of "The Protectionist Threat to Corporate America" explore the potential impact of protectionism on these relationships, arguing that trade barriers pose a danger not only to U.S. economic growth but to world trade as a whole. Gearing their discussion to the needs of the business community, they offer a clear, systematic explanation of the underlying principles that govern international trade, the consequences of protectionism, and practical strategies for developing effective competition.

The first four chapters examine the nature of trade, the power relations that influence it, and the dilemma created by trade deficits, monetary instability, and declining competitiveness. In the next section, Nevaer and Deck outline a four-point program designed to reverse the slippage in productivity and competitiveness that has eroded America's economic position in the world community. They present guidelines for creating a competitive advantage, maximizing strengths, utilizing a more dynamic management style, and harnessing the benefits of economies of scale and scope. In case studies of industries in the service sector and the high-tech field, Nevaer and Deck show how a competitive edge can be achieved by identifying opportunities and developing sound strategies for exploiting them. An important working tool for corporate managers, this book will enable business people to see beyond current political rhetoric and make realistic decisions on some of the most fundamental issues affecting the nation's economy.

This study provides up-to-date coverage of the most important domestic and external political and economic influences on Japanese trade policy, as well as the evolutionary dynamics of that policy in the post-war period.