Governments and regional authorities often express the belief that the key to prosperity and economic expansion is related to the ability of countries to sustain regional clusters of competitiveness and innovation. The book reviews the most important conceptual approaches to the analysis of the emergence, growth and evolution of clusters of innovation. Drawing from the different experiences of industrial districts and high-tech regions such as Silicon Valley, Boston's biotech region, and Hsinchu-Taipei, the contributions in this book offer a broad interpretative framework and policy implications for the creation and strengthening of competitive clusters. Themes include: * the wide variety of existing clusters and the diversity in their emergence and growth; * the international mobility of factors and demand linkages; * the role of different network types and the social setting; * the accumulation of capabilities in key large actors and the importance of spinoffs and new firm formation; * the role of different learning regimes and sectoral specificities; * the importance of social networks, labour mobility, and face-to-face contacts as vehicles of knowledge spillovers. Broad implications are drawn for the design of policies to encourage successful economic clusters in developed and developing clusters.

This ground-breaking and highly visual book presents a framework on how to relate to these times of technological uncertainties. The author, a serial entrepreneur, technology investor and futurist, argues that by combining curiosity, a bit of skepticism and understanding of current trends we can gain insight into and take advantage of the opportunities that come from new technologies. This handbook will give you a clear view of technology's impact beyond the hype and a complete toolbox on how to handle the upcoming revolution from a strategic perspective. You will delve into a step-by-step approach on how to analyze technologies, assess business implications and adapt to a new reality. Digitization is only the warmup, and ignorance is not a viable business strategy!

Why does society allow, or even encourage, private appropriation of inventions? When do patents encourage competition, when do they hamper it? How should society design the compromise between the interest of the inventor and the interest of the users of patented inventions? How should the patent system adapt to new technological areas?
These questions and many more are addressed by the authors in this groundbreaking analysis of the economics behind the European patent system. Beginning with the history and principles of the patent system, the book then examines the economic effects of patenting on innovation and the diffusion of technology and growth. Throughout the book the theory and the reality are discussed alongside real world examples and comparison between the European, USA, and Japanese patent systems.

What does it mean to be an expert? Traditionally, expertise has been associated with authoritative knowledge, honed by practice and certified by powerful institutions. Scientists, of course, are often presumed to be the ultimate experts, but it is exactly in this area that the importance of defining what it means to be an expert is paramount. In "Rethinking Expertise," Harry Collins and Robert Evans offer a radical new perspective on the role of expertise in the practice of science and the public evaluation of technology.
After setting out the problem of expertise in the context of modern society, Collins and Evans present a Periodic Table of Expertises based on the idea of tacit knowledge--in other words, knowledge that we have but cannot explain. They then look at how some expertises are used to judge others, how we judge between experts even when we are not experts ourselves, and how credentials are used to judge experts. A central new concept in the book and, the authors argue, in society, is interactional expertise--a proficiency in the language of a specialism if not in its practices. Here, they describe experiments in which those with interactional expertise succeed in pretending to be full-blown experts in imitation games.
Throughout, Collins and Evans ask an important question: how can the public make use of science and technology before there is consensus in the scientific community? It is a quandary that has wide implications for public policy and for those who seek to understand science and benefit from it. The authors offer a balanced assessment of the main issues and propose a new understanding of how to extend public participation in technical decision makingwithout abandoning the idea of expertise as real, useful, and necessary.
Provocative and profound, "Rethinking Expertise "will be of keen interest to scientists and scholars in science studies but will also have implications for decision makers and experts across many fields--in technology, education, sociology, psychology, philosophy, computer engineering, and business.

Discussing the state of the art research in particle science and technology and their roles in the environment, this book will contain a selection of high quality papers from the UK-China International Particle Technology Forum IV held in Shanghai. Coverage includes a wide range of topics - synthesis and crystallisation, characterisation and measurement across length scales, multi-scale modelling and simulation, processing and handling of particulate system, nanoparticle technology and particle mechanics - making this a valuable reference for the recent advances and future research directions in the field and related fields. With applications in emerging areas, it will integrate different perspectives of particle science and technology to help the understanding of the fundamentals of particle systems for scientists and engineers in the fields of environmental science, energy and modelling.

The Science of Chocolate leads the reader to an understanding of the complete chocolate making process and includes the ways in which basic science plays a vital role in its manufacture, testing and consumption. Originally based upon a talk to encourage school children to study science, the book is now widely used within industry and academia. The third edition of this international best seller has been fully revised and updated. The author has now included methods of sensory evaluation, designing and modifying chocolate flavour to suit the product and the history and manufacture of some well-known confectionery products. Fat, calorie and sugar reduction are also covered including a review of patents in this area. In addition, the section on why chocolate might be good for you has been updated to include some more recent research results. Three new experiments have been added, so there are now twenty of them, which use simple materials and apparatus to demonstrate the scientific and mathematical principles found in the rest of the book. Most are easily adapted to suit different student abilities. This book will appeal to those with a fascination for chocolate and will be of specialist interest to those studying food sciences and working in the confectionery industry. Extracts from reviews of 2nd Edition: "...I found this to be an interesting read, and I think the book would be useful to graduates thinking of a career in the food industry (and not just the chocolate industry specifically), to schoolteachers looking for some interesting experiments, and to lecturers (Chemistry, Biochemistry, Botany, Food science) looking for interesting facts to enliven their lectures." Bioscience Education, Volume 12, 2008, E J Wood. "...very well written and complete book for everyone who wants to learn more about chocolate and its production process." Crystallography Reviews, Volume 15, 2009 - Issue 4, pages 275-277, Henk Schenk. "The easy reading style of the book makes it valuable not only to school and university students, but also to those who are new to working with chocolate or those needing a good summary of chocolate science." Chemistry World, for the Christmas Books

Innovation and technological change show different rates, types and trajectories depending on the sector in which they take place. Agents and institutions of a sector all exert a major influence on innovation. With contributions from nineteen experts in their field, this book proposes the framework of the 'sectoral systems of innovation' to analyse the innovation process, the factors affecting innovation, the relationship between innovation and industry dynamics, the changing boundaries and transformation of sectors, and the determinants of the international performance of firms and countries in different sectors. Innovation in a sector is considered to be affected by three groups of variables: knowledge and technologies; actors and networks; and institutions. In addition to the general framework, this book examines innovation in six major sectors in Europe including pharmaceuticals and biotechnology, telecommunications equipment and services, chemicals, software, machine tools and services.

This book investigates the governance structures and mechanisms of knowledge and technology transfer in the context of innovation and production systems in six regions of Europe. For that purpose, the author develops a new and innovative heuristic governance model of knowledge transfer systems. Against the assumption of far-reaching institutional coherence and homogeneity of national systems in existing scholarship, Michael Ortiz demonstrates that national innovation and production systems are regionally variegated. With analyses of strengths and weaknesses, barriers, shortcomings, and dilemmas of regional innovation and knowledge transfer systems, the book ultimately identifies best practice models and policy recommendations for the investigated regions.

Das Standardwerk fur Ingenieure, Naturwissenschaftler und Informatiker jetzt in der 6. Auflage: Band 1 des zweibandigen Lehrbuchs Hohere Mathematik. Neben dem ublichen Vorlesungsstoff bieten die Autoren auch weiterfuhrende Anregungen. Dieser Band umfasst neben Differential- und Integralrechnung fur Funktionen in einer und mehreren reellen Variablen auch Vektoranalysis, Integralsatze und die n-dimensionale Vektor- und Matrizenrechnung. Eine Fulle eindrucksvoller Abbildungen, praxisbezogener Beispiele und Ubungsaufgaben tragen zur Anschaulichkeit bei. Besonders gekennzeichnete Zusammenfassungen mit detaillierten Rechenschemata eignen sich hervorragend zur Prufungsvorbereitung.
"Ein glanzendes Buch, das durch seine prazise und doch anschauliche Darstellung, vor allem aber durch die Vielfalt der enthaltenen Beispiele, aus der grossen Zahl von Werken ahnlicher Zielrichtung hervortritt. " Int. Math. Nachr. Osterreich"

The increasing use of innovative technologies by global businesses has sparked debate about their application in crisis resolution. Resolution tools can be used by global businesses to manage various types of crisis situations, such as natural disasters, information security issues, economic downturns, health crisis situations, and sustainability issues in education, among others. Further study and consideration of the uses of technology in the areas of crisis and change management and intra-company communication practice in the context of global business must be done to ensure successful and sustainable businesses. Future Role of Sustainable Innovative Technologies in Crisis Management raises awareness of the multifaceted field of new technology in crisis management that has resulted in a paradigm shift in the way contemporary industries and global businesses communicate and conduct their daily business operations. This book defines the scope of innovative technologies as the application of new technologies to support the resolution of various types of crisis situations to achieve regulatory compliance and improved risk management in an effective and automated manner. Covering topics such as sustainable business and disaster scenarios, this reference work is ideal for managers, entrepreneurs, researchers, academicians, scholars, practitioners, instructors, and students.

In India, the practice of jugaad-finding workarounds or hacks to solve problems-emerged out of subaltern strategies of negotiating poverty, discrimination, and violence but is now celebrated in management literature as a disruptive innovation. In Jugaad Time Amit S. Rai explores how jugaad operates within contemporary Indian digital media cultures through the use of the mobile phone. Rai shows that despite being co-opted by capitalism to extract free creative labor from the workforce, jugaad is simultaneously a practice of everyday resistance, as workers and communities employ hacks to oppose corporate, caste, and gender power. Locating the tensions surrounding jugaad-as both premodern and postdigital, innovative and oppressive-Rai maps how jugaad can be used to undermine neoliberal capitalist media ecologies and nationalist politics.

This book is the research report of the 'Construction of Theory and Formation Mechanism of Total Innovation Management (TIM)' (Program No. 70372018), a program funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China. This program aims to discuss and analyze, under the general trend of indigenous innovation, how enterprises construct indigenous innovation capability through total innovation management and to offer enterprises theoretical foundations and practical guidance to develop themselves towards indigenous innovation.The research results are not only the results of a three-year long research but also the reflection of the accumulated experiences of our research center in the field of technology innovation for nearly 40 years. In the field of technology innovation, we have experienced three distinct phases, namely: secondary innovation, portfolio innovation and total innovation.Total innovation is the main characteristic of an innovation-based enterprise. Creating an innovation-oriented enterprise by constructing a total innovation system is the approach that successful foreign enterprises use to move towards excellence and also the only way that Chinese enterprises have to take to become innovation-oriented enterprises that leapfrog in development.

Der Laser, vor 35 Jahren erfunden, hat sich mittlerweile zu einer Schlusselkomponente zahlreicher High-Tech-Produkte entwickelt.
- Alle, die sich mit dieser neuen Technologie auseinandersetzen wollen, finden in diesem Buch Informationen uber die Funktionsweise der verschiedenen Laserarten und ihre vielfaltigen Einsatzmoglichkeiten in Medizin, Naturwissenschaft und Technik.
- Die technischen Zusammenhange sind mit zahlreichen Zeichnungen und Photos illustriert und so beschrieben, dass zu ihrem Verstandnis keine Vorkenntnisse notig sind.
- Ein Ausblick auf die wirtschaftliche und technische Zukunft der Lasertechnik zeigt eine Fulle interessanter Entwicklungsperspektiven auf."

The slowdown of growth in Western industrialized nations in the last twenty years, along with the rise of Japan as a major economic and technological power (and enhanced technical sophistication of Taiwan, Korea, and other NICs) has led to what the authors believe to be a "techno-nationalism." This combines a strong belief that technological capabilities of a nation's firms are a key source of their competitive process, with a belief that these capabilities are in a sense national, and can be built by national action. This book is about these national systems of technical innovation. The heart of the work contains studies of seventeen countries--from large market-oriented industrialized ones to several smaller high income ones, including a number of newly industrialized states as well. Clearly written, this work highlights institutions and mechanisms which support technical innovation, showing similarities, differences, and their sources across nations, making this work accessible to students as well as the scholars of innovation.

How do inventions take shape? How did the inventors of the sewing needle, the hammer, or the wheel find their ideas? Are these creations the result of random events, or are hidden principles at work? Using everyday objects most of us take for granted--from forks and Velcro to safety pins and doorknobs--noted cognitive psychologist Robert Weber takes a fascinating look at how our world of inventions came into being, and how the mind's problem-solving abilities gave them the forms they have.
As an archaeologist studies shards of pottery for clues about an ancient culture, Weber examines the many forms of inventions, from stone knives to genetically engineered mice, and finds a rich record of the work of many minds over time--a record of human creativity and problem-solving handed down through the centuries. He offers various methods for analyzing what mental paths might have been taken by these inventive minds. In the test for design, for example, he ponders how an item would work if various components were shuffled or constructed differently, revealing how the optimal shape of the invention was discovered. He challenges the reader to engage in thought experiments to explore how the horse-drawn cart, the waterscrew, or the fork might have taken shape over many years, through the efforts of successive inventors and adapters. In stripping these simple artifacts to the bone, Weber finds a hidden intelligence at work in everyday objects as well as recurrent heuristics (basic principles or rules of thumb) that are common among many of our most successful inventions--heuristics powerful enough to generate endless new ideas. Weber ranges across the work of Archimedes, Leonardo da Vinci, the Wright brothers, as well as grade-school children who have won national awards for their inventions, revealing that the same principles are at work in the discoveries of all of them. Basic principles of invention, he writes, govern how we think, solve, and manipulate ideas, whether mechanical or mental, real or mythological.
Weber's playful, original, and insightful look at the inventions around us reveals a hidden intelligence in everything from screws to tea bags to synthesizers--an intelligence based on principles of creativity and problem-solving. His fascinating account sheds light on how the mind hones its most original thoughts and products, and provides a field guide for how we can tap into our own creativity.

Is invention really "99 percent perspiration and one percent inspiration" as Thomas Edison assured us? Inventive Minds assembles a group of authors well equipped to address this question: contemporary inventors of important new technologies, historians of science and industry, and cognitive psychologists interested in the process of creativity. In telling their stories, the inventors describe the origins of such remarkable devices as ultrasound, the electron microscope, and artificial diamonds. The historians help us look into the minds of innovators like Thomas Edison, Alexander Graham Bell, Michael Faraday, and the Wright brothers, drawing on original notebooks and other sources to show how they made their key discoveries. Finally, cognitive psychologists explore the mental processes that figure in creative thinking. Contributing to the authors' insight is their special focus on the "front end" of invention - where ideas come from and how they are transformed into physical prototypes. They answer three questions: How does invention happen? How does invention contrast with other commonly creative pursuits such as scientific inquiry, musical composition, or painting? And how might invention best happen - that is, what kinds of settings, conditions, and strategies appear to foster inventive activity? The book yields a wealth of information that will make absorbing reading for cognitive and social psychologists, social historians, and many working scientists and general readers who are interested in the psychology of personality and the roots of ingenuity.

Dem Ausbau der Windenergie kommt eine entscheidende Rolle bei der deutschen Energiewende zu. Aufgabe der Raumordnung und der Bauleitplanung ist es dabei, eine Steuerung der Windenergieanlagen im Sinne einer nachhaltigen Raumentwicklung vorzunehmen. Hierbei ergeben sich vielfaltige Fragestellungen fur die Planungspraxis, welche z. B. die unterschiedlichen Steuerungsbefugnisse auf den Planungsebenen, die zur Anwendung kommenden Steuerungsmodelle, die Abschichtung zwischen den Planungs- und Genehmigungsverfahren, das Repowering, die Auswirkungen von Zielen der Raumordnung auf bestehende und in Aufstellung befindliche Bauleitplane sowie nicht zuletzt den Bereich des Immissions- und Naturschutzes betreffen. Diese Fragen bildeten den Rahmen fur eine wissenschaftliche Fachtagung an der Technischen Universitat Berlin am 17. und 18. September 2012. Der Tagungsband dokumentiert die vorgestellten und diskutierten Moeglichkeiten und Anforderungen der raumlichen Planung von Windenergieanlagen. Er bietet damit eine wichtige Praxishilfe.

Der Einsatz des Computers in physikalischen Experimenten erschliesst eine Reihe von Versuchen, die sich bisher der direkten Messung und der graphischen Darstellung entzogen. Hierzu gehoeren insbesondere Versuche, die - nicht periodisch sind, - umfangreiche Auswertungen vieler lIessdaten erfordern, - zu schnell fur den Plotter und zu langsam fur das Oszilloskop sind und - viele Messungen schnell hintereinander verlangen. In diesem Buch werden nur On-Line-Messungen und Auswertungen durchgefuhrt. Hier erlangt der Computer eine gewichtigere Bedeutung als bei der Simulation physikalischer Probleme. Typische Beispiele sind der freie Fall, optische und akustische Einzelmessungen, Schwingungsversuche und Fahrbahnversuche. Experimente, bei denen Signale bereits in elektrischer Form vorliegen, bieten sich direkt an. Bei Versuchen zur Mechanik muss erst ein elektrisches Signal erzeugt werden. Sofern moeglich oder erforderlich werden alle Versuche beispielhaft durchgerechnet. Dieses Buch eignet sich daher als Anleitung, Versuche selb- standig zu konzipieren, durchzufuhren und auszuwerten. Zu Beginn wird die Steuerung des Programms durch Menukarten beschrieben, um dann sofort zu den Experimenten aus verschiedenen physikalischen Gebieten zu kommen. Die Versuche werden zuerst analysiert und die Grundlagen gelegt. Hierbei werden haufig Differentialgleichungen benutzt. Hieran schliesst sich die Messung mit Angabe aller benoetigten Parameter und der graphischen Auswer- tung an. Die analoqen und digitalen essungen unterscheiden sich nicht nur durch die Hardware, sondern auch in der konzeptionellen UEberlegung. Daher wer- den diese beiden essmethoden auch ausserl ich getrennt.

