Prof. James D. Muhly has enjoyed a distinguished career in the study of ancient history, archaeology, and metallurgy that includes an emeritus professorship at the University of Pennsylvania and a term as director of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens as well as receiving the Archaeological Institute of America's Pomerance Award for Scientific Contributions to Archaeology. In Muhly's honor, a total of 38 eminent scholars have contributed 30 articles that include topics on Bronze and Iron Age metallurgy around the Eastern Mediterranean in such places as Crete, the Cyclades, Cyprus, and Turkey.

Developed by the late metallurgy professor and master experimentalist Hubert I. Aaronson, this collection of lecture notes details the fundamental principles of phase transformations in metals and alloys upon which steel and other metals industries are based. Mechanisms of Diffusional Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys is devoted to solid-solid phase transformations in which elementary atomic processes are diffusional jumps, and these processes occur in a series of so-called nucleation and growth through interface migration. Instead of relying strictly on a pedagogical approach, it documents the evolution of phase transformation concepts. The authors present topics by describing a phenomenon and then following up with a corresponding hypothesis or alternative explanation. In this way, the book also shows how the field continues to evolve and meet new challenges. Integrated with information from a number of key papers and review articles, this volume reflects this revered and influential instructor's unique and passionate way of introducing well-established theories and knowledge in a systematic way, at the same time introducing, in great detail, how a new idea or interpretation of a phenomenon has emerged, evolved, and gained its current status. If the published version of a theory or a model was too condensed, Aaronson worked the problem out in painstaking detail so that graduate students could follow the derivations. This collection is full of such unique "Aaronsonian idiosyncrasies," which add immense value as a powerful tool for learning in this challenging materials field.

A straightforward treatment describing the oxidation processes of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures. This 2006 second edition retains the fundamental theory but incorporates advances made in understanding degradation phenomena. The first half provides an authoritative introduction to the basic principles, covering thermodynamics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion of metals and alloys. The latter half extends the discussion to oxidation processes in complex systems, from reactions in mixed environments to protective techniques, including coatings and atmosphere control. The authors provide a logical and expert treatment of the subject, producing a revised edition that will be a comprehensive guide to material scientists and engineers requiring an understanding of this elementary process.

Superalloys are unique high-temperature materials used in gas turbine engines, which display excellent resistance to mechanical and chemical degradation. This book presents the underlying metallurgical principles which have guided their development and practical aspects of component design and fabrication from an engineering standpoint. The topics of alloy design, process development, component engineering, lifetime estimation and materials behaviour are described, with emphasis on critical components such as turbine blading and discs. The first introductory text on this class of materials, it will provide a strong grounding for those studying physical metallurgy at the advanced level, as well as practising engineers. Included at the end of each chapter are exercises designed to test the reader's understanding of the underlying principles presented. Solutions for instructors and additional resources are available at www.cambridge.org/9780521859042.

Spray forming combines the metallurgical processes of metal casting and powder metallurgy to fabricate metal products with enhanced properties. This book provides an introduction to the various modelling and simulation techniques employed in spray forming, and shows how they are applied in process analysis and development. The author begins by deriving and describing the main models. He then presents their application in the simulation of the key features of spray forming. Wherever possible he discusses theoretical results with reference to experimental data. Building on the features of metal spray forming, he also derives common characteristic modelling features that may be useful in the simulation of related spray processes. The book is aimed at researchers and engineers working in process technology, chemical engineering and materials science.

Molybdenum (Mo) deficiencies in field-grown plants were first recorded more than fifty years ago. This book condenses all the information currently available on the subject of molybdenum as it relates to soils, crops and livestock. The book reviews our knowledge of the chemistry and mineralogy of Mo, the extraction of available Mo from various soils, the various analytical methods of determining Mo in soils and plants, the biochemical role of Mo in crop production, the technology and application of Mo fertilizers to crops, the response to Mo of various temperate and tropical crops, Mo deficiency and toxicity in various plant species, the interaction of Mo with other plant nutrients, and the distribution of Mo within the plant. Factors affecting the availability of soil Mo to plants and Mo status in the semi-arid and sub-humid tropics are also discussed.

Metallic (magnetic and non-magnetic) nanocrystalline materials have been known for over ten years but only recent developments in the research into those complex alloys and their metastable amorphous precursors have created a need to summarize the most important accomplishments in the field. This book is a collection of articles on various aspects of metallic nanocrystalline materials, and an attempt to address this above need. The main focus of the papers is put on the new issues that emerge in the studies of nanocrystalline materials, and, in particular, on (i) new compositions of the alloys, (ii) properties of conventional nanocrystalline materials, (iii) modeling and simulations, (iv) preparation methods, (v) experimental techniques of measurements, and (vi) different modern applications. Interesting phenomena of the physics of nanocrystalline materials are a consequence of the effects induced by the nanocrystalline structure. They include interface physics, the influence of the grain boundaries, the averaging of magnetic anisotropy by exchange interactions, the decrease in exchange length, and the existence of a minimum two-phase structure at the atomic scale. Attention is also paid to the special character of the local atomic ordering and to the corresponding interatomic bonding as well as to anomalies and particularities of electron density distributions, and to the formation of metastable, nanocrystalline (or quasi-crystalline) phases built from exceptionally small grains with special properties. Another important focus of attention are new classes of materials which are not based on new compositions, but rather on the original and special crystalline structure in the nanoscale.

