This is the first book dedicated to the scrutinization of Myanmar's unofficial foreign exchange market, its roots in restrictive administrative controls on foreign exchange and international trade, and its effects on the country's economic performance. This book integrates vast pieces of records and data with first-hand information from extensive fieldwork to create an overall picture of the chaotic but seemingly efficient foreign exchange market in Myanmar, a transitional economy in Southeast Asia whose economic systems had been less known due to its isolation until recently. This book illustrates how the unofficial foreign exchange market emerged during the country's transition to a market-based economy, how informal currency deals proliferated under restrictive controls, and why they persist despite the significant economic reforms since 2011. Refuting the conventional wisdom of foreign exchange policy reforms, this research clarifies path-dependent features of foreign exchange market systems, and it discusses possible solutions for modernizing economic systems. This book is highly recommended to readers who seek an in-depth analytical narrative about informal economic activities and foreign exchange policy reforms in a fragile state.

This book offers a comprehensive account of the transatlantic regulatory cooperation phenomenon: its causes and political context in a globalizing economy, its theoretical understanding, its relationship to trade and competition, its implications for democracy, and its likely directions in the future. This book recognizes that, while national authorities are still the principal actors in regulatory fields, regulation is increasingly an international affair.

This volume presents current developments in the fields of banking and finance from an international perspective. Featuring contributions from the 3rd International Conference on Banking and Finance Perspectives (ICBFP), this volume serves as a valuable forum for discussing current issues and trends in the banking and financial sectors, especially in light of the global economic challenges triggered by financial institutions. Using the latest theoretical models, new perspectives are brought to topics such as e-finance and e-banking, Islamic banking, capital flight, bank efficiency, risk assessment, bankruptcy, investment diversification, and insider trading. Offering an opportunity to explore the challenges of a rapidly changing industry, this volume will be of interest to academics, policy makers, and scholars in the fields of banking, insurance, and finance.

Although electronic banking is rapidly overtaking direct bank-to-customer and bank-to-bank contact - and seems to be moving forward without serious problems - the law governing this telecommunication-based business is not always clearly defined in relation to certain issues that arise with ever-greater frequency, especially in cross-border transactions. This book investigates the applicable legal consensus for this issue, based on existing legislation and relevant judicial decisions. The legal issues in question arise from events, activities, and actualities treated in this book. Eighteen authors - bankers, lawyers, and academics - contribute their expertise to elucidate the issues and their implications. They draw their legal analyses from international norms such as the UNCITRAL Model Law, relevant EC directives and draft directives, the United States Uniform Electronic Transaction Act (UETA) and E-Sign Act and other national laws, as well as from numerous court decisions in Europe and the United States. The essays are based on papers originally presented at a conference sponsored by the Law Centre for European and International Cooperation (R.I.Z.) and held at Cologne in April 2001.

Explains arbitrage, hedging, and speculation from the standpoint of a participant in the foreign exchange market--whether an individual trader or an institutional trader--who possesses analytical skill, economically sound judgment, and who has access to market data. In the foreign exchange market, arbitrage involves the simultaneous purchase and sale of a currency in different markets; the profit comes from the difference in the buying and selling prices. Hedging and speculation are opposing strategies for dealing with risk; hedging is a cover, and speculation is an assumption of risk. Authors also discuss futures, swaps, forward contracts, and other strategies. For financial scholars, students, analysts, and currency traders.

This sixth volume in the series deals with such topics as international accounting theory, Australian accounting standard setting and the conceptual framework project, country studies and technical studies, and international management accounting.

This fascinating volume offers a comprehensive synthesis of the events, causes and outcomes of the major financial crises from 1929 to the present day. Beginning with an overview of the global financial system, Sara Hsu presents both theoretical and empirical evidence to explain the roots of financial crises and financial instability in general. She then provides a thorough breakdown of a number of major crises of the past century, both in the United States and around the world. Hsu's thorough and ambitious survey begins with the Great Depression of 1929, the first crisis created within the institutions of our current financial system, and moves through the aftermath of the Depression in the 1930s and 1940s, the inter-crisis period of the 1950s through the 1970s, and the emerging market debt default crisis of the 1980s. From there, she tackles major crises in specific countries from the 1990s on, including those in Mexico, Asia (Thailand, Indonesia, South Korea and Malaysia), Russia, Brazil and Argentina, as well as the Great Recession of 2008. The book concludes with a chapter detailing insightful policy recommendations for preventing future crises. Students and professors of economic history, financial and regulatory economics and banking will find this an invaluable resource, both for its comprehensive historical approach and its thoughtful look toward the future of the global economy.

This book examines how foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows to Central and Eastern Europe have changed after the Great Recession. It argues that beyond their cyclical effects, the economic crisis and the changing competitiveness of Central and Eastern European countries have had structural impacts on FDI in the region. FDI has traditionally been viewed as the key driver of national development, but the apparent structural shift means that focusing on cheap labour as a competitive advantage is no longer a viable strategy for the countries in the region. The authors argue that these countries need to move beyond the narrative of upgrading (attracting FDI inflows with increasingly higher value added), and focus on ensuring greater value capture instead. A potential way for doing this is by developing the conditions in which innovative national companies can emerge, thrive and eventually develop into lead firms of global value chains. The book provides readers with a highly informative account of the reasons why this shift is necessary, as well as diverse perspectives and extensive discussions on the dynamics and structural impacts of FDI in post-crisis Central and Eastern Europe.

The growth of China's foreign trade in recent years has been widely attributed to its economic reforms and open door policies. This book outlines the process of China's trade reforms over the past two decades and assesses the impact of these reforms on the economy. The author provides a quantitative analysis to trace China's evolving commodity pattern of trade and changing comparative advantage structure over the entire reform period. Comparison is made between the trade patterns and comparative advantage to reveal the dynamic effects of the recent economic reform on resource allocation efficiency.

This work offers a review of liberalization of capital movements in Europe, from the time that the Treaty of Rome was written in the 1950s to the complete abolition of restrictions in the latter half of the 1980s and early 1990s in the run up to Economic and Monetary Union. The process is described mainly from an institutional angle, with special reference to the far-reaching discussions in the Monetary Committee and the role of the European Commission. Related topics are also dealt with, such as monetary co-operation, the working of the European Monetary System, taxation and supervision issues. The book highlights the motives which drove countries in their desire to maintain or abolish restrictions. The eventual abolition of restrictions had important consequences for the financial structure in member states and for the transition to the use of indirect instruments of monetary policy by the national central banks. The work should be of interest to anyone who is professionally involved in European integration issues, and in monetary and financial policy.

Multinational corporations face different tax systems in different countries that require careful tax planning. A systematic approach is needed to minimize and avoid unnecessary business taxes. Some core issues of international taxation are part of a successful corporate tax plan in an international context. The first issue is a good understanding and appreciation of the principles of international taxation that include the different philosophies of taxation, the different kinds of taxes, the different tax systems, the different tax treaties and potential tax havens. The second issue is a thorough understanding of U.S. taxation of foreign income to avoid double taxation and the computation of foreign tax credits. The third issue is the choice of a transfer pricing method and the compliance with tax regulations on both the transfer of tangible and intangible assets. The fourth issue is the intelligent use of tax vehicles for exporting which can generate substantial savings and reduce the effective tax rate and involve the choice between the interest-charge domestic international sales corporation and the foreign sales corporation. A final issue is the efficient use of value-added taxation for activities taking place outside the U.S., and a new appreciation of the potential of this form of taxation for the United States. Practicing accountants, academics, business executives, students, legislators, and others who want a better understanding of the complex issues of international taxation will be interested in this book.

This book reviews banking internationalization by considering the new paradigms of globalization. The author primarily analyses why and how banks internationalize through equity deals, and the effect of regulation and market integration on the formation of deals, which allows authorities to manage the banking structure. This is a unique work that describes the relevance of the ownership model and cultural features of the partners and the key factors that help in choosing the market in which the banks bring activities abroad. The book addresses market characteristics, and new scenarios that should impact banks' internationalization strategies and ability to achieve success in deals that capture the attention of both researchers and practitioners.

In 1958, 1976, and 1985, Argentina experienced severe imbalances of its external accounts, which led to attempts at economic stabilization through an agreement with the International Monetary Fund. This book examines these IMF-supported programs and their success in alleviating Argentina's economic problems. Luigi Manzetti explores three aspects of the issue: the programs' impact on the Argentine economy from a policy management perspective; the methods by which different political regimes coped with similar problems and the level of their success; and the relationship between economic stabilization and political institutions, with particular emphasis on why IMF-supported programs encounter problems and how these problems can be overcome.

Exploring the previously overlooked relationship between economic and public policies, Manzetti begins his study by examining the balance of payments problems that afflict developing countries along with the role played by the IMF in solving them. He assesses IMF involvement both in terms of economic theory and policy recommendations, portraying the academic debate that for years has surrounded the IMF. The peculiarities of the Argentine case are outlined, as are contending interpretations of the country's chronic economic crises. A set of three chapters fully details the stabilization plans of the Frondizi, Videla, and Alfonsin administrations. Finally, a concluding chapter argues that wrong assumptions by the IMF and the mistakes of Argentina's policy makers were responsible for the limited success of the programs. This work will be an important reference tool for courses in economic development and Latin American studies, as well as a useful resource for academic and professional libraries.

This book examines the macroeconomic and regulatory impact of domestic and international shocks on the South African economy resulting from the 2009 financial crisis. It also assesses the impact of the US economy's eventual recovery from the crisis and the prospect of higher US interest rates in future. Told in three parts, the book explores associations between economic growth, policy uncertainty and the key domestic and international transmission channels, and transmission effects, of global financial regulatory and domestic macro-economic uncertainties on subdued and volatile economic recovery, financial channels, lending rate margins, and credit growth. The book concludes by extending its focus to the role of US monetary policy, capital flows and rand/US dollar volatility on the South African economy.

A pioneering exploration of the relevance of economic theory to the practical realities of the foreign exchange market, this volume presents a well-reasoned, comprehensive examination of the degree to which economic theories and forecasts are helpful in predicting exchange rates. Douch, an economist who has worked closely with the foreign exchange market, argues that theoretical economic models have exhibited some serious inadequacies in forecasting the future. In an attempt to determine the real predictive value of economic theory in this context, Douch examines each of the different economic approaches in-depth and then analyzes the actual workings of the foreign exchange market from the perspective of the market participants. Particular emphasis is placed upon the reasons for the observed failure of economic theory to reliably predict exchange rate movements over time.

Divided into three major sections, the book begins with five chapters that describe and evaluate the different economic approaches to explaining exchange rate movements. The next two chapters link the theories of the first section with the practical realities of the third by discussing the advantages of fixed and floating exchange rates and presenting a brief history of exchange rate regimes since World War II. In the final section, Douch first looks at how the spot and forward exchange rate markets actually work by examining the motives of market participants. Subsequent chapters explore such issues as whether Game Theory might be used to explain market actions, the effect of new foreign exchange hedging instruments on the market, and the contribution of Chart Analysis to exchange rate forecasts. A detailed appendix defines various economic indicators and seeks to explain how the market might react to them and why. Advanced students of economics as well as foreign exchange market participants with little economic training will find here important new insights into when economic theories can be helpful in predicting exchange rates--and, even more importantly, when they can not.

This book provides an insight into commercial relations between large economies and Small States, the benefits of regional integration, the role of Small States as financial centres as well as B2B and State to State dispute resolution involving Small States. Several contributions allow the reader to familiarise themselves with the general subject matter; others scrutinise the particular issues Small States face when confronted with an international dispute and discuss new and innovative solutions. These solutions range from inventive ideas to help economic growth to appropriate mechanisms of dispute resolution including inter-State dispute resolution and specific areas of arbitration such as tax arbitration. Researchers, policy advisors and practitioners will find a wealth of insights, information and practical ideas in this book.

The banking and financial landscape has been inundated with technology over the last decade, with FinTech, InsurTech and RegTech being just some of the new applications within finance. In the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), FinTech is yet to find its feet despite several digital transformation drives initiated by the regional governments in the UAE and Bahrain. In comparison to conventional finance, the use of FinTech within Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) in GCC countries is still in its very early stages. However, the potential disruption that technology may cause for the Islamic finance sector within this region cannot be underestimated. Aiming to highlight, examine and address key strategic, operational and regulatory issues facing IFIs as they make an effort to keep up with the FinTech revolution, this book explores the market positioning, product structure and placement, delivery channels and customer requirements within the GCC market. The authors evaluate the current situation and look forward to future regulation surrounding technology and financial institutions within the GCC. Scholars and students researching Islamic finance and financial technology will find this book an insightful and valuable read, as well as those interested in international finance more generally.

Multinational Business Finance trains the leaders of tomorrow's multinational enterprises to recognize and capitalize on the unique characteristics of global markets. Because the job of a manager is to make financial decisions that increase a firm's value, the authors have embedded real-world mini-cases throughout, applying chapter concepts to the types of situations managers of real multinational firms encounter. The 16th Edition attempts to capture the rapid evolution of our global marketplace. It takes a closer look at the types of organizations that permeate the widespread arena, competition and opportunities in emerging markets. It also examines how financial leadership can integrate the strategic and financial challenges that global businesses face today.  

This stimulating book addresses the relationship between market authority and political authority - a favourite theme of Susan Strange to whom the book is dedicated. From a survey of the bias against capital liberalisation in economic thought to an analysis of the US role in global monetary affairs, it discusses how and why free capital flows contribute to the instability of the global capitalist system. The internationally renowned contributors analyse the history and theory of international capital flows to make sense of contemporary global investments and what they mean for global polity and the economy. They argue over the challenges of integrating large developing countries into a liberal world order and the consequences of the multilateral system for the world's poor. In further discussions they investigate the sustainability of global capitalism in light of financial crises, widespread inequality and the uncertain future for traditional welfare states. They also advance various mechanisms through which they believe greater stability and equity could be introduced into the global financial system and the world economy. Implicit in these arguments is the shared belief that tensions between visions of a rule-based, liberal world and concepts of a more equitable distribution of resources drive most of the major conflicts in the global economy. Investigating the economic, political and social drawbacks of volatile global finance, and the human choices required to introduce stability, equity and a sense of purpose to the world economy, Markets and Authorities will be an invaluable addition to the fields of economics, political science, political economy and international business.

This proceedings volume provides current research on emerging issues in business, economics and finance in the global economy with particular emphasis on Eastern Europe. Featuring selected papers from the 2017 International Economics Conference in Sibiu (IECS) organized by the Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, Romania, the contributing chapters consider new business models, theories, practices and instruments from advanced and emerging economies in the context of recent global trends. After over 20 years of increasing openness and liberation of the world economy, recent events in regions such as Europe, USA and Asia have created challenges to the idea of globalization and integration. There is a delay between the real-world economic changes and the reflection of such changes in the economic research literature. The 2017 IECS conference and the enclosed papers aim to fill this gap in the study of globalization, covering diverse topics such as business administration, sustainability, corporate social responsibility, finance, accounting, tourism and business informatics.

Over the past twenty years there has emerged a compelling new discourse on varieties of capitalism. That discourse has an appealing common sense which challenges the view there is no alternative to free market capitalism. The initial view had a microeconomic focus that made firms the fulcrum of analysis. It distinguished between liberal market and coordinated market economies. Subsequently, there has emerged a second-generation literature which adopts a macroeconomic perspective that emphasizes differences in drivers of growth. This book provides a collection of essays that engage those second-generation concerns and questions. The new view emphasizes income distribution, which leads to a focus on institutional structures that are shaped by policy and power. A related feature is an emphasis on politics, which is the process by which policies are made. Furthermore, it asks whether economies should be understood as the product of national choices versus global capitalist system forces. That connects with the long-standing center-periphery distinction in development economics. Economists, researchers, and students will find this volume an enlightening look at an important subject.

In the evolving environment of global financial markets, governments, corporations, individual investors, and their associated financial institutions must grapple with a host of thorny issues that affect emerging economies with particular force, as we saw during the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990s. Among the issues analyzed by some of the top financial scholars from around the world are covered arbitrage possibilities in the absense of hedging instruments; the effect of capital controls on capital flows; the potential impact of currency unification, as well as the possibilities for pegging currency in the context of floating foreign exchange regimes; regulatory reforms; and political risk analysis.

Today's banking systems, from the prosperous American economy to muddled Europe and wobbly Japan, may not be in as good shape as is generally assumed. Although, for instance, large financial institutions face the challenges of the new Euro with confidence, small and mid-sized banks are not as well prepared to deal with the world's changing financial scene. While most banks' profits continue to come from lending, many have become exposed to lesser borrowers, and others have entered businesses, such as asset management and trading, that could become less attractive. Given the pressure on banks to earn more profits and the extra risks they have taken, it behooves us to revisit the key issues in banking. This book casts the ongoing changes in money and banking into perspective. The issues discussed are long standing. Some have antecedents in the distant past, others are more recent. The book opens with a brief discussion of what money is, including the monetarist, Austrian, and Keynesian views, and of differing views on the role of supply and demand. It then considers the early and later years of central banking in the U.S. and abroad, moving on to the role of bureaucracy and monetary policy. The volume then considers contemporary commercial banking, the changing nature of banking today, and the Euro and the dollar. Written in nontechnical language, the book will be useful to the specialist and interested layman alike.

Advances in International Accounting is a referred, academic research annual, that is devoted to publishing articles about advancements in the development of accounting and its related disciplines from an international perspective. This serial examines how these developments affect the financial reporting and disclosure practices, taxation, management accounting practices, and auditing of multinational corporations, as well as their effect on the education of professional accountants worldwide. Advances in International Accounting welcomes traditional and alternative approaches, including theoretical research, empirical research, applied research, and cross-cultural studies.

The global economy is undergoing dramatic financial changes. The removal of technical, trade, and monetary barriers and the liberalization of world economies create challenges and opportunities for investment and financial transactions. With these changes, international finance is expected to play a vital role in foreign exchange, cross-border capital flows, joint ventures, and economic growth, but rapid progress in telecommunications and electronic capital transfers could lead to tremors in financial markets, making the global economy vulnerable to speculation, investors' panic, and economic fluctuations. Supported by the latest empirical research, this book weaves together a theoretical framework of international finance supported by the latest empirical research.

DEGREESIGlobalization DEGREESR provides a comprehensive analysis of traditional and modern theories of international monetary systems, problems of balance of payments, exchange rates, and related adjustment and stabilization policies for industrialized and emerging nations. Following a brief historical review, the book covers advanced theories of international trade and finances as well as related real world performance. It examines strengths and weaknesses of fixed and floating exchange rates, forward exchanges, spreading global shareholder capitalism, problems of emerging markets, international capital movements and banking activities, market capitalization and foreign debt. It also examines investment movements and cross-border mergers, economic and financial integration, related effects of macroeconomic policies in open economies, and problems of global income inequalities. The book will be of great theoretical and practical importance to students, scholars, and business leaders.