Das Experiment ist ein wesentliches Merkmal nicht nur der naturwissenschaftlichen For- schung, sondern auch des Physikunterrichts in allen Schulen, einschlieBlich der Universit?ten. "Physik und Experiment" soli dem zukunftigen Physiker eine Grundlage der fur Schule, Industrie und Forschung unerl?Blichen Experimentiertechnik bieten. Die Experimente - aus dem Gesamtgebiet der Physik herausgegriffen - erstrecken sich von einfachen Grundvp.rsuchen bis zu anspruchsvollen Versuchsaufbauten. Gerade in der Auswahl mehrerer, von den sogenannten Standardversuchen abweichender Experimente liegt der groBe Vorteil dieses Buches. Das vorliegende Manual 5011 dem Praktikumsbetreuer bei der Ger?tezusammenstellung fur ein Praktikum Hilfe leisten. 63 Versuche werden im Rahmen von 12 Kapiteln behandelt. Fur jeden dieser Versuche findet sich im Manual eine Zusammenstellung des entsprechenden Ger?tebedarfs. Die bei einem Grol!- teil der Ger?te angegebenen Nummern sind die jeweiligen Bestellnummern der Firma PHYWE. Wird bei der Versuchsbeschreibung speziell auf Lehrmittel eingegangen, die im mitteleurop?i- schen Bereich nur von der Firma LEYBOLD problemlos beschafft werden konnen, so ist dies beim jeweiligen Ger?tebedarf durch Angabe der Bestellnummer der Firma LEYBOLD angegeben (Mechanik, Atomphysik). Wie vorhin erw?hnt, weicht ein Teil der Versuche vom ublichen Experimentierprogramm et- was ab. Der wesentliche Vorteil liegt in der Tatsache, daI! dem Lernenden die Moglichkeit gebo- ten wird, Versuchsdurchfuhrungen zu studieren, die nicht in jedem Experimentierbuch enthal- ten sind. Fur den Praktikumsbetreuer bedeutet dies jedoch, auf Experimentierger?te amerikanischer Provenienz (z. B. ReA; an der entsprechenden Stelle angegeben) zuruckzugreifen, bzw. vorwiegend industriell eingesetzte Ger?te zu verwenden.

Die ersten 20 Aufsatze dieser Sammlung sind ein unveranderter Abdruck von friiheren Auflagen; auf sie bezieht sich der Titel des Buches. Sie soIl ten die gewaltigen Umwalzungen in der Physik vor Augen fiihren, die wahrend der Zeit meines Lebens als Forscher und Lehrer stattgefunden haben, und zugleich die Wandlung meiner philosophischen Auffassung vom Wesen der physikalischen Erkenntnis und ihrer Bedeutung fiir die menschliche Ge= meinschaft. Urn diese Wandlung moglichst eindringlich vorzufiihren, wurde die Reihe der Aufsatze eingerahmt durch zwei programmatische Schriften: am Anfang steht die Einleitung meines Buches "Die Relativitatstheorie Ein= steins" vom Jahre 1921 (Nr. 1), am Ende das 1951 geschriebene Nachwort der amerikanischen Ausgabe meines popularen Buches "The Restless Uni= verse" (Nr. 20). Wahrend die erstere ein naturwissenschaftliches Glaubens= bekenntnis darstellt, worin die Oberlegenheit der objektiven, auf die Physik gegriindeten Denkweise iiber andere, mehr subjektive Betrachtungsweisen der Welt behauptet und gepriesen wird, enthalt das SchluBwort (Nr. 20) eine ganz andere philosophische Wertung. Diese Wandlung war die Folge des MiBbrauchs physikalischer Entdeckungen, die im zweiten Weltkrieg in der Konstruktion und Anwendung der nuklearen Waffen gipfelte. Alles das ist unverandert in die neue Auflage iibernommen. Es muB aber gesagt werden, daB neue (deutsche und amerikanische) Auflagen des Relativitats= buches nicht mehr jene iiberschwengliche Einleitung (Nr. 1) des jungen, be= geisterten Naturforschers enthalten, sondern eine viel niichternere, die der Haltung des Nachworts zum "Restless Universe" (Nr. 20) naher steht. Die vorliegende Neuauflage enthalt auBerdem vier Aufsatze spateren Datums. Der erste (Nr. 21) von diesen ist abstrakt philosophischer Art.