Plasticity theory is widely used to describe the behaviour of soil and rock in many engineering situations. Plasticity and Geomechanics presents a concise introduction to the general subject of plasticity with a particular emphasis on applications in geomechanics. Derived from the authors' own lecture notes, this book is written with students firmly in mind. Excessive use of mathematical methods is avoided in the main body of the text and, where possible, physical interpretations are given for important concepts. In this way the authors present a clear introduction to the complex ideas and concepts of plasticity as well as demonstrating how this developing subject is of critical importance to geomechanics and geotechnical engineering. This book therefore complements Elasticity and Geomechanics by the same authors and will appeal to graduate students and researchers in the fields of soil mechanics, foundation engineering, and geomechanics.

Global wetlands exhibit significant differences in both hydrology and species composition and range from moss-dominated arctic peatlands to seasonally-flooded tropical floodplains. They are increasingly recognized for the important services that they provide to both the environment and human society such as wildlife and fish production, nutrient filtering, and carbon sequestration.
A combination of low oxygen levels and dense plant canopies present particular challenges for organisms living in this aquatic habitat. This concise textbook discusses the universal environmental and biological features of wetland habitats, with an emphasis on wetland plants and animals and their adaptations. It also describes the functional features of wetlands - primary production, litter decomposition, food webs, and nutrient cycling - and their significance locally and globally. The future of wetlands is examined, including the potential threats of global climate change and invasive species, as well as their restoration and creation.
This new edition maintains the structure and style of the first, but is fully updated throughout with new chapters on invasive species, restoration/creation, global climate change, and the value of wetlands.

This open access book is an original contribution to the knowledge on fishing and research associated with one of the most enigmatic fish of our seas: bluefin tuna, Thunnus thynnus (L.). Based on available evidence, it reconstructs the possible methods used to catch large spawners in the Strait of Gibraltar thousands of years ago and describes the much more recent overfishing that led to a great reduction in the catches of the trap fishery on the area and the disappearance of the northern European fisheries. It is the first book to relate the overfishing of juvenile fishes in certain areas to the decline of large spawners in other very distant areas, revealing one of the main underlying causes of this decline, which has remained a mystery to the fishing sector and scientists alike for over 50 years. This finding should serve to prevent similar cases from arising in the future.

This professional reference tool combines basic concepts of hydrology with the latest applications for landscape architecture and site engineering—including effective, eco-friendly, and people-friendly design methods for:

• Wetlands construction
• Groundwater recharge
• Infiltration
• Porous pavements
• Stream restoration
• Water harvesting

Stormwater management is an essential component of all landscape architecture and site engineering projects. Introduction to Stormwater helps solve environmental problems that arise in the process of planning, implementing, and evaluating the built environment.

This useful guide is of singular importance to landscape architects, civil engineers, architects, wetlands scientists, and other environmental professionals who must comply with ever-changing government regulations. Concepts such as drainage, runoff quality, and drought control are presented in an easy-to-learn, nontechnical format, using case studies drawn from all regions of the United States. Over 200 charts, tables, photographs, and examples aid in conceptualization and calculations. Each chapter contains exercises to ensure that the user acquires applied skills essential to professional licensure exams and practice in the field, as well as information on related software.

Cumbria has been explored in many books over the years, but very little has been written about its rivers and yet, without them, the county would not have evolved in the way that it has. From the high fells to the extensive coastline, these rivers document the stories of our ancestors, from the first settlers to more modern industries. They also provide a vast variety of habitats to local wildlife as well as offering tantalising glimpses into the geological history of the county. In this unique book, author and photographer Beth and Steve Pipe explore ten Cumbrian rivers, covering the entire breadth of the county, following their journey from source to end. Along the way, Beth and Steve tell the story of each river’s formation, the wildlife and conservation concerns, as well as the social history of the areas they flow through. Each chapter focuses on a different river including the Eden, Derwent, Kent Caldew, Lune, Duddon, Esk and Irthing. The authors also highlight the local culture and show how the rivers have shaped and defined the county’s character and identity. Illustrated throughout, 'The Rivers of Cumbria' will be of interest to local people, visitors and anyone with an interest in this beautiful part of the country.

In this comprehensive, one-volume reference, Nature Conservancy scientist Bryan P. Piazza poses five key questions:
--What is the Atchafalaya River Basin?
--Why is it important?
--How have its hydrology and natural habitats been managed?
--What is its current state?
--How do we ensure its survival?
For more than five centuries, the Atchafalaya River Basin has captured the flow of the Mississippi River, becoming its main distributary as it reaches the Gulf of Mexico in south Louisiana. This dynamic environment, comprising almost a million acres of the lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley and Mississippi River Deltaic Plain, is perhaps best known for its expansive swamp environments dominated by baldcypress, water tupelo, and alligators. But the Atchafalaya River Basin contains a wide range of habitats and one of the highest levels of biodiversity on the North American continent.
Piazza has compiled and synthesized the body of scientific knowledge for the Atchafalaya River Basin, documenting the ecological state of the basin and providing a baseline of understanding. His research provides a crucial resource for future planning. He evaluates some common themes that have emerged from the research and identifies important scientific questions that remain unexplored.

Examining the science of stream restoration, Rebecca Lave argues that the neoliberal emphasis on the privatization and commercialization of knowledge has fundamentally changed the way that science is funded, organized, and viewed in the United States.
Stream restoration science and practice is in a startling state. The most widely respected expert in the field, Dave Rosgen, is a private consultant with relatively little formal scientific training. Since the mid-1990s, many academic and federal agency-based scientists have denounced Rosgen as a charlatan and a hack. Despite this, Rosgen's Natural Channel Design approach, classification system, and short-course series are not only accepted but are viewed as more legitimate than academically produced knowledge and training. Rosgen's methods are now promoted by federal agencies including the Environmental Protection Agency, the U.S. Forest Service, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service, as well as by resource agencies in dozens of states.
Drawing on the work of Pierre Bourdieu, Lave demonstrates that the primary cause of Rosgen's success is neither the method nor the man but is instead the assignment of a new legitimacy to scientific claims developed outside the academy, concurrent with academic scientists' decreasing ability to defend their turf. What is at stake in the Rosgen wars, argues Lave, is not just the ecological health of our rivers and streams but the very future of environmental science.

Aquatic Chemistry An Introduction Emphasizing Chemical Equilibria in Natural Waters Second Edition Edited by Werner Stumm and James J. Morgan This second edition of the renowned classic unites concepts, applications, and techniques with the growing amounts of data in the field. Expanded treatment is offered on steady-state and dynamic models employing mass-balance approaches and kinetic information. New chapters address such topics as: environmental aspects of aquatic chemistry; new material on organic compounds in natural water systems; the use of stable and radioactive isotopes in chemical and physical processes; the latest advances in marine chemistry; solid-solution interface; kinetic considerations of equilibria; metal-ligand interactions; and an expanded compilation of thermodynamic data for important reactions in natural water systems. 1981 (0 471-04831-3) Cloth 780 pp. (0 471-09173-1) Paper Chemical Processes in Lakes Edited by Werner Stumm This is a multidisciplinary analysis of recent research on the physical, chemical, and biological processes in aquatic systems. Coverage includes: distribution of elements and compounds in water and sediments; sedimentation and sediment accumulation of nutrients and pollutants; eurtophication and acidification; atmospheric deposition; redox-related geochemistry and sediment-water exchange of nutrients and metals; sediment dating and paleolimnology; and steady-state and dynamic models. Most chapters focus on the role of biological processes and the coupling of elemental cycles by organisms. 1985 (0 471-88261-5) 435 pp. Principles of Aquatic Chemistry Francois M. M. Morel Here is a quantitative treatment of the chemical principles that govern the composition of natural waters. Features include an in-depth examination of the use of conservation principles in chemical systems, a review of thermodynamic and kinetic principles applicable to aquatic systems, and a novel presentation of a systematic methodology for equilibrium calculations. Detailed coverage is provided on the topic of aquatic chemistry, following the traditional divisions of acid-base, precipitation-dissolution, coordination, redox and surface reactions. 1983 (0 471-08683-5) 446 pp.

Temporary waters are found throughout the world, and include intermittent streams and ponds, episodic rain puddles, seasonal limestone lakes, the water-retaining structures of plants, such as bromeliads and pitcher plants, and a variety of man-made container habitats. They are probably populated by various plant, animal, and microscopic communities ranging from the very simple to the highly complex. Temporary waters therefore represent fascinating and significant arenas in which to study the properties of species, as the latter deal with the rigours of living in highly variable environments. Obligate temporary water species display a remarkable array of adaptations to the periodic loss of their primary medium that largely set them apart from the inhabitants of permanent water bodies. Survival of individuals frequently depends upon exceptional physiological tolerance or effective migrational abilities that are timed to appropriate habitat phases. Quite apart from their inherent biological interest, temporary waters are now in the limelight from a conservation perspective as these habitats come more and more into conflict with human activities. Traditionally, many temporary waters (be they ponds, pools, streams, or wetlands) have been considered to be 'wasted' areas of land, potentially convertible to agriculture once drained. In reality, they are natural features of the global landscape that represent distinct and unique habitats for many species, some that are found nowhere else and others that reach their maximum abundance and/or genetic diversity there. Temporary waters are also very important from a human health perspective since they function as breeding places for the vectors of many disease organisms, including those that spread malaria, schistosomiasis, yellow fever, and dengue. Most of these exact a high toll in terms of global human suffering and reduced regional economies. This book collates and synthesises the highly scattered and diverse global literature on pure and applied aspects of these habitats and their biota. It examines the ecology of temporary waters in both natural and human environments, and seeks to identify common evolutionary themes. It will be of particular interest to aquatic ecologists, invertebrate and vertebrate biologists, environmental biologists, wetland managers and conservationists, those charged with controlling water-associated diseases, entomologists, educators, and natural historians.

Das Meer ist der groesste Lebensraum der Erde - hier hat die Evolution der Organismen begonnen, und hier findet sich auch die groesste Vielfalt organismischer Bauplane. Lernfreundlich aufbereitet und leicht verstandlich geschrieben, gibt das Lehrbuch einen grundlegenden und umfassenden UEberblick uber die verschiedenen Lebensraume und Lebensgemeinschaften des Meeres. OEkologische Prozesse wie Konkurrenz, Fressbeziehungen, Symbiosen und Nahrungsnetze sind zentrale Themen. Zahlreiche Abbildungen regen zum Lesen und Lernen an.

This book is intended for those with an academic, scientific and practical interest in river conservation and management. It provides an overview of how changes in legislation, policies, institutional responsibilities, science, technology, practical techniques and public perception have influenced how rivers have been managed over the past 20 years and the challenges that lie ahead during the next 20 years.

The book is based on the international conference "River Conservation and Management:20 Years On" held at York. Thirty-one chapters, with contributions from North and South America, Europe, Asia and Australasia provide a wide-ranging perspective on this complex but profoundly important subject.

Following an introduction that chronicles the most important contextual changes, the book is organized into four broad topics: Catchment management, ecosystem integrity and the threats to river ecosystems - this covers progress on understanding and addressing the pressures affecting rivers, many of which will be amplified by climate change and increasing human demands for water; Methods and approaches - illustrating some recent techniques that have been developed to assess condition and conservation status across different types of river; Recovery and rehabilitation - providing an insight into the principles, practice, public involvement and institutional networks that support and make improvements to modified river reaches; Integrating nature conservation into wider river management -demonstrating the importance of integrated planning, involvement of local communities and the use of adaptive management in achieving multiple environmental and economic benefits along rivers used for different purposes.

The final chapter discusses the challenges faced in dealing with an uncertain future.

More than 1200 different references and numerous web-site citations provide the reader with an invaluable source of knowledge on the subject area.

Although its history is etched on canyon walls reaching back twenty million years, the Niobrara is very much a river of today. Stretching 535 miles from its headwaters to the Missouri River, it is one of Nebraska's least altered waterways and is designated as a national scenic river. Its waterfalls and wildlife make it a haven for outdoor enthusiasts, but pressures from development still threaten its scenic and ecological wonders. This first book-length study of the Niobrara is a comprehensive look at an ecological treasure. Paul A. Johnsgard reviews the river's history from its geologic past through prehistoric settlement to the present and highlights its historical and biological features. Writing from this crossroads of eastern and western species, Johnsgard also describes the Niobrara's varied plants and animals, providing extensive information on bird populations. He offers portraits of sixteen species of special conservation concern, such as the black-tailed prairie dog and the olive-backed pocket mouse. Drawings by Johnsgard, information tables on various species, plus site lists make the book an invaluable reference. It conveys the Niobrara's value as a recreational and scientific resource to help visitors better appreciate this riparian paradise while offering specialists an unimpeachable guide to its scientific riches. The Niobrara includes chapters by Jon Farrar and Duane Gudgel.

Published by the American Geophysical Union as part of the Water Resources Monograph Series, Volume 18.

Landslides are a constant in shaping our landscape. Whether by large episodic, or smaller chronic, mass movements, our mountains, hills, valleys, rivers, and streams bear evidence of change from landslides. Combined with anthropogenic factors, especially the development and settlement of unstable terrain, landslides (as natural processes) have become natural disasters.This book charts our understanding of landslide processes, prediction methods, and related land use issues. How and where do landslides initiate? What are the human and economic consequences? What hazard assessment and prediction methods are available, and how well do they work? How does land use, from timber harvesting and road building to urban and industrial development, affect landslide distribution in time and space? And what is the effect of land use and climate change on landslides?This book responds to such questions with: - Synopses of how various land uses and management activities influence landslide behavior- Analyses of earth surface processes that affect landslide frequency and extent- Examples of prediction techniques and methods of landslide hazard assessment, including scales of application- Discussion of landslide types and related costs and damagesThose who study landslides, and those who deal with landslides, from onset to after-effects--including researchers, engineers, land managers, educators, students, and policy makers--will find this work a benchmark reference, now and for years to come.

BL A practical teaching course BL Takes an environmental approach to hydrology This is a textbook in environmental hydrology DSa field of study concerned with the basic system of water circulation and patters of runoff and the major ways in which human occupation of Earth alters both processes and pattersn. It focuses on the river basin or catchment unit not only because of its geographical appeal but because it is the basic experimental and data-gathering unit, and the fundamental unit for water management. The book explores a considerable number of methodological frameworks. Most of these are scientific; an acceptable replacement for problem-solving by data collection, analysis, and prediction has yet to be found. However, it also considers non-digital values DSattitudes, preferences, policies, laws DSespecially in the case of the freshwater environment, where key data are still relatively scarce. Having developed a holistic approach to river basins, the author concludes by considering the utility of our current knowledge of environment hydrology to provide the reader with a practical response to the conservation of fresh water. This book is intended for second and third year und

In this thoroughly updated third edition, the authors provide a series of carefully designed and tested field and laboratory exercises that represent the full scope of limnology. In using the text, students will gain a solid foundation in this complex, multidisciplinary field of ecology as they explore the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of standing and running waters. The book illustrates accepted standard methods as well as modern metabolic and experimental approaches and their research applications. Each exercise is preceded by an introductory section and concludes with questions for students as well as suggestions for further reading. As a textbook, this is a highly structured, concise presentation with a research-oriented approach that openly invites active participation by students.

Die industrielle Entwicklung hat zu einer Dafur erweisen sich die biologischen R- starken Beanspruchung der Natur gefuhrt. nigungsverfahren als verfahrenstechnisch Es werden nicht nur Bodenschatze aller Art unproblematische und - auf die Elimi- abgebaut und ausgebeutet, sondern auch tionsleistung bezogen - sehr effektive V- die Natur an sich mit Wasser, Boden und fahren. Luft wird benotigt, um die industrielle Pro- Es ist primar das Ziel und die Arbeitsweise duktion moglich zu machen. Dabei sind der Abwassertechnik, den Wirkungsgrad den Menschen, besonders in den Industr- von biologischen Reinigungsverfahren, nationen, ein wahres Naturverstandnis und d.h. den eliminierten Anteil an biologisch Empfinden verloren gegangen und die E- abbaubaren Schmutzstoffen zu erhohen. mente der Natur werden verwertet wie Dabei handelt es sich immer um die t- andere Rohstoffe auch. Da aber z.B. das sachlich abbaubaren Stoffe, und die Bewer- Wasser kein standig nachlieferbarer Stoff ist, tung der Reinigungsleistung orientiert sich muss eine unbedachte Nutzung und V- an der Elimination dieser, den Sauersto- schmutzung von Wasser letztlich zu Scha- haushalt der Gewasser belastenden Stoffe. gungen von Gewassern fuhren und damit Nun haben sich in den letzten Jahren die die Menge an verfugbaren Trink- und Anspruche an die Erhaltung der Gewasser Brauchwasser vermindern."

Der vorliegende Band der Reihe a žSA1/4Awasserfauna von Mitteleuropa" umfasst in seinem Inhalt erstmals die gesamte WestpalAarktis (Europa, Nordafrika, Vorderasien). Er enthAlt zusammenfassende Angaben A1/4ber die Morphologie, Biologie, A-kologie und Verbreitung der Scirtidae (SumpfkAfer). ZusAtzlich zur Charakterisierung der Familie werden die einzelnen Gattungen, Artengruppen (nicht bei allen Gattungen vorhanden) und Arten ausfA1/4hrlich dargestellt.

Reich illustrierte Bestimmungstabellen fA1/4hren zu den einzelnen Taxa. Viele Merkmale sind abgebildet und gemessen (A1/4ber 1000 Einzelabbildungen, meist Fotos von MikroprAparaten, einige REM-Bilder, 8 Farbtafeln). Das fA1/4hrt dann zu einer sicheren Determination, wodurch Akologische und tiergeografische Aussagen ermAglicht werden.

FA1/4r Limnologen, aber auch Entomologen, Biogeografen und Zoologen, die sich mit der SA1/4Awasserfauna befassen, ist dieses Werk unverzichtbar.

Aquatic ecosystems have formed the focus of several UNESCO research projects because of the impact on them of human activities such as intensification of agricultural activity, erosion and sedimentation due to irrigation projects, groundwater pollution and eutrophication. Interfaces, or ecotones, between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems were found to have an essential role in the movement of water and materials throughout the landscape. Ecotones are zones where ecological processes are more intense and resources more diversified. They are also zones which react quickly to human influences and changes of environmental variables. This volume summarises the results presented at an international conference dedicated to the study of groundwater/surface water ecotones, with contributors of international scientific reputation representing the multidisciplinary viewpoints of hydrologists, biologists and ecologists. It addresses areas of active research in hydrology and biology, and is aimed towards researchers, water resource project managers and policy makers.

Freshwater is a valuable resource for human populations, and has many uses such as water for drinking, hydroelectric power and recreation. This creates conflict between conservation and exploitation. This book explores various aspects of conservation evaluation, including the selection of important areas for protection, responding to threats from catchment development, and determining the restoration potential of degraded water bodies. Aimed at academic researchers, graduate students and professionals, chapters are written by pairs of UK and US authors, who compare methods used for evaluating rivers and lakes for conservation in these countries who share a long history of freshwater science, but approach nature conservation very differently. Sweden, Australia and South Africa are also examined, and there is a chapter on developing countries, allowing examination of the role of social and economic conditions in conservation ethics.

Freshwater is a valuable resource for human populations, and has many uses such as water for drinking, hydroelectric power and recreation. This creates conflict between conservation and exploitation. This book explores various aspects of conservation evaluation, including the selection of important areas for protection, responding to threats from catchment development, and determining the restoration potential of degraded water bodies. Aimed at academic researchers, graduate students and professionals, chapters are written by pairs of UK and US authors, who compare methods used for evaluating rivers and lakes for conservation in these countries who share a long history of freshwater science, but approach nature conservation very differently. Sweden, Australia and South Africa are also examined, and there is a chapter on developing countries, allowing examination of the role of social and economic conditions in conservation ethics.

Band 2 der a žSA1/4Awasserflora von Mitteleuropa" enthAlt dichotone BestimmungsschlA1/4ssel zu allen in diesem Raum vorkommenden Diatomeen-Arten (ca. 6000 einzellige Kieselalgen mit einer HA1/4lle aus Siliziumdioxid). In dem vorliegenden Teil 2/3 werden folgende Taxa behandelt:

In der Ordnung Centrales: Melosira, Orthoseira, Ellerbeckia, Aulacoseira, Cyclotella, Cyclostephanos, Stehanodiscus, Thalassiosira, Stephanocostis, Skeletonema, Acanthoceras, Chaetoceros, Rhizosolenia, Pleurosira, Actinocyclus.

In der Familie Fragilariaceae: Tetracyclus, Diatoma, Meridion, Asterionella, Tabellaria, Synedra, Fragilaria, Opephora, Hannaea, Centronella.

In der Familie Eunotiaceae: Eunotia, Actinella, Peronia

Whether processes in the natural world are dependent or independent of the scale at which they operate is one of the major issues in hydrologic science. In this volume, leading hydrologists present their views on the role of scale effects in hydrologic phenomena occurring in a range of field settings, from the land surface to deep fractured rock. Self-contained and thought-provoking chapters cover both theoretical and applied hydrology. They provide critical insights into important topics such as general circulation models, floods, river networks, vadose zone processes, groundwater transport, and fluid flow through fractured media. This book is intended as an accessible introduction for graduate students and researchers to some of the most significant questions and challenges that will face hydrologic science in the twenty-first century.