A straightforward treatment describing the oxidation processes of metals and alloys at elevated temperatures. This 2006 second edition retains the fundamental theory but incorporates advances made in understanding degradation phenomena. The first half provides an authoritative introduction to the basic principles, covering thermodynamics and mechanisms of high temperature corrosion of metals and alloys. The latter half extends the discussion to oxidation processes in complex systems, from reactions in mixed environments to protective techniques, including coatings and atmosphere control. The authors provide a logical and expert treatment of the subject, producing a revised edition that will be a comprehensive guide to material scientists and engineers requiring an understanding of this elementary process.

The introduction of numerical methods, particularly finite element (FE) analysis, represents a significant advance in metal forming operations. Numerical methods are used increasingly to optimize product design and deal with problems in metal forging, rolling, and extrusion processes. Metal Forming Analysis, first published in 2001, describes the most important numerical techniques for simulating metal forming operations. The first part of the book describes principles and procedures and includes numerous examples and worked problems. The remaining chapters focus on applications of numerical analysis to specific forming operations. Most of these results are drawn from the authors' research in the areas of metal testing, sheet metal forming, forging, extrusion, and similar operations. Sufficient information is presented so that readers can understand the nonlinear finite element method as applied to forming problems without a prior background in structural finite element analysis. Graduate students, researchers, and practising engineers will welcome this thorough reference to state-of-the-art numerical methods used in metal forming analysis.

This 1997 book describes advances in the field of superplasticity. This is the ability of certain materials to undergo very large tensile strains, a phenomenon that has increasing commercial applications, but also presents a fascinating scientific challenge in attempts to understand the physical mechanisms that underpin it. The authors emphasise the materials aspects of superplasticity. They begin with a brief history of the phenomenon. This is followed by a description of the two major types of superplasticity - fine-structure and internal-stress superplasticity - together with a discussion of their operative mechanisms. In addition, microstructural factors controlling the ductility and fracture in superplastic materials are presented. The observations of superplasticity in metals (including aluminium, magnesium, iron, titanium and nickel), ceramics (including monoliths and composites), intermetallics (including iron, nickel, and titanium base), and laminates are thoroughly described. The technological and commercial applications of superplastic forming and diffusion bonding are presented and examples given.

This book presents a systematic description of the electronic and physico-chemical properties of transition-metal carbides and nitrides. This is the first book devoted to the theoretical modelling of refractory carbides and nitrides and alloys based on them. It makes use of computational methods to calculate their spectroscopic, electric, magnetic, superconducting, thermodynamical and mechanical properties. Calculated results on the electronic band structure of ideal binary transition metal carbides and nitrides are presented, and the influence of crystal lattice defects, vacancies and impurities are studied in detail. Data available on chemical bonding and the properties of multi-component carbide- and nitride-based alloys, as well as their surface electronic structure, are described and compared with those of bulk crystals.

The theory of how metals conduct electronically had for a long time been confined to metals that are crystalline with the constituent atoms in regular arrays. The discovery of how to make solid amorphous alloys led to an explosion of measurements of the electronic properties of these new materials, and the emergence of a range of interesting low temperature phenomena. This 1995 book describes in physical terms the theory of the electrical conductivity, Hall coefficient, magnetoresistance and thermopower of disordered metals and alloys. The author begins by showing how conventional Boltzmann theory can be extended and modified when the mean free path of the conduction electrons becomes comparable with their wavelength and interionic separation. The consequence of this is explored and the theory tested by application to experimental data on metallic glasses. Designed as a self-contained review, the book will appeal to non-specialist physicists, metallurgists and chemists with an interest in disordered metals.

Finite Element Plasticity and Metalforming Analysis is concerned with describing a computer based technique for aiding the optimisation of metalforming processes. These methods should enable tool and product designers to reduce development lead times for the introduction of new products, to optimise the process and to help improve the quality and reliability of products. The book is specifically devoted to the finite element method and its use in plasticity problems. It details the theoretical background assuming little previous knowledge, and describes how it can be implemented and used to examine realistic metalforming processes. Forging, rolling and extrusion are typical processes covered, in addition to specific problems such as ductile fracture and how it can be predicted. It is the first text that describes in detail elastic-plastic finite-element theory and how it is used in forming analyses. The technique described can be used to simulate metal flow in 2- and 3-D problems and can provide details of stress, strain, strain-rate and temperature distributions in the workpiece as it is being formed.

One of the only texts available to cover not only how failure occurs but also examine methods developed to expose the reasons for failure, "Metal Failures" has long been considered the most definitive and authoritative resources in metallurgical failure analysis. Now in a completely revised edition, this Second Edition features updates of all chapters plus new coverage of elastic behavior and plastic deformation, localized necking, the phenomenological aspects of fatigue, fatigue crack propagation, alloys and coatings, tensors and tensor notations, and much more.

This engaging volume presents the exciting new technology of additive manufacturing (AM) of metal objects for a broad audience of academic and industry researchers, manufacturing professionals, undergraduate and graduate students, hobbyists, and artists. Innovative applications ranging from rocket nozzles to custom jewelry to medical implants illustrate a new world of freedom in design and fabrication, creating objects otherwise not possible by conventional means. The author describes the various methods and advanced metals used to create high value components, enabling readers to choose which process is best for them. Of particular interest is how harnessing the power of lasers, electron beams, and electric arcs, as directed by advanced computer models, robots, and 3D printing systems, can create otherwise unattainable objects. A timeline depicting the evolution of metalworking, accelerated by the computer and information age, ties AM metal technology to the rapid evolution of global technology trends. Charts, diagrams, and illustrations complement the text to describe the diverse set of technologies brought together in the AM processing of metal. Extensive listing of terms, definitