Floods take a heavy toll on society, costing lives, damaging buildings and property, disrupting livelihoods, and sometimes necessitating federal disaster relief, which has risen to record levels in recent years. The National Flood Insurance Program (NFIP) was created in 1968 to reduce the flood risk to individuals and their reliance on federal disaster relief by making federal flood insurance available to residents and businesses if their community adopted floodplain management ordinances and minimum standards for new construction in flood prone areas. Insurance rates for structures built after a flood plain map was adopted by the community were intended to reflect the actual risk of flooding, taking into account the likelihood of inundation, the elevation of the structure, and the relationship of inundation to damage to the structure. Today, rates are subsidized for one-fifth of the NFIP's 5.5 million policies. Most of these structures are negatively elevated, that is, the elevation of the lowest floor is lower than the NFIP construction standard. Compared to structures built above the base flood elevation, negatively elevated structures are more likely to incur a loss because they are inundated more frequently, and the depths and durations of inundation are greater. Tying Flood Insurance to Flood Risk for Low-Lying Structures in the Floodplain studies the pricing of negatively elevated structures in the NFIP. This report review current NFIP methods for calculating risk-based premiums for these structures, including risk analysis, flood maps, and engineering data. The report then evaluates alternative approaches for calculating risk-based premiums and discusses engineering hydrologic and property assessment data needs to implement full risk-based premiums. The findings and conclusions of this report will help to improve the accuracy and precision of loss estimates for negatively elevated structures, which in turn will increase the credibility, fairness, and transparency of premiums for policyholders. Table of Contents Front Matter Summary 1 The National Flood Insurance Program and the Need for Accurate Rates 2 NFIP Procedures for Analyzing Flood Hazard and Calculating Insurance Rates 3 Methods for Assessing Flood Risk 4 Factors That Affect Risk-Based Premiums for Negatively Elevated Structures 5 Alternative Approaches and Implementation References Appendix A: Biographical Sketches of Committee Members Appendix B: Glossary Appendix C: Acronyms and Abbreviations

An essential resource for constructing and analyzing advanced actuarial models Loss Models: Further Topics presents extended coverage of modeling through the use of tools related to risk theory, loss distributions, and survival models. The book uses these methods to construct and evaluate actuarial models in the fields of insurance and business. Providing an advanced study of actuarial methods, the book features extended discussions of risk modeling and risk measures, including Tail-Value-at-Risk. Loss Models: Further Topics contains additional material to accompany the Fourth Edition of Loss Models: From Data to Decisions, such as: * Extreme value distributions * Coxian and related distributions * Mixed Erlang distributions * Computational and analytical methods for aggregate claim models * Counting processes * Compound distributions with time-dependent claim amounts * Copula models * Continuous time ruin models * Interpolation and smoothing The book is an essential reference for practicing actuaries and actuarial researchers who want to go beyond the material required for actuarial qualification. Loss Models: Further Topics is also an excellent resource for graduate students in the actuarial field.

Die vorliegende Ausarbeitung zeigt konzeptionelle Grundlagen des Liquiditatsmanagements auf und stellt die Operationalisierung dieser UEberlegungen in fuhrenden deutschen Industrie- und Handelsunternehmen dar. Dies wird erganzt um Beispiele aus der externen Berichterstattung uber Liquiditat und Liquiditatsrisiken. Ausserdem wird ein UEberblick uber die Berucksichtigung von Liquiditat in den Beurteilungen der Analysten und Ratingagenturen sowie uber Untersuchungen zur Bewertung von Liquiditat an den Kapitalmarkten durch Eigen- und Fremdkapitalgeber gegeben.

Katharina Leest widmet sich der Aufrechterhaltung der Nachfrage nach Events in Zeiten einer immer naher kommenden terroristischen Bedrohung. Die Autorin entwickelt einen praxisnahen Katalog von allgemeingultigen Handlungsempfehlungen, welcher Loesungsansatze fur die Einflussnahme auf die durch den Terrorismus induzierten negativen Nachfrageffekte aufzeigt. Die stetig steigende Erlebnisorientierung steht in unmittelbarem Konflikt mit dem evolutionaren Sicherheitsbedurfnis. Die Realisierung eines zielgruppenspezifischen Gleichgewichts zwischen Sicherheit, Freiheit und Wirtschaftlichkeit ruckt in den Fokus.

Die Autoren zeigen in diesem essential auf, wie ein internes Kontrollsystem (IKS) insbesondere in kleinen und mittelgrossen Unternehmen einen wichtigen Beitrag zur finanziellen Fuhrung leisten kann. Zahlreiche konkrete Beispiele und Loesungsansatze aus der Praxis erlautern, wie sich ein IKS pragmatisch und nutzenstiftend umsetzen lasst. Im Finanzbereich ist es ein unverzichtbares Element guter Unternehmensfuhrung - unabhangig von der gesetzlichen Situation. Ein angemessen ausgestaltetes IKS stellt ein effektives Steuerungssystem dar, das eine effiziente operative Planung und Fuhrung des Finanzbereichs unterstutzt. Es leistet u. a. einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Steuerung und Kontrolle der Liquiditat, zur Effizienzsteigerung finanzieller Prozesse und letztlich zu einem nachhaltigen Unternehmenswachstum.

Anne-Katrin Meckel untersucht mogliche Strategien zur Differenzierung im GKV-System, z.B. Wahltarife, neue Versorgungsformen, Selektivvertrage und Rabattvertrage."

Die Autoren geben einen Uberblick uber das gegenwartige Altersversicherungssystem in Deutschland, nehmen eine vergleichende Darstellung der beiden Saulen vor und stellen Uberlegungen zur Nachhaltigkeit des Systems an. Umfassendes Datenmaterial veranschaulicht Entwicklungen und Zusammenhange.

This expose of the US health care system uncovers the dark side of physician practice. Using interviews with doctors and federal, state and private officials, it reveals the practices of doctors who profit from abortions on women who are not pregnant, of needless surgery, overcharging for services and excessive testing. The authors trace patterns of abuse to the inauguration of the American Medicaid programme in the mid 1960s, when government authorities, not individual patients, were entrusted with responsibility for payments. Determining fees and regulating treatment also became the job of government agencies, thus limiting the doctors' traditional role. Physicians continue to disagree with Medicare and Medicaid policies that infringe on their autonomy and judgement. The medical profession has not accepted the gravity or extent of some members' illegal behaviour, and individual doctors continue to blame violations on subordinates and patients. In the meantime, programme guidelines have grown more confusing, blocking efforts to detect, apprehend and prosecute Medicaid defrauders. Failure to institute a coherent policy for fraud control in the medical benefit programme, the authors

How much is a human life worth? Individuals, families, companies, and governments routinely place a price on human life. The calculations that underlie these price tags are often buried in technical language, yet they influence our economy, laws, behaviors, policies, health, and safety. These price tags are often unfair, infused as they are with gender, racial, national, and cultural biases that often result in valuing the lives of the young more than the old, the rich more than the poor, whites more than blacks, Americans more than foreigners, and relatives more than strangers. This is critical since undervalued lives are left less-protected and more exposed to risk. Howard Steven Friedman explains in simple terms how economists and data scientists at corporations, regulatory agencies, and insurance companies develop and use these price tags and points a spotlight at their logical flaws and limitations. He then forcefully argues against the rampant unfairness in the system. Readers will be enlightened, shocked, and, ultimately, empowered to confront the price tags we assign to human lives and understand why such calculations matter.

Businesses exist to provide goods and services to customers, and in doing so, they take risks. Among these risks is the chance of losing money in lawsuits filed by customers, employees, and others negatively impacted by the business. Insurance provides some protection against these liabilities, but lawsuits still take their toll. This book covers the subject of economic damages and its role in insurance claims, lawsuits, and injunctions against businesses. This book will help the reader to identify economic damages as a component of business liability, describe the business risk posed by economic damages, explain some key determinants of economic damages, and estimate economic damages and business loss in a variety of cases.