Utilizing mathematical algorithms is an important aspect of recreating real-world problems in order to make important decisions. By generating a randomized algorithm that produces statistic patterns, it becomes easier to find solutions to countless situations. Stochastic Methods for Estimation and Problem Solving in Engineering provides emerging research on the role of random probability systems in mathematical models used in various fields of research. While highlighting topics, such as random probability distribution, linear systems, and transport profiling, this book explores the use and behavior of uncertain probability methods in business and science. This book is an important resource for engineers, researchers, students, professionals, and practitioners seeking current research on the challenges and opportunities of non-deterministic probability models.

The innovative strength of the world's two largest economies, the United States and Japan, are based on two very different forms of industrial and social organization. For the United States, venture companies play a key role in technical and economic progress, while in Japan they have only a very minor role. In Bridging Islands, Robert Kneller argues that without vibrant new high technology companies, Japanese industry will decline inexorably. At the same time, if the favorable yet delicate environment in America is undermined, America will face collapse of its innovative and economic strength.
Japan has done much to improve its environment for high technology ventures. It has some promising new high technology companies and gradually increasing numbers of entrepreneurial scientists and managers. But they continue to swim against the current. One reason is that large, established companies dominate high technology fields and pursue an autarkic innovation strategy-relying on research in-house, in affiliated companies, or in universities. Another reason is that these same large companies still have preferential access to university discoveries. Thus, high technology ventures are deprived of niches in which to grow, skilled personnel, and their natural customer base. In the field of university-industry relations, steps can still be taken to improve the environment for high technology ventures-steps that would probably also increase the quality of university science.
The American-Japanese innovation dichotomy represents a broader dichotomy between so-called liberal and controlled market economies. The lessons from these two countries' experiences are applicable to manyindustrialized countries, and to developing countries shaping their innovation systems.
Bridging Islands is a detailed examination of the key role of venture companies in national technical and economic success, with important implications for academics, researchers, industry specialists, and policy-makers.

Among various mechanical devices built to produce power for industrial and societal needs, gas turbines offer a number of significant advantages. The sliding components in reciprocating engines cause considerable vibrations. Hydroelectric power from turbines using water is a great resource, but potential sites are limited. Steam power plants require expensive steam generating equipment of large bulk, and installation may stretch over lengthy time periods. In contrast, gas turbines operate smoothly with low vibrations, are compact in size, can be started rapidly from rest and may be installed fairly quickly. Gas turbines offer even greater benefits in the aviation arena. Turbojet and multi-rotor turbofan engines have no competition for powering larger aircrafts at faster speeds. Applications in other fields abound. An outstanding example is the aeroderivative gas turbines on offshore oil platforms, where their lighter weight, smaller footprint and ability to burn many different types of fuel make it a clear choice. This book is written to meet the needs of students in engineering colleges and practicing engineers. The material has been specifically tailored for college undergraduate and graduate level design engineering of rotating machine courses. In keeping with its mostly introductory nature, the primary focus is on thermodynamic cycle design and practical mechanical design features. Where possible, electronic spreadsheet type of calculations is used in example problems to calculate flow characteristics and related cycle design parameters. The book focuses on: Fuel consumption, power output and exhaust gas emissions State-of-the-art in the thermal and fluid flow technologies for design of single and multi-rotor gas turbines Methods to enhance performance through creative component designs Analysis of complex problems ranging from compressor stall to optimizing operation from partial to full load.

Desulphurization and Denitrification of Diesel Oil using Ionic Liquids: Experiments and Quantum Chemical Predictions discusses how quantum chemical calculations are applied to investigate the fundamental nature of the IL-sulphur-nitrogen systems at atomic and molecular levels. The book will help readers understand the nature of the structural relationship between molecules such as ionic liquid + aromatic sulphur + aromatic nitrogen system(s). In addition, COSMO-RS (Conductor Like Screening Model for Real Solvents) predictions and subsequent experimentation are discussed to evaluate the performance of ionic liquids for desulphurization and denitrification of diesel oil.

In recent years, there has been growing interest in industrial systems, especially in robotic manipulators and mobile robot systems. As the cost of robots goes down and become more compact, the number of industrial applications of robotic systems increases. Moreover, there is need to design industrial systems with intelligence, autonomous decision making capabilities, and self-diagnosing properties. Intelligent Industrial Systems: Modeling, Automation and Adaptive Behavior analyzes current trends in industrial systems design, such as intelligent, industrial, and mobile robotics, complex electromechanical systems, fault diagnosis and avoidance of critical conditions, optimization, and adaptive behavior. This book discusses examples from major areas of research for engineers and researchers, providing an extensive background on robotics and industrial systems with intelligence, autonomy, and adaptive behavior giving emphasis to industrial systems design.

This work examines the relationships among engineering leadership, technological change, and economic development. Specifically, it reviews the role and contribution of engineers--through their education and work--in the pursuit of excellence and effectiveness in our increasingly pervasive technological development. The relationship between the rate of technological development, technological diffusion, and success in its application, and the role or position of engineers in industry and government is interdependent. Frankel concludes that while the United States continues its dominance in basic scientific research and technology development, the growing lag in developing and applying technology in a timely and effective manner is largely a result of the lack of engineers in senior decisionmaking positions in industry and government.

This work will be of interest to practicing engineers, practicing managers, and scholars and students of economics and technology development.

The increasing use of innovative technologies by global businesses has sparked debate about their application in crisis resolution. Resolution tools can be used by global businesses to manage various types of crisis situations, such as natural disasters, information security issues, economic downturns, health crisis situations, and sustainability issues in education, among others. Further study and consideration of the uses of technology in the areas of crisis and change management and intra-company communication practice in the context of global business must be done to ensure successful and sustainable businesses. Future Role of Sustainable Innovative Technologies in Crisis Management raises awareness of the multifaceted field of new technology in crisis management that has resulted in a paradigm shift in the way contemporary industries and global businesses communicate and conduct their daily business operations. This book defines the scope of innovative technologies as the application of new technologies to support the resolution of various types of crisis situations to achieve regulatory compliance and improved risk management in an effective and automated manner. Covering topics such as sustainable business and disaster scenarios, this reference work is ideal for managers, entrepreneurs, researchers, academicians, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

Through the 1990s and early 2000s the strength of the United States economy has been linked to its ability to foster large numbers of small innovative technology companies, a few of which have grown to dominate new industries, such as Microsoft, Genentech, or Google. US technology clusters such as Silicon Valley have become tremendous engines of innovation and wealth creation, and the envy of governments around the world. Creating Silicon Valley in Europe examines trajectories by which new technology industries emerge and become sustainable across different types of economies. Governments around the world have poured vast sums of money into policies designed to foster clusters of similar start-up firms in their economies. This book employs careful empirical studies of the biotechnology and software industries in the United States and several European economies, to examine the relative success of policies aimed at cultivating the 'Silicon Valley model' of organizing and financing companies in Europe. Influential research associated with the 'varieties of capitalism' literature has argued that countries with liberal market orientations, such as the United States and the United Kingdom, can more easily design policies to cultivate success in new technology industries compared to countries associated with organized economies, such as Germany and Sweden. The book's empirical findings support the view that national institutional factors strongly condition the success of new technology policies. However, the study also identifies important cases in which radically innovative new technology firms have thrived within organized economies. Through examining case of both success and failure Creating Silicon Valley in Europe helps identify constellations of market and governmental activities that can lead to the emergence of sustainable clusters of new technology firms across both organized and liberal market economies.

Mounting global competition, rapid technological change, and skyrocketing research costs are changing the arM's-length relationships between industry and universities toward closer and more direct cooperation. Yet, many companies remain unsure how to proceed in establishing effective alliances with the right universities and faculty investigators. Many books and articles describe features and benefits of the diverse forms of cooperation between the two communities, usually from the academic viewpoint. Based on his experiences in directing many (successful) collaborations between Du Pont and research universities, Carboni offers fresh insights and practical guidelines for planning, organizing, and conducting effective bilateral research initiatives, from the corporate perspective. Strategies and techniques are outlined, which enable managers and technical professionals to deal with major issues and problems throughout every phase of the undertaking.

A historical analysis helps the reader to understand the forces and events that have shaped the changing relationships between industry, academia, and government since World War II. The advantages and pitfalls of major types of industry-university research interactions are described so that the reader may evaluate and choose the best options for his or her company's needs and circumstances. The reader is shown how to analyze the key technical issues and gaps of his or her company as a basis for selecting a balanced portfolio of university projects. Factors to be considered in choosing suitable faculty investigators are discussed. For less experienced managers, the book offers suggestions for obtaining executive and in-house support, negotiating research agreements, and evaluating and transferring key scientific and technological findings to the organization for exploitation. This book is a valuable desk-side resource for corporate executives and technical staffs who seek fresh insights and information concerning the role, conduct, and potential impact of university collaborations on the company missions. The treatise enables academic and government scientists, research administrators, and consultants to acquire a deeper understanding of corporate needs, values, and expectations from these alliances.

This volume, number 91 in the Semiconductor and Semimetals series, focuses on defects in semiconductors. Defects in semiconductors help to explain several phenomena, from diffusion to getter, and to draw theories on materials' behavior in response to electrical or mechanical fields. The volume includes chapters focusing specifically on electron and proton irradiation of silicon, point defects in zinc oxide and gallium nitride, ion implantation defects and shallow junctions in silicon and germanium, and much more. It will help support students and scientists in their experimental and theoretical paths.

Edward Huizenga explores how knowledge and service intensive companies can thrive on innovation and entrepreneurship in the ICT sector. He applies new theoretical insights from strategy and organisation theory, and includes case studies of 30 European service companies. These case studies address the key innovation issues and present answers as to why a constant search for innovation improves firms' competitive position. The key success factors are identified together with those differences that define the frontrunners who are able to turn new ideas into profit. With its mix of academic insights, managerial practices and implementations, this book benchmarks company performance in innovation and develops new theoretical strategy insights including; resource-based ideas; firm's innovation styles; strategic timing; the customer's involvement and the management implications. Innovation Management in the ICT Sector is aimed at, and will be of value to, a readership of academics in the area of strategic management, organisation and innovation, policymakers involved in innovation and economic growth at all levels of government as well as managers in the ICT sector.

Fast advances in information technology have led to a smarter world vision with ubiquitous interconnection and intelligence. Smart Manufacturing Innovation and Transformation: Interconnection and Intelligence covers both theoretical perspectives and practical approaches to smart manufacturing research and development triggered by ubiquitous interconnection and intelligence. This reference work discusses the transformation of manufacturing, the latest developments in smart manufacturing innovation, current and emerging technology opportunities, and market imperatives that enable manufacturing innovation and transformation, useful tools for readers in industry, academia, and government.

Interactions between business, technological, public policy, and organization processes are changing the way modern economies work. In this book the concept of 'change' is problematized in terms of flexibility and stability across these processes, examining the central issues of industrial dynamics, structural change, and transformation. It adopts a perspective of the economy that sees it as an inherently dynamic and complex system, consisting of diverse components and activities, which interact and change in different ways over time. This means placing an emphasis not only on economic transformation, but also on the diverse actors in this transformation who are deciding, doing, and acting in ways which affect the outcomes of this change. Chapters are grouped within three themes, which readers will find are core to the fields of innovation studies, industrial dynamics, and evolutionary economics. The themes are: Experimenting and Inertia; Evolution and Adaptation of Structure; and Innovating and Technological Transformation.

Over the past decade, the author has met with directors of R&D departments in large industrial firms, who are frustrated by the lack of coherent and consistent methodologies in R&D projects. As a direct result the author was asked to design and present a seminar to provide R&D engineers and scientists a standard methodology for conducting coherent, rigorous, comprehensible, and consistent R&D projects. The author also realized that this training should be included in engineering and science curricula in universities and colleges. To this end, he designed and presented a pilot course for his department that was received enthusiastically by students who participated. This course has now become a required course for all doctoral students in the author's department.
This book has been designed to provide professional engineers, scientists, and students with a consistent and practical framework for the rigorous conduct and communication of complex research and development projects. Although courses and training in research methods are common and generally required of social science professionals, a vast majority of physical scientists and engineers have had no formal classroom training or on-the-job mentoring on proper procedures for research methods. Getting It Right emphasizes the comprehensive analysis of project problems, requirements, and objectives; the use of standard and consistent terminology and procedures; the design of rigorous and reproducible experiments; the appropriate reduction and interpretation of project results; and the effective communication of project design, methods, results, and conclusions.
Presents a standard methodology for conducting coherent, rigorous, comprehensible, and consistent R&D projects
Thoroughly researched to appeal to the needs of R&D engineers and scientists in industry
Will also appeal to students of engineering and science

Advances in Applied Mechanics draws together recent, significant advances in various topics in applied mechanics. Published since 1948, the book aims to provide authoritative review articles on topics in the mechanical sciences. The book will be of great interest to scientists and engineers working in the various branches of mechanics, but will also be beneficial to professionals who use the results of investigations in mechanics in various applications, such as aerospace, chemical, civil, environmental, mechanical, and nuclear engineering.

The central topics here are: institutional reforms to regulate markets; innovations in the system of national accounts and cartelization of markets; the use of the internet for public choice and administrative accountability; and an innovative voucher scheme for social policy.

"Aloys Prinz" is professor of economics at the University of Mnster (Germany). "Albert E. Steenge" is professor at the School of Business, Public Administration and Technology at the University of Twente (the Netherlands). "Jrg Schmidt" is researcher at the University of Mnster.

Although the technological boom has resulted in many advancements in modern society, it has also come with a few downfalls; most notably, the failure of new machines and equipment. This has prompted engineers to find suitable diagnostics tools to stop impending malfunctions and make working environments more efficient. Recent Advances in Applied Thermal Imaging for Industrial Applications is a critical reference source that outlines innovative analysis tools to combat systems failure in thermal imaging. Highlighting pertinent topics such as fuzzy c- means technique, human health diagnosis system, multidimensional processing, and optical analysis, this is an ideal resource for all engineers, practitioners, industry leaders, and researchers who are interested in staying up-to-date with advances in thermal imaging which prevents industrial system malfunctions.

This book is a plea for scientific openness and free access to information. It demonstrates the futility of scientific secrecy and the weakness of national arguments against open communication. From the restriction of technologically advanced exports, to the classification of research as restricted or secret, to the monitoring (and censoring) of scientific publications and library collections, to the pre-emption by the Pentagon of scientific and technological research, the U.S. federal government has achieved a state of unprecedented control over American science and technology. This, despite the end of the Cold War. Foerstel examines this continuing trend toward the state as chief sponsor, promoter, and supervisor of scientific research and its unsettling ramifications.

Foerstel concludes that scientific secrecy is counterproductive to American interests, particularly in an era when economics has come to define national security. His controversial analysis will be of interest to scientists, historians, and students of government alike.

Advancing technologies are rapidly modifying the current state of business and society causing an expansion of possible career opportunities. In order to stay competitive, institutions of education must provide an emphasis on the wide-range of skills and experiences needed to contribute to a 21st century workforce. As new technologies emerge and even disrupt, there will be a demand for new forms of education and deeper learning. Disruptive and Emerging Technology Trends Across Education and the Workplace is a collection of innovative research on the latest instructive methods being utilized in classrooms and organizations as well as the benefits and challenges of adopting these technologies. While highlighting topics including mobile learning, augmented reality, and cryptocurrencies, this book is ideally designed for developers, professionals, educators, managers, researchers, scientists, stakeholders, strategists, practitioners, and students seeking current research on new forms of educational techniques in relation to the continued application of new technologies in the workplace.