Introductory texts on psychological testing and evaluation historically are not in short supply. Typically, however, such texts have been relatively superficial in their discussion of clinical material and have focused primarily on the theoretical and psychometric properties of indi vidual tests. More practical, clinically relevant presentations of psychological instruments have been confined to individual volumes with advanced and often very technical information geared to the more sophisticated user. Professors in introductory graduate courses are often forced to adopt several advanced texts to cover the material, at the same time helping students wade through unnecessary technical information in order to provide a basic working knowl edge of each test. Understanding Psychological Assessment is an attempt to address these concerns. It brings together into a single volume a broad sampling of the most respected instruments in the psychologist's armamentarium along with promising new tests of cognitive, vocational, and personality functioning. Additionally, it presents the most updated versions of these tests, all in a practical, clearly written format that covers the development, psychometrics, administra tive considerations, and interpretive hypotheses for each instrument. Clinical case studies allow the reader to apply the interpretive guidelines to real clinical data, thereby reinforcing basic understanding of the instrument and helping to insure that both the student and practi tioner can actually begin to use the test. Understanding Psychological Assessment includes cognitive and personality tests for adults, children, and adolescents, as well as chapters on the theory of psychological measurement and integrated report writing.

William Charles Wells (1757-1817) was one of the foremost, and forgotten, American scientists of the eighteenth century. He should be acknowledged as laying the foundations for modern studies of vestibular function as well as eye movements. This book reprints his Essay on single vision with two eyes (1792) and his own Memoir of his life (1818). Wells' essay on natural selection is reprinted as an Appendix. Wells' experiments and observations on natural phenomena will surprise students of science because of their modernity.

In both developed nations and the developing world, there is a clear trend towards addressing alcohol, tobacco, and other drug problems through health and social services. There are several persuasive arguments for this shift beyond pure economics, which include comorbidity, cost effectiveness, coordination of care and effectiveness. This is the first volume to pull together effective methods that can be used for addressing substance abuse through health and social service systems. It also integrates interventions for a range of drugs of abuse, rather than focusing on only one (such as alcohol). The book's international perspective also makes this a unique contribution to the existing literature.

The field of transplantation has grown exponentially over the last few decades, and leaders in the field may argue that we have seen only the tip of the iceberg. Perhaps in no other discipline is there a need for multidisciplinary dialogue, debate, and approaches to patient care. In preparing this book, we have attempted to introduce readers to a few of the key clinical and ethical issues confronting the field of transplantation today. In so doing, we recognize that the face of transplantation may change dramatically in the years to come. Nevertheless, the issues raised throughout this book will serve as a useful introduction to important clinical issues and as a catalyst for clinicians and researchers to expand the horizons of transplantation. Health professionals involved in evaluating and treating transplant patients must be knowledgeable of the indications for transplantation and patient outcomes and the process of evaluation and management. Chapters 1 and 2, focusing on solid organ transplantation and blood/marrow transplantation, provide this important contextual information. The next two chapters address what is often considered the most significant issue facing the field of transplantation - organ donation. While the number of patients needing transplantation has risen dramatically in recent years, the rate of organ donation has remained relatively stable. Chapter 3 highlights the many ethical issues surrounding the more general concept of organ donation, while Chapter 4 focuses specifically on the burgeoning interest in living organ donation.

Readers have access to legions of books dealing with the molecular, genetic, neurochemical, neurophysiological, neuroanatomical, neuroradiological and psychological aspects of pain as well as with the clinical approaches to pain from various medical disciplines. Why then is it necessary to publish a book on the pathophysiologyofpain perception? Pain can result either from noxious events due to lesions, injuries, diseases, etc. , or from disturbances in the system transducing, transforming, and processing the potential pain signal or from an interaction of both. Under certain pathological conditions, the pain-processing system, which includes both physiological and psychological components, can produce the experience of pain in the absence of any peripheral noxious event. This book primarily ex- amines these pathological alterations in the pain-signalling system, and the authors provide information on the functioning of the pain-processing system under normal and pathological conditions. The understanding of pain perception is essential for optimal diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic pain. Considerable evidence now indicates that alterations in pain per- ception are characteristic of many clinical pain states. Whether disturbed pain perception is a truly etiological or only a maintaining factor-c-or even a mere epiphenomenon of chronic functional pain-is reviewed in detail by L. Arendt-Nielsen, C. R. Covelli, R. B. Fillingim,]. M. Gillespie, T. Graven-Nielsen, E. Kosek, S. Lautenbacher, M. Peters, A. Pielsticker, DO. Price, G. B. Rollman, P. Svensson and G. N. Verne for headache, back pain, fibromyalgia, myofascial pain, temporomandibular pain disorder, irritable bowel syndrome and menstrual cycle-related pain disorders.

This book provides a practical guide to crisis intervention. It emphasizes the role of violence, patient suicide, long-term sequelae of trauma, clinical assessment and risk management, professional boundaries and burn-out, and the neurophysiology of trauma, as well as the needs of underserved patient populations including minority group members, older adults, gays and lesbians, and children. It features critical reviews of controversial topics, including EMDR, critical incident stress debriefing, recovered memories, dissociative identity disorder, and alternative medicine.

HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation provides the first practical guide to integrating behavioral prevention with antiretroviral therapies for people living with HIV infection. This brief book discusses the historical and social context embedding the shifting landscape in HIV prevention, where the use of effective treatments have become the focus of HIV prevention. While using treatments for prevention is promising, the history of HIV prevention offers several important pitfalls that must be avoided if HIV treatments are to ultimately succeed in preventing new HIV infections. Lessons learned from the successes and failures of other biomedical technologies used in HIV prevention, specifically syringes, condoms, and HIV testing are critical to the success of using HIV treatments for prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation summarizes the scientific evidence for advancing the use of antiretroviral therapies for HIV prevention. The evidence makes clear that HIV treatments can prevent HIV transmission, but will fail if behavioral aspects of treatment and HIV transmission are ignored. Of greatest concern are medication adherence and risks for contracting other sexually transmitted infections. Placing HIV treatment within the context of behavioral interventions for maintaining medication adherence and reducing sexual risk behaviors is therefore essential to the future of HIV prevention. HIV Treatment as Prevention: Primer for Behavior-Based Implementation highlights two pioneering behavioral interventions aimed at maximizing the effects of antiretroviral therapies for preventing HIV transmission. One of the interventions, developed by the Author's research team, is discussed in detail and the intervention manual is included as an Appendix."

Health experts independently state that the most critical urban problems are preventable. This brings an added challenge to public health practitioners working in inner cities with predominately minority communities. In addition to deadly diseases - including transmittable diseases - violence, whether it is physical, sexual or child abuse, is the other predominant morbidity factor that urban areas confront. Because of these concerns, there is a need for health professionals working with the communities to critically examine health behavior theories and prevention methodologies. Additionally, new prevention practices and programs need to be developed for community-based interventions to better serve the populations in need including programs in: -HIV Prevention; -Evaluation and Policy Research; -Cancer Prevention and Screening; -Urban Public Health Policy; -Youth Violence Prevention.

Life expectancy in countries of Central and Eastern Europe is substantially shorter than in Western Europe, and a similar divide exists in self-rated health. This exhaustive study of populations in seven Central and European countries - Russia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Poland, Czech Republic and Hungary - examines the social and psychosocial determinants of this divide. Practitioners and graduate students of public health and social psychology will find this an invaluable resource.

Despite medical technological advances, the major killers with which we must currently contend have remained essentially the same for the past few decades. Stroke, cancer, and heart disease together account for the vast majority of deaths in the United States. In addition, due to improved medical care, many Americans who would previously have died now survive these disorders, necessitating that they receive appropriate rehabilitation efforts. One result of our own medical advances is that we must now accept the high costs associated with providing quality care to individuals who develop one of these problems, and we must avail ourselves to assist of afflicted individuals. families Despite the relative stability of causes of death and disability, the health-care field is currently experiencing tremendous pressures, both from professionals with in the field, who desire more and better technology than is currently available, and from the public and other payers of health care (e.g., insurance companies), who seek an end to increasing health-care costs. These pressures, along with an increased emphasis on providing evidence of cost-effectiveness and quality assurance, are substantially changing the way that health-care professionals perform their jobs.

"Adapt or perish, now as ever, is Nature's inexorable imperative. " -H. G. Wells, Mind at the End of Its Tether (1946) Doctors are trained to treat people suffering from various diseases. This is the main form of their activity and usually the reason for which they selected medicine as their profession. The notion that they should become managers and engage in activi ties such as programming, calculating cost, assessing cost-benefit ratios, and thinking about pricing in accordance with the social utility of their intervention, is both foreign and abhorrent to them. They are sometimes willing to say how much they need in order to have a well-functioning service: usually they prefer to state what specific apparatus and other things they require without specifying the price of their demand. They can be persuaded to add a price tag to what they think is necessary for their work: but that was about as far as they would go, until recently. The growing emphasis on human rights over the past few decades, the greater emphasis on quality of life and the public's heightened expectations about their health led, in many industrialized countries, to a greater demand for health services. This, com bined with improved possibilities of diagnosis and treatment (at higher cost!), led to a significant increase in financial demands which made governments and health-care systems uneasy and ready to accept any solution that would stop the spiral of seem ingly endless cost augmentation.

This volume provides an overview of the important health promotion and disease prevention theories, methods, and policy issues. Applications of these theories and methods are reviewed to promote health through a variety of channels, for a variety of disease outcomes, and among a variety of populations. It can be used as a text for introductory causes to the field of health promotion and disease prevention, as well as a reference for researchers and practitioner's actively working in this area.

TItis volume is the first effort to compile representative work in the emerging research area on the relationship of disability and physical environment since Barrier-Free Environments, edited by Michael Bednar, was published in 1977. Since that time, disability rights legislation like the Americans, with Disabilities Act in the United States, the worldwide growth of the independent-living move ment, rapid deinstitutionalization, and the maturation of functional assessment methodology have all had their impact on this research area. The impact has been most noticeable in two ways-fostering the integration of environmental vari ables in rehabilitation research and practice, and changing paradigms for environ mental interventions. As the contributions in this volume demonstrate, the relationship of disabil ity and physical environment is no longer of interest primarily to designers and other professionals concerned with managing the resources of the built environ ment. The physical environment has always been recognized as an important variable affecting rehabilitation outcome. Until recently, however, concepts and tools were not available to measure its impact in clinical practic~ and outcomes research. In particular, lack of a theoretical foundation that integrated environ ment with the disablement process hampered development of both research and clinical methodology. Thus, the physical environment received little attention from the mainstream rehabilitation research community. However, this situation is changing rapidly.

"I'm like a whirling leaf in the wind," said one of Dr. Lena Nilsson SchOnnesson' s patients, and another "I'm in the claws of HIV." Their voices and those of other HIV-positive patients frame the humanistic and scholarly discussion in this impor tant book. Dr. SchOnnesson, a Fulbright scholar at the HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies, Columbia University in 1995, has unusually extensive clinical experience in counseling HIV-positive gay men. Her work with 38 such patients treated between 1986 and 1995 is discussed in the pages that follow. Dr. SchOnnesson's longitudinal approach to clinical data is extremely unusual in the psychotherapy literature generally, and in the literature on counseling HIV positive men in particular. Building upon the experience of such recent scholar clinicians as Klitzman, Isay, Schaffner, and others, Dr. SchOnnesson adds some thing unique by analyzing her ongoing detailed notes of the psychotherapeutic process in a systematic quantitative as well as qualitative manner. The analysis of her data is further informed by her coauthor, Dr. Michael Ross, a therapist and investigator whose contribution to the clinical and research literature on the psychotherapeutic treatment of gay men has already been substantial.

Cardiovascular disease continues to be the number ioral medicine" was developed and shaped into the one source of morbidity and mortality in our coun- following definition: try. Despite a 35% reduction since 1964, these Behavioral medicine is the interdisciplinary field con- diseases, particularly coronary heart disease cerned with the development and integration of behav- (CHD), claim nearly 1,000,000 lives each year in ioral and biomedical science knowledge and techniques the United States (Havlik & Feinleib, 1979). relevant to the understanding of health and illness and The Framingham study, among others, has iden- the application of this knowledge and these techniques to prevention, diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation. tified three major risk factors implicated in the de- (Schwartz & Weiss, 1978) velopment of CHD: smoking, elevated serum cho- lesterol, and high blood pressure (Castelli et at., This concept of "biobehavioral" collaboration 1986). Given that these factors account for less challenged scientists and clinicians of many disci- than 50% of the variance associated with CHD plines to consider how they might more effectively (Jenkins, 1976), it has become obvious that addi- develop diagnostic, treatment, and prevention tional risk factors must be identified if further pro- strategies by merging their perspectives to address gress is to be made in disease prevention and simultaneously, among others, behavioral, psy- control.

The current book presents select proceedings from the Eleventh Annual Conference of AASMI (The American Association for the Study of Mental Imagery) in Washington, DC, 1989, and from the Twelfth Annual Conference of AASMI in Lowell and Boston, MA, 1990. This presentation of keynote addresses, research papers, and clinical workshops reflects a broad range of theoretical positions and a diverse repertoire of methodological approaches. Within this breadth and diversity, however, four aspects of the nature of imagery stand out: its mental nature, its private nature, its conscious nature, and its symbolic nature. The mental nature of imagery--i.e., its epistemological aspect--is explored in the book's first section of articles by Marcia Johnson, Laura Snodgrass, Leonard Giambra and Alicia Grodsky, Vija Lusebrink, Selina Kassels, Helane Rosenberg and Yakov Epstein, M. Elizabeth D'Zamko and Lynne Schwab, and Laurence Martel. These first eight articles fall, essentially, into various domains of cognitive psychology, including the psychology of art and educational psychology. In the second section, the private nature of imagery is studied by Ernest Hartmann, Nicholas Spanos, Benjamin Wallace, Deirdre Barrett, John Connolly, James Honeycutt, Dominique Gendrin, and James Honeycutt and J. Michael Gotcher. These studies, which fall within the realm of personality and social psychology, bring to light the fact that many very public interpersonal behaviors reflect very private images. Such behaviors range from interpersonal rapport with a hypnotist, to rapport with a forensic jury.

The intent of this book is to examine the psychological and social worlds of physically ill patients-an area that particularly needs attention today, since the great advances in medical science have caused many to minimize pa tients' emotional concerns. However, the pendulum has begun to swing back to the interrelationship of body and mind. Quality of life is again becoming a critical consideration in treatment. In writing the book I have drawn upon my own clinical experiences as a psychologist working with the physically ill. I have also drawn upon studies of the psychological factors in medical illness, and I was pleased to find a growing body of research. Although the book is primarily directed to psy chotherapists, it will benefit anyone involved in the care of those with medical problems, such as family and friends, as well as medical professionals. vii Acknowledgments I would particularly like to thank Redjeb Jordania for his endless patience, support, and encouragement from the very beginning of this project, and for his valuable suggestions and editorial comments along the way."

Like previous handbooks, the present volume is an authoritative and up-to-date compendium of information and perspective on the neurobiology of ingestive behaviors. It is intended to be stimulating and informative to the practitioner, whether neophyte or senior scholar. It is also intended to be accessible to others who do not investigate the biological bases of food and ?uid ingestion, who may teach aspects of this material or simply wonder about the current state of the ?eld. To all readers, we present this handbook as a progress report, recognizing that the present state of the ?eld is much farther along than it was the last time a handbook was published, but mindful of the likelihood that it is not as far along as it will be when the next handbook is prepared. This ?eld has witnessed a spectacular accretion of scienti?c information since the ?rst handbook was published in 1967. During the generation of science between then and the publication of the second handbook in 1990, numerous scienti?c reports have substantially changed the perspective and informational base of the ?eld.

With people living longer, often with chronic illnesses and disabilities, it is becoming increasingly important to understand how depression, disability, and physical illnesses are interrelated, the mechanisms underlying these interrelationships, and their implications for diagnosis and treatment. This volume synthesizes a carefully selected portion of the knowledge about physical illness and depression that has emerged during the past twenty years.

Over the years, in our teaching of diagnostic interviewing to graduate students in clinical psychology, psychology interns, medical students, and psychiatric residents, we have searched for appropriate reading materials that encompass theoretical rationale, clinical description, and the pragmatics of "how to. " However, surprising as it may seem, there is no one work that includes the theoretical, the clinical, and the prac tical under one cover. This being the case, we thought it would be useful to us in our pedagogic efforts if we could put together such a text. And it is to this end that we developed the outline for our multiauthored text and presented it to Plenum Press for their review. We felt then, as we do now, that the material in this book simply does not represent "the cat being skinned in yet another way. " We sincerely believe that our stu dents really do need this one, and it is to them that we dedicate Diag nostic Interviewing. Our book is divided into three parts. In the first part (General Issues), basic interviewing strategies and the mental status examination are cov ered. The bulk of the book (Parts II and III) is devoted to examination of diagnostic interviewing for the major psychiatric disorders and for spe cial populations."

This birefs examines mortality among young children in the period from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. It does so using several types and sources of information from the census unit England and Wales, and from Ireland. The sources of information used in this study include memoirs, diaries, poems, church records and numerical accounts. They offer descriptions of the quality of life and child mortality over the three centuries under study. Additional sources for the nineteenth century are two census-derived numerical indexes of the quality of life. They are the VICQUAL index for England and Wales, and the QUALEIRE index for Ireland. Statistical procedures have been applied to the numbers provided by the sources with the aim to identify effects of and associations between such variables as gender, age, and social background. The briefs examines the results to consider the impact of children's deaths upon parents and families, and concludes that there are differences and continuities across the centuries.

Americans are "healing themselves" (Heckler, 1985) and prevention has taken root (McGinnis, 1985a). We are altering our lifestyle to reduce physical and mental health risks. Perhaps as important is the fact that the science of prevention is beginning to catch up with the practices of prevention, although some might argue that the popularity of these practices far outstrips sound theoretical and empirical foundations. The chapter authors in this volume examine the theoretical and empirical foundations of many current prevention practices and, where data exist, discuss the status of prevention efforts. Where substantial prevention is not yet on the horizon, the authors attempt to point us in the right direction or at least share with the reader some of the risk factors that should be addressed in our research. We hope that readers will be stimulated to discuss the issues raised, advance the current research, and, where possible, adopt the prevention and health promotion strategies that are supported by sound theoretical and empirical work. This volume can in no way be comprehensive with respect to the current work in prevention; however, we hope that we have provided a sampling of prevention activities and issues that appear together in one volume for perhaps the first time. The primary intent of this volume is modest, and the reader should not attempt to find continuity among the various chapters. The only binding among these contributions is their focus on prevention.

A "New Looking Glass" for Behavioral Medicine In 1984, John Briggs, a science writer and specialist in interdisciplinary studies teaching at the New School for Social Research, and F. David Peat, a physicist who was for many years a fellow with the National Research Council of Canada, published a book about the revolutions that were taking place in physics, mathematics, chemistry, biology, and neu rophysiology and about the scientists whose new theories were changing our understanding about the nature of the universe. The title of their book was Looking Glass Universe, after Lewis Carroll's classic story of Alice and her friends, Through the Looking Glass. Briggs and Peat's book is a well-written, challenging volume about human beings and how they think about old problems in new and sometimes startling ways. I mention Briggs and Peat's book only partially because I happen to have a personal interest in the potential applications of new ways of looking at and thinking about nature and data derived from modern physics and systems theory for health psychology and behavioral medi cine (e. g., Schwartz, 1984). In a letter Wolfgang Linden wrote to me on January 23,1987, he shared with me (at my request) his rough thoughts about his personal goals for this book."

In this compelling new book, Gillian Bendelow provides an accessible account of the complex interplay between mind, body and society. Contemporary critiques of biomedicine and the process of medicalisation have long emphasised the limitations of traditional western scientific medicine in the separation of mind and body. The subsequent turn to more holistic models of health and illness is now beginning to permeate medical education and healthcare practice. For Bendelow, a key aspect of this paradigm shift is the development of more sophisticated concepts of stress, which address the intertwining of emotion and embodiment, and emphasise social and material factors alongside biopsychological components. These theoretical and conceptual issues are explored first through an emphasis on contemporary health practices, and then through developments in illness and medicine. Examining the ways in which 'healthism', rather than 'medicalisation', pervades most areas of everyday life, attention is drawn to the bodily practices we pursue in the name of health. These include concerns with sexual health, health promotion, the use of complementary or alternative medicine, and the notion of emotional health. The book then considers the implications of being diagnosed as ill, and charts the limits of the divisions between 'mental' and 'physical' illness, examining a range of conditions, including chronic pain, eating disorders and other illnesses of the contemporary world. Health, Emotion and the Body combines clarity of expression with careful scholarship and originality, making it appeal to students and scholars with a wide range of interests, including the sociology of health and illness, the body, and mental illness, as well as health psychology.

This book is primarily based on the proceedings of a confer en.::: e entitled -Health Psychology: A workshop in Behavioral Medi cine, Treatment and Research Issues, - held April 8-9, 1983 at the University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center and Oklahoma Chil drens Memorial Hospital, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma. This conference brought together researchers from pediatric psychology, pedia tri cs, clinical psychology, developmental psychology, 1eurology, and psychiatry as part of a continuing medical education eries. While Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine are the fastest growing segments of Psychology, relatively little atten tion has been paid to the pediatric segment of the life cycle. Yet, if we are serious about risk factor reduction and prevention of chronic diseases, it is precisely intervention with the young which will give the largest, most cost-effective results. Thus, the primary focus of the conference was on the pedia tric aspects of health and disease. Chapter 1 deals with the problems of behavioral health and sets forth some goals for our nation by the year 1990. Chapters 2 and 3 present an overview of behavioral medicine and the research trends current and predictive of the future for the field. Chapter 4 takes on issues about psychology, child health, and human deve lopment. Chapter 5 addresses issues in pediatric medical compl i ance and how this situation might be improved. Chapter 6 deals wi th prematurity and the family, and Chapter 7 addresses pain management problems in the young."