This book examines applications of multi-omics approaches for understanding disease etiology, pathogenesis, host-pathogen interactions. It also analyzes the genetics, immunological and metabolic mechanisms underlying the infections. The book also explores genomics, transcriptomics, translational-omics, and metabolomics approaches to understand the pathogenesis and identify potential drug targets. It reviews the role of epigenetic reprogramming in shaping the host-pathogen interactions and presents bioinformatics application in the identification of drug targets. Further, it examines the potential applications of RNA sequencing and non-coding RNA profiling to identify the pathogenesis. Lastly, it offers the current challenges, technological advances, and prospects of using multi-omics technologies in infectious biology.

The Ebola virus is named after the Ebola River, near where the virus was discovered in 1976 in Zaire, now known as the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). It is in the filovirus family, so called because of its filamentous shape. EVD is also known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The disease sometimes causes haemorrhage (ie: bleeding) from body openings, but this symptom is not consistent. Five strains of Ebola virus have been identified. This book discusses the essentials, response efforts, and prevention issues involved with the Ebola virus.

The large number of microbials in the intestine that overrides the total human cells alludes to significant contribution of the microbiota to human health. This is vivid in enteric and some systemic diseases emanating from disruption of the microbiota. A balanced microbiota influences the development and functioning of both innate and acquired immune systems to foster intestinal immunity and to prevent disease. It does this by interacting with intestinal immune system at all levels, from the "primitive non-specific pattern recognition receptors (PRR) to most specific adaptive T cell responses". Commensal microbes are recognised by PRRs, which in turn transduce signals to activate transcription factors like nuclear factor kappa B that induce production of immune mediators to regulate mucosal innate immunity and inflammatory responses. The microbiota also influences leukocytes like natural killer cells, mast cells, eosinophils, basophils and phagocytic cells including macrophages, neutrophils and dendritic cells to generate responses protective to the gut. This could involve allergic, inflammatory and infectious processes. It is interesting to understand that the putatively known antigen presentation carried out by professional macrophages and dendritic cells to link innate and adaptive gut immune systems is also driven by macrobiota. These commensals drive or polarize macrophage- and dendritic cell-mediated responses adaptive immune responses during health and disease. As to how this occurs, this book will highlight recent findings. The adaptive immunity of the gut, both humoral and cellular, is also influenced by the microbiota. These commensals drive the development and differentiation of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) which is the key structure to humoral immune system. In germ free animals and those with disrupted microbita, GALT functioning is heavily compromised leading to diseases. All these facts are discussed by the author. In addition, the book highlights the involvement of microbiota to the correction of diseases that emanate from disrupted microbiota. It is expected that the insight gained could help design therapeutics against gastrointestinal diseases caused by disruption of the microbiota.

This volume of "Advances in Virus Research "focuses on mycoviruses. The authors and reviews represent the most current and cutting-edge research in the field. A broad range of research is presented from research experts.
Key features:

* Contributions from leading authorities * Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Published since 1953, "Advances in Virus Research" covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews providing a valuable overview of the current field of virology.
Key features:

* Contributions from leading authorities * Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field

Infectious diseases constitute a major portion of illnesses worldwide, and microbiology is a main pillar of clinical infectious disease practice. Knowledge of viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites is integral to practice in clinical infectious disease. Practical Medical Microbiology is an invaluable reference for medical microbiology instructors. Drs. Berkowitz and Jerris are experienced teachers in the fields of infectious diseases and microbiology respectively, and provide expert insight into microorganisms that affect patients, how organisms are related to each other, and how they are isolated and identified in the microbiology laboratory. The text also is designed to provide clinicians the knowledge they need to facilitate communication with the microbiologist in their laboratory. The text takes a systematic approach to medical microbiology, describing taxonomy of human pathogens and consideration of organisms within specific taxonomic groups. The text tackles main clinical infections caused by different organisms, and supplements these descriptions with clinical case studies, in order to demonstrate the effects of various organisms. Practical Medical Microbiology is an invaluable resource for students, teachers, and researchers studying clinical microbiology, medical microbiology, infectious diseases, and virology.

