As the need for accurate and non-invasive optical characterization and diagnostic techniques is rapidly increasing, it is imperative to find improved ways of extracting the additional information contained within the measured parameters of the scattered light. This is the first specialized monograph on photopolarimetry, a rapidly developing, multidisciplinary topic with numerous military, ecological remote-sensing, astrophysical, biomedical, and technological applications. The main objective is to describe and discuss techniques developed in various disciplines to acquire useful information from the polarization signal of scattered electromagnetic waves. It focuses on the state-of-the-art in polarimetric detection, characterization, and remote sensing, including military and environmental monitoring as well as terrestrial, atmospheric, and biomedical characterization. The book identifies polarimetric techniques that have been especially successful for various applications as well as the future needs of the various research communities. The monograph is intended to facilitate cross-pollination of ideas and thereby improve research efficiency and help advance the field of polarimetry into the future. The book is thoroughly interdisciplinary and contains only invited review chapters written by leading experts in the respective fields. It will be useful to science professionals, engineers, and graduate students working in a broad range of disciplines: optics, electromagnetics, atmospheric radiation and remote sensing, radar meteorology, oceanography, climate research, astrophysics, optical engineering and technology, particle characterization, and biomedical optics.

The search for neutrinoless double beta decay is one of the highest priority areas in particle physics today; it could provide insights to the nature of neutrino masses (currently not explained by the Standard Model) as well as how the universe survived its early stages. One promising experimental approach involves the use of large volumes of isotope-loaded liquid scintillator, but new techniques for background identification and suppression must be developed in order to reach the required sensitivity levels and clearly distinguish the signal. The results from this thesis constitute a significant advance in this area, laying the groundwork for several highly effective and novel approaches based on a detailed evaluation of state-of-the-art detector characteristics. This well written thesis includes a particularly clear and comprehensive description of the theoretical motivations as well as impressively demonstrating the effective use of diverse statistical techniques. The professionally constructed signal extraction framework contains clever algorithmic solutions to efficient error propagation in multi-dimensional space. In general, the techniques developed in this work will have a notable impact on the field.

The theory and practice of the non-linear optics of silicon are inextricably linked with a variety of areas of solid state physics, particularly semiconductor physics. However, the current literature linking these fields is scattered across various sources and is lacking in depth. Second Order Non-linear Optics of Silicon and Silicon Nanostructures describes the physical properties of silicon as they apply to non-linear optics while also covering details of the physics of semiconductors. The book contains six chapters that focus on: The physical properties and linear optics of silicon Basic theoretical concepts of reflected second harmonics (RSH) The authors' theory of the generation of RSH at the non-linear medium-linear medium interface An analytical review of work on the non-linear optics of silicon The results of non-linear optical studies of silicon nanostructures A theory of photoinduced electronic processes in semiconductors and their influence on RSH generation The book also includes methodological problems and a significant amount of reference data. It not only reflects the current state of research but also provides a single, thorough source of introductory information for those who are becoming familiar with non-linear optics. Second Order Non-linear Optics of Silicon and Silicon Nanostructures is a valuable contribution to the fields of non-linear optics, semiconductor physics, and microelectronics, as well as a useful resource for a wide range of readers, from undergraduates to researchers.

Mathematics and Physics 1: New Ways to Use Old Ideas for High Quality Acoustic Images; G. Wade. Mathematics and Physics 2: A Modified Algorithm for Ultrasound Holographic Q Imaging; Q. Zhengdi. Application in Nondestructive Testing: Imaging and Inverse Scattering in Nondestructive Evaluation; K.J. Langenberg, et al. Acoustical and Optoacoustical Microscope: Nearfield Scanning Acoustic Microscopy; A. Kulik, et al. Transducers and Array: Formation and Propagation of Limited Diffraction Beams; J. Lu, J.F. Greenleaf. Application in Medicine and Biology 1: Multidimensional Cardiac Imaging; J.F. Greenleaf, et al. Application in Medicine and Biology 2: A Restoration Method of Ultrasonic Medical Tomogram; K. Zhou, et al. Seismic Imaging: A Method of Diffraction Tomography; K. Nagai, et al. Underwater Acoustical Imaging: A New Generation Side Scan Sonar; P. Alais, et al. 96 additional articles. Index.

NMR Probeheads for Biophysical and Biomedical Experiments 2nd Edition is essential reading for anyone in the field of NMR or MRI, from students to medical or biological scientists performing experiments under certain physical and/or geometrical conditions, unattainable by conventional or available probes. The material guides the reader through the most basic and comprehensive stages in accomplishing a correct probe design, from a very basic oscillating circuit to much more elaborate designs.This new edition has been revised and updated to include a chapter dedicated to RF components, which are commonly used for probes realization and their frequency-dependent characteristics. Another completely revised chapter concerns the multiple coil systems and discusses arrays coils, different decoupling methods, and some principles for interfacing coils with low-noise preamplifiers. The principles of linear circuit analysis are presented in a dedicated chapter. Last but not least, accompanying files containing updated software for probe design have been made available from the publisher's website.

This book gives a comprehensive overview of the medium access control (MAC) principles in cognitive radio networks, with a specific focus on how such MAC principles enable different wireless systems to coexist in the same spectrum band and carry out spectrum sharing. From algorithm design to the latest developments in the standards and spectrum policy, readers will benefit from leading-edge knowledge of how cognitive radio systems coexist and share spectrum resources. Coverage includes cognitive radio rendezvous, spectrum sharing, channel allocation, coexistence in TV white space, and coexistence of heterogeneous wireless systems. "

Nonlinear optics is attracting attention because of its applications in telecommunications and its possibilities for optical computing. Optoelectronics has been singled out by many as being of considerable strategic importance. Optical fibre communications shows that optics is already a method of choice; nonlinear optics offers further improvements in efficiency and versatility. Textbooks on nonlinear optics are readily available, concentrating on phenomena and devices rather than on the materials. Materials for nonlinear optics have developed considerably, with novel semiconductor structures and organics attracting much attention. These too are treated in a variety of books, at a research level. To take advantage of these newer materials, those who use nonlinear optics may need a source of information on the materials available and their special characteristics. At the same time, materials specialists entering the field of nonlinear optics may need a source of information on the general features of nonlinear optics. Nonlinear optics also now forms part of a number of degree and Masters level programmes. This book is written as an overview of the subject for users of these materials, graduate level courses and those entering research in this area. Chapters cover individual classes of materials and try to provide an authoritative but approachable summary of the characteristics of each class, with emphasis on the advantages offered for applications in nonlinear optics. To ensure that the book is accessible to those not conversant with nonlinear optics, introductory chapters outline the principle nonlinear optical phenomena and how these are exploited in device configurations.

Introduction to Nonimaging Optics covers the theoretical foundations and design methods of nonimaging optics, as well as key concepts from related fields. This fully updated, revised, and expanded Second Edition: Features a new and intuitive introduction with a basic description of the advantages of nonimaging optics Adds new chapters on wavefronts for a prescribed output (irradiance or intensity), infinitesimal etendue optics (generalization of the aplanatic optics), and Koehler optics and color mixing Incorporates new material on the simultaneous multiple surface (SMS) design method in 3-D, integral invariants, and etendue 2-D Contains 21 chapters, 24 fully worked and several other examples, and 1,000+ illustrations, including photos of real devices Addresses applications ranging from solar energy concentration to illumination engineering Introduction to Nonimaging Optics, Second Edition invites newcomers to explore the growing field of nonimaging optics, while providing seasoned veterans with an extensive reference book.

Based upon the research they have conducted over the past decade in the field of denoising processes for medical ultrasonic imaging, in this book, the authors systematically present despeckling methods for medical ultrasonic images. Firstly, the respective methods are reviewed and divided into five categories. Secondly, after introducing some basic mathematical tools such as wavelet and shearlet transforms, the authors highlight five recently developed despeckling methods for medical ultrasonic images. In turn, simulations and experiments for clinical ultrasonic images are presented for each method, and comparison studies with other well-known existing methods are conducted, showing the effectiveness and superiority of the new methods. Students and researchers in the field of signal and image processing, as well as medical professionals whose work involves ultrasonic diagnosis, will greatly benefit from this book. Familiarizing them with the state of the art in despeckling methods for medical ultrasonic images, it offers a useful reference guide for their study and research work.

This proceedings book presents the latest research in the fields of information theory, communication system, computer science and signal processing, as well as other related technologies. Collecting selected papers from the 3rd Conference on Signal and Information Processing, Networking and Computers (ICSINC), held in Chongqing, China on September 13-15, 2017, it is of interest to professionals from academia and industry alike.

Discusses mainly fundamentals and applications of dynamic holography using photorefractive crystals and many different types of digital holography Covers developments in holography starting from photopolymer recording techniques to CMOS based digital holography Examines important applications of each topic like digital holographic microscopy, Real-Time/Time Average/Double exposure digital holographic interferometry, digital holographic photoelasticity for stress or strain measurements Discusses principles of Stokes/Correlation holography Includes homework problems and a solutions manual for adopting professors

Infrared Thermography gives a thorough introduction to the principles, techniques, and applications of infrared imaging systems. With its comprehensive coverage and applications orientation, this book provides an ideal tutorial introduction to engineers and scientists interested in applying infrared thermography.

Decide Which Lighting Technology Is Best for Your Application Light Sources, Second Edition: Basics of Lighting Technologies and Applications presents an overview of the three main technologies that have produced the numerous families of lighting products on the market today: electrical incandescence, electrical gas discharges, and semiconductor light-emitting diodes (LEDs). The second edition of this highly praised bestseller explores the scientific and technological developments of existing and new light sources and significantly expands the coverage on how to make choices based on a specific application. New to the Second Edition Enhanced material on LEDs New chapter on matching lighting technology with the appropriate applications New chapter on light and health New case studies on indoor and outdoor lighting for security and safety This book provides an up-to-date guide to the main technologies and important families of light sources that have dominated the market and our lives since the end of the nineteenth century. It will help readers design the most appropriate lighting environments for people of various needs and choose the correct technology for cost-effective lighting schemes. Online supplementary materials: View the author's webinar ''How The Right Light Can Improve Our Lives'': www.youtube.com/watch?v=xZ9rLhT2uWk

A complete reference guide to the theory, design, and applications of infrared technology

Rapid advances in infrared (IR), photonic, and electrooptic technologies have given rise to sophisticated sensors with important commercial, industrial, and military applications–from remote sensing, surveillance, and high-resolution TV to home security systems. This book provides scientists and engineers with a comprehensive, state-of-the-art guide to the analysis and development of IR, photonic, and electrooptical devices and systems for specific applications. Well-known industry expert A. R. Jha compiles and consolidates the latest data on IR sources and systems, presenting fully referenced technical information plus numerical examples illustrating performance parameters and design aspects for an amazingly broad array of applications. Basic IR theory is also provided. Coverage includes:

• Transmission characteristics of optical signals through the atmosphere, including effects of scattering, absorption, turbulence, and diffraction
• Performance characteristics and capabilities of various IR sources, including state-of-the-art laser technologies
• Performance capabilities of IR detectors and focal planar arrays (FPAs) as well as passive and active IR and electronic devices
• Potential and existing applications in such diverse fields as medicine, telecommunications, space research, missile systems, and defense
IR signature analysis and measurement techniques

This book covers the results of a study concerning systems for healthcare-oriented monitoring of elderly persons. It is focused on the methods for processing data from impulse-radar sensors and depth sensors, aimed at localisation of monitored persons and estimation of selected quantities informative from the healthcare point of view. It includes mathematical descriptions of the considered methods, as well as the corresponding algorithms and the results of their testing in a real-world context. Moreover, it explains the motivations for developing healthcare-oriented monitoring systems and specifies the real-world needs which may be addressed by such systems. The healthcare systems, all over the world, are confronted with challenges implied by the ageing of population and the lack of adequate recruitment of healthcare professionals. Those challenges can be met by developing new technologies aimed at improving the quality of life of elderly people and at increasing the efficiency of public health management. Monitoring systems may contribute to this strategy by providing information on the evolving health status of independently-living elderly persons, enabling healthcare personnel to quickly react to dangerous events. Although these facts are generally acknowledged, such systems are not yet being commonly used in healthcare facilities and households. This may be explained by the difficulties related to the development of technological solutions which can be both acceptable for monitored persons and capable of providing healthcare personnel with useful information. The impulse-radar sensors and depth sensors, considered in this book, have a potential for overcoming those difficulties since they are not cumbersome for the monitored persons - if compared to wearable sensors - and do not violate the monitored person's privacy - if compared to video cameras. Since for safety reasons the level of power, emitted by the radar sensors, must be ultra-low, the task of detection and processing of signals is a research challenge which requires more sophisticated methods than those developed for other radar applications. This book contains descriptions of new Bayesian methods, applicable for the localisation of persons by means of impulse-radar sensors, and an exhaustive review of previously published ones. Furthermore, the methods for denoising, regularised numerical differentiation and fusion of data from impulse-radar sensors and depth sensors are systematically reviewed in this book. On top of that, the results of experiments aimed at comparing the performance of various data-processing methods, which may serve as guidelines for related future projects, are presented.

Opto-Mechanical Systems Design, Fourth Edition is different in many ways from its three earlier editions: coauthor Daniel Vukobratovich has brought his broad expertise in materials, opto-mechanical design, analysis of optical instruments, large mirrors, and structures to bear throughout the book; Jan Nijenhuis has contributed a comprehensive new chapter on kinematics and applications of flexures; and several other experts in special aspects of opto-mechanics have contributed portions of other chapters. An expanded feature-a total of 110 worked-out design examples-has been added to several chapters to show how the theory, equations, and analytical methods can be applied by the reader. Finally, the extended text, new illustrations, new tables of data, and new references have warranted publication of this work in the form of two separate but closely entwined volumes. This first volume, Design and Analysis of Opto-Mechanical Assemblies, addresses topics pertaining primarily to optics smaller than 50 cm aperture. It summarizes the opto-mechanical design process, considers pertinent environmental influences, lists and updates key parameters for materials, illustrates numerous ways for mounting individual and multiple lenses, shows typical ways to design and mount windows and similar components, details designs for many types of prisms and techniques for mounting them, suggests designs and mounting techniques for small mirrors, explains the benefits of kinematic design and uses of flexures, describes how to analyze various types of opto-mechanical interfaces, demonstrates how the strength of glass can be determined and how to estimate stress generated in optics, and explains how changing temperature affects opto-mechanical assemblies.

A System Engineer's Guide to Building an Earth Observation Camera Building Earth Observation Cameras discusses the science and technology of building an electro-optical imaging system for a space platform from concept to space qualification and in-orbit evaluation. The book provides a broad overview of various Earth imaging systems with specific examples illustrating the design and development issues that impacted the Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS) cameras, and is based on the actual experience of the author, who was intimately involved with the development of cameras for the IRS program.It equips imaging system project managers, scholars, and researchers with the ability to look deeper into the systems that they are developing, and arms application scientists who use satellite imagery with a greater understanding of the technical aspects and terminology used in defining the performance of the image system. The text traces the historical development of imaging systems, reviews the evolution of Earth observation systems from a global perspective, and examines future trends. This interdisciplinary work: Presents technical issues associated with the design, fabrication, and characterization of the camera Provides a narrow focus and end-to-end solutions to all components involved in a successful camera-on-Earth observation system Covers various stages including image formation, optics, opto-mechanics, material choice, design tradeoffs, fabrication, evaluation, and finally qualifying the system for space use Building Earth Observation Cameras provides the tools needed to enable readers to better understand the concepts and challenges involved in building space-based Earth observation systems.

This book is a collection of tutorial-like chapters on all core topics of signals and systems and the electronic circuits. All the topics dealt with in the book are parts of the core syllabi of standard programs in Electrical Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, and Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering domains. This book is intended to serve as a secondary reader or supplementary text for core courses in the area of signals and systems, electronic circuits, and analog and digital signal processing. When studying or teaching a particular topic, the students and instructors of such courses would find it interesting and worthwhile to study the related tutorial chapter in this book in order to enhance their understanding of the fundamentals, simplification of procedures, alternative approaches and relation to other associated topics. In addition, the book can also be used as a primary or secondary text in short-term or refresher courses, and as a self-study guide for professionals wishing to gain a comprehensive review of the signals and systems domain.

This book evaluates the impact of relevant factors affecting the results of speech quality assessment studies carried out in crowdsourcing. The author describes how these factors relate to the test structure, the effect of environmental background noise, and the influence of language differences. He details multiple user-centered studies that have been conducted to derive guidelines for reliable collection of speech quality scores in crowdsourcing. Specifically, different questions are addressed such as the optimal number of speech samples to include in a listening task, the influence of the environmental background noise in the speech quality ratings, as well as methods for classifying background noise from web audio recordings, or the impact of language proficiency in the user perception of speech quality. Ultimately, the results of these studies contributed to the definition of the ITU-T Recommendation P.808 that defines the guidelines to conduct speech quality studies in crowdsourcing.

This work results from a selection of the contributions presented in the mini symposium "Applications of Multiresolution Analysis with "Wavelets", presented at the ICIAM 19, the International Congress on Industrial and Applied Mathematics held at Valencia, Spain, in July 2019. The presented developments and applications cover different areas, including filtering, signal analysis for damage detection, time series analysis, solutions to boundary value problems and fractional calculus. This bunch of examples highlights the importance of multiresolution analysis to face problems in several and varied disciplines. The book is addressed to researchers in the field.

This book takes a pragmatic approach to deploying state-of-the-art optical networking equipment in metro-core and backbone networks. The book is oriented towards practical implementation of optical network design. Algorithms and methodologies related to routing, regeneration, wavelength assignment, sub rate-traffic grooming and protection are presented, with an emphasis on optical-bypass-enabled (or all-optical) networks. The author has emphasized the economics of optical networking, with a full chapter of economic studies that offer guidelines as to when and how optical-bypass technology should be deployed. This new edition contains: new chapter on dynamic optical networking and a new chapter on flexible/elastic optical networks. Expanded coverage of new physical-layer technology (e.g., coherent detection) and its impact on network design and enhanced coverage of ROADM architectures and properties, including colorless, directionless, contentionless and gridless. Covers 'hot' topics, such as Software Defined Networking and energy efficiency, algorithmic advancements and techniques, especially in the area of impairment-aware routing and wavelength assignment. Provides more illustrative examples of concepts are provided, using three reference networks (the topology files for the networks are provided on a web site, for further studies by the reader). Also exercises have been added at the end of the chapters to enhance the book's utility as a course textbook.

This book presents a collection of memoir papers on the development of modern and contemporary optics and optoelectronics in China from the 18th to 20th centuries. The papers were written by famous scientists in China, including members of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Chinese Academy of Engineering, sharing their experience in different fields of optics and optoelectronics development. This is a unique book in understanding the natural science history of optics and optoelectronics. It gives you the general idea about how the western optical science spread to China in the 17th to 18th century; the cradle of the contemporary optics in China; Birth, development and application of lasers in China; high energy and high power lasers for laser antiballistic missile and laser nuclear fusion; development of Chinese optical communication and optical information storage; laser and infrared optics research for space science; development of Chinese optical instruments, etc.

Mathematical Morphology is a speciality in Image Processing and Analysis, which considers images as geometrical objects, to be analyzed through their interactions with other geometrical objects. It relies on several branches of mathematics, such as discrete geometry, topology, lattice theory, partial differential equations, integral geometry and geometrical probability. It has produced fast and efficient algorithms for computer analysis of images, and has found applications in bio-medical imaging, materials science, geoscience, remote sensing, quality control, document processing and data analysis.

This book contains the 43 papers presented at the 7th International Symposium on Mathematical Morphology, held in Paris on April 18-20, 2005. It gives a lively state of the art of current research topics in this field. It also marks a milestone, the 40 years of uninterrupted development of this ever-expanding domain.

Recent advances in the field of guided-wave optics, such as fibre optics and integrated optics, have included the introduction of various optical waveguides. Computational tools for modelling and simulation are essential for a successful design, optimization, and realization of the optical waveguides. Despite its relatively brief existence, the finite element method has grown into a powerful and efficient tool for solving the most general optical waveguide problems. In this book, starting with a brief review of electromagnetic theory for optical waveguide analysis, the concepts of the finite element method and its fundamentals are discussed in detail. Current topics of the application of the finite element method to various optical waveguide problems, such as planar optical waveguides, optical channel waveguides, optical fibres, polarization-maintaining optical fibres, optical gratings, optical waveguide discontinuities, nonlinear optical waveguides, optical solitons and quantum well structures, are described, including many illustrations.