A unique and timely review of the emergence of eukaryotic virulence in fungi, oomycetes, and protozoa, as they affect both animals and plants

"Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes" addresses new developments in defining the molecular basis of virulence in eukaryotic pathogens. By examining how pathogenic determinants have evolved in concert with their hosts, often overcoming innate and adaptive immune mechanisms, the book takes a fresh look at the selective processes that have shaped their evolution.

Introductory chapters ground the reader in principal evolutionary themes such as phylogenetics and genetic exchange, building a basis of knowledge for later chapters covering advances in genetic tools, how pathogens exchange genetic material in nature, and the common themes of evolutionary adaptation that lead to disease in different hosts.

With the goal of linking the research findings of the many disparate scientific communities in the field, the book: Assembles for the first time a collection of chapters on the diversity of eukaryotic microorganisms and the influence of evolutionary forces on the origins and emergence of their virulent attributesHighlights examples from three important, divergent groups of eukaryotic microorganisms that cause disease in animals and plants: oomycetes, protozoan parasites, and fungiCovers how the development of genetic tools has fostered the identification and functional analyses of virulence determinantsAddresses how pathogens exchange genetic material in nature via classical or modified meiotic processes, horizontal gene transfer, and sexual cycles including those that are cryptic or even unisexualProvides a broad framework for formulating future studies by illustrating themes common to different pathogenic microbes

"Evolution of Virulence in Eukaryotic Microbes" is an ideal book for microbiologists, evolutionary biologists and medical professionals, as well as graduate students, postdoctoral fellows, and faculty members working on the evolution of pathogens.

This book outlines essential elements of the evaluation of health surveillance within the One Health concept. It provides an introduction to basic theoretical notions of evaluation and vividly discusses related challenges. Expert authors cover the entire spectrum of available, innovative methods, from those for system process evaluations to methods for the economic evaluation of the surveillance strategies. Each chapter provides a detailed description of the methodology required and the tools available as illustrated by practical examples of animal health or One Health surveillance evaluations in both developed and developing countries. Targeting not only scientists, including epidemiologists, but also technical advisers of decision-makers, the present work is suitable for the evaluation of any type of health surveillance system - animal, human or combined - regardless of the socio-economic context. The volume is richly equipped with practical tools and examples, which enables the reader to apply the methods described. Increasing importance of health surveillance, and threats from disease outbreaks such as the coronavirus pandemic, underline the practical relevance of this work, which will fill an important gap in the literature.

This book examines in detail the topic of sepsis, with a focus on intra-abdominal sepsis. Particular attention is devoted to source control in the management of the infection, antimicrobial therapy and sepsis support, which represent the cornerstones of treating patients with this problem. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach is highlighted not only by the instructive and informative sections on the acute manifestations of appendicitis, cholecystitis, and cholangitis, perforations and diverticulitis, Clostridium difficile infection and the role of candida in abdominal sepsis, but also by an extensive discussion of issues including antimicrobial resistance, damage control surgery, principles of antimicrobial therapy, hemodynamic support, adjunctive therapies, and thromboprophylaxis. Abdominal sepsis is the host's systemic inflammatory response to intra-abdominal infections. It is associated with significant morbidity and mortality rates, and represents the second most common cause of sepsis-related mortality at intensive care units. Gathering contributions by authoritative experts from all around the world, this book will allow acute care surgeons, abdominal surgeons, intensive care clinicians, and students to broaden their understanding of intra-abdominal sepsis in daily clinical practice.

Published since 1953, "Advances in Virus Research" covers a diverse range of in-depth reviews providing a valuable overview of the current field of virology. The impact factor for 2009 is 5.522placing it2nd in the highly competitive category of virology.

* Contributions from leading authorities * Informs and updates on all the latest developments in the field "

This book deals with the advantages of using artificial intelligence (AI) in the fight against the COVID-19 and against future pandemics that could threat humanity and our environment. This book is a practical, scientific and clinically relevant example of how medicine and mathematics will fuse in the 2020s, out of external pandemic pressure and out of scientific evolutionary necessity. This book contains a unique blend of the world's leading researchers, both in medicine, mathematics, computer science, clinical and preclinical medicine, and presents the research front of the usage of AI against pandemics. Equipped with this book the reader will learn about the latest AI advances against COVID-19, and how mathematics and algorithms can aid in preventing its spreading course, treatments, diagnostics, vaccines, clinical management and future evolution.

Effective public health strategies depend on surveillance, preventative measures, outbreak investigation and the institution of control measures including appropriate treatment. This handbook, written specifically for community nurses, describes the communicable diseases likely to be encountered by the community nurse and offers practical guidance on their assessment and treatment. The book looks at staff hygiene and a clean environment and examines the causes and management of blood-borne illnesses together with recommendations for the treatment of head lice, scabies and threadworms. The latter part of the book discusses the prevention of influenza and the rising incidence of tuberculosis and the care of patients with these conditions and considers other common infections such as MRSA, impetigo, shingles and meningitis.

This book comprehensively covers the latest development in developing and deploying the genetically modified vectors, particularly Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes responsible for transmitting malaria parasites and dengue viruses, the most deadly and/or debilitating among all the vector-borne diseases. It is considered timely and commensurate to bring about a book dealing with the various ecological, biological and social as well as regulatory aspects for the deployment of genetically modified vectors in special context with the biosafety of humans, his associates, and the environment. Written by an array of specialists and experts in various subjects of genetically modified organisms, this book centrally addresses the (i) basic principles of the genetic manipulation of vectors and they are potential impact on human and the environment, (ii) ecological, biological, ethical, legal and social implications of the use of genetically modified vectors, (iii) identification of potential hazards; assessment and management of risks for human and environment; risk/benefit analysis, (iv) principles and practices for the assessment and management of biosecurity and biosafety in laboratories (and in the field), (v) guiding principles for creation and management of institutional or national biosafety review boards and ethics review committees, and (vi) development and application of a biosafety regulatory framework and its related legal principles at national levels for securing the development and use of vector control methods based on genetic modification strategies. This publication will be useful to researchers, scientists, and professionals engaged in academic and research institutions, government or non-government, as well as students in universities and medical colleges.

This volume, derived from Encyclopedia of Virology, provides an overview of the development of virology during the last ten years. Entries detail the nature, origin, phylogeny and evolution of viruses. It then moves into a summary of our understanding of the structure and assembly of virus particles and describes how this knowledge was obtained. Genetic material of viruses and the different mechanisms used by viruses to infect and replicate in their host cells are highlighted. The volume is rounded out with an overview of some major groups of viruses with particular attention being given to our current knowledge of their molecular biology.
The most comprehensive single-volume source providing an overview of virology to non-specialists
Bridges the gap between basic undergraduate texts and specialized reviews
Concise and general overviews of important topics within the field will help when preparing for lectures, writing reports, or drafting grant applications

This volume contains 82 chapters that provide detail and understanding to the fields of human and medical virology. The first section describes general features of common human viruses with specialized chapters related to HIV/AIDS. The volume goes on to describe exotic virus infections, including one now eradicated virus (smallpox) and some now controlled by vaccination such as yellow fever. Concepts of medical virology are further developed with entries on viruses associated with oncogenesis and selections of interest to medical virology.
The most comprehensive single-volume source providing an overview of virology issues related to human and medical applications
Bridges the gap between basic undergraduate texts and specialized reviews
Concise and general overviews of important topics within the field will help in preparation of lectures, writing reports, or drafting grant applications

Gastroenteritis viruses are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in humans. Many hundreds of thousands of children die annually from rotavirus diarrhoea in the developing world, and although in industrialized countries rotavieus infection is rarely fatal, the economic burden of the disease is substantial. Human caliciviruses have emerged as a significant cause of viral gastroenteritis globally. This book contains presentations and discussions by internationally recognized experts on virus structure, replication, pathogenesis, immune response and correlates of protection, molecular-epidemiological surveillance, advances in treatment, and efforts to develop vaccines, particularly against rotavirus disease. The spectrum of viruses covered comprises rotaviruses, human caliciviruses, astroviruses, coronaviruses and viruses causing gut disease in the immunocompromized host. The book not only conveys facts but also gives ample room to lively discussions on many issues at the forefront of research and development.

Microbiology for the Healthcare Professional, 3rd Edition offers an excellent foundation for understanding the spread, treatment, and prevention of infectious disease - critical knowledge for today's healthcare professional. This straightforward introductory text makes microbiology approachable and easy to learn, presenting just the right level of information and detail to help you comprehend future course material and apply concepts to your new career. UNIQUE! Why You Need to Know and Life Application boxes make the content more relevant by putting material in a real-world context, helping you understand how concepts apply to everyday situations. UNIQUE! Medical Highlights boxes in each chapter provide anecdotal information about a pathological condition mentioned in the chapter, with illustrations and updates on new trends and information specific to the healthcare industry. UNIQUE! Health Care Application tables in each chapter provide quick access to focused information on pathogens as they relate to the subject matter of the chapter, including symptoms, causes, and treatments for a given condition/pathogen when applicable. Timesaving focus on just the necessary information provides the ideal level of introductory microbiology coverage. Chapter outlines and key terms for every chapter enable more efficient learning. Learning objectives clarify chapter goals and guide you through the content. Twenty review questions at the end of each chapter test your retention and help you identify areas requiring further study. NEW! The Bigger Picture section in each body system chapter identifies other body systems that might be affected by a particular microbial infection. NEW! Technology Boxes highlight new technology, such as artificial intelligence, that is becoming more essential to diagnosis and treatment in the healthcare field.

This book helps in understanding the relationship between microorganisms and oral carcinogenesis, and the possible oncogenic mechanisms enhancing the association. The book highlights the association between oral cancer, primarily oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), a major global health problem with high incidence and low survival rates with infection and inflammation. Establishing the association of the oral microbiome with cancer risk may lead to significant advances in the understanding cancer etiology, potentially opening a new research paradigm for cancer prevention. The book takes the readers through interesting topics such as the epidemiology and etiology of OSCC, the hallmarks of cancer, and the role of inflammation in OCSS. It presents the difference between the normal and diseased oral microbiome. It further describes the carcino-pathogenesis of various groups. Finally, it discusses the clinical correlation of the observations and what the future looks like for this area of research. The book is interesting for medical students, researchers and clinicians, alike. The knowledge from the book can be exploited practically and used for designing further experiments.

Marsh and Martins' Oral Microbiology continues to offer the essentials of oral microbiology in an easy-to-read, readily digestible format. Commencing with a description of the healthy mouth and the properties of the resident oral microbiota, the new edition of this popular textbook then explores the formation and consequences of plaque development, plaque-mediated disease, orofacial infection, antimicrobial agents and prophylaxis, orofacial fungal and viral infections, and the relationship between oral microbiota and systemic disease. The book is completed by a chapter on infection control. Each chapter is succinct and includes essential information in a concise format - thereby saving the reader valuable time. The book is presented with an abundance of tables, photographs and artworks to make the subject as engaging as possible - numerous 'Key Point' boxes aid retention. Marsh and Martins' Oral Microbiology is suitable for undergraduate and postgraduate dental students, research workers, and a wide range of clinical dental professionals. Successfully describes the complex relationship between the resident oral microbiota and the host in health and disease Retains a unique ecological approach to the subject which provides a clear set of principles to explain whether the microbiota will have a beneficial or an adverse relationship with the host at a particular site Exploration of the biological and clinical significance of the oral microbiota in the form of a biofilm on dental and mucosal surfaces Completely updated throughout by a new author team! Self-assessment questions in each chapter allow readers to monitor their progress Updated design with 'Key Points' throughout aids learning Reflects the impact that the genomic era has had on the field Expanded sections on infection control as well as therapeutic and prophylactic antibiotic use New sections on the benefits of the resident oral microbiota and on current concepts of factors driving dysbiosis in periodontal disease New chapter on the emerging role of oral microorganisms in systemic diseases

This book recounts the biology of M. bovis, followed by the status of bovine Tuberculosis (bTB) in African countries, primarily based on zoonotic and epidemiological field reports. Since the accumulation of data is valueless unless it led to practicable control measures, emphasis is put on locally adapted protocols for future control of the disease. In order to systematically evaluate the knowledge base of bTB, Epidemiologic Problem Oriented Approach (EPOA) methodology was used. The methodology is composed of two triads: i) the problem identification/characterization triad, which is mainly descriptive in nature, and ii) the problem management/solution/mitigation triad, which is mainly geared toward problem management/solution (see figure). The first triad comprises three pillars: i) agent ii) host, and iii) environment and the second one: i) therapeutics/treatment, ii) prevention/control, and iii) health maintenance/promotion. The two triads are linked together by the diagnostic procedure linkage. The systematic and detailed studies of the 'Host-Agent-Environment' interactions are the building blocks to the understanding of agent transmission pathways and disease spread. These may include data about the disease status of the country, the nature of the disease agent and its hosts, the modes of transmission, the wildlife reservoirs in nature, persistence of infection, and agent survival in animal products and the environment. The problem identification and characterization triad identifies these interactions. Once a problem has been identified and well understood, the next step is to minimize the risk of transmission and spread of a disease. This area, referred to as problem solution/management triad, consists of problem management alternatives that rely upon prevention/control, and health maintenance/promotion of the disease in livestock, wildlife, and humans with the emphasis on resource-poor, developing countries in Africa.

Periodontitis is a disease that affects more than half the adult population in the world. Treatment is often based on ancient recommendations consisting in mechanically removing material from damaged zones. However, novel therapeutic management strategies exist, from prevention to efficient treatment, and regeneration. The need of integrative approaches to circumvent this worldwide pledge can be achieved through: A better understanding of this complex disease by promoting scientific research and a comprehensive multidisciplinary approach, including epidemiology, microbiology, immunology, physiology, therapeutics, psychology, etc. A better outreach by promoting vulgarization and recommendations for health professionals. A better information of the empowered patients, leading them to consider prevention and to take part in their therapeutic course. The book "Periodontitis: Advances in Experimental Research" includes a timely collection of chapters covering all the fields of research about periodontitis, consisting in concise reviews by the best specialists themselves and with clinical perspectives for periodontitis. Recent technological advances have allowed to explore shadowed areas of periodontology. The book "Periodontitis: Advances in Experimental Research" is a unique occasion to set a milestone for a more integrated field of periodontitis, with a broad scientific, medical, and public audience thanks to dedicated sections in each chapter: Abstract and main body (scientific audience and expert clinicians) Highlights (scientific audience and clinicians) Impact for Practice (clinicians and economical/political decision makers) Summary for Patients (patients and economical/political decision makers)

Accessible and comprehensive, this book describes the universal cellular nature of living organisms and is an indispensable tool for anyone in the sciences who wishes to get a quick overview of molecular biology. Individual chapters cover nucleic acids and proteins, genetic code and protein synthesis, the fidelity of transferring genetic information to the next generations, and the regulation of various processes inside the cells. Special attention is paid to new areas rising from modern DNA sequencing technologies which transform biology. The book also touches on developing areas, such as cures for cancer and CRISPR, which are important for medicine and the future of humankind.

This second volume of a two-volume set focuses on specific pathogens and their mechanisms of pathogenesis as well as diagnostics, therapeutics and various strategies in the event of biological attacks. This multidisciplinary book appeals to readers from various fields, including biodefense, biosafety & biosecurity, virology, neurology, molecular biology and genetic engineering, as well as infectious disease specialists. Further, the work is of interest to basic science and applied science research scholars and experts working in the area of high-consequence or select agent virology.

This current manual gives an overview to management of Ebola Virus Disease outbreaks from a practical point of view. It gives an introduction to the topic, reviews the history and previous outbreaks of Ebola virus disease and gives insight to clinical features of the disease. The major part of the book presents ways of response including screening, isolation and personal protection equipment as well as waste management during disease outbreaks. New therapies and experimental drugs are discussed in further detail. The last part of the volume deals with all aspects of diagnostics and practical laboratory handling of Ebola virus. Dr. Marta Lado is the clinical lead of the King's Sierra Leone Partnership in country team. She brings together a group of authors aggregating both well-grounded basic knowledge on Ebola virus as well as deep experience with Ebola Virus Disease in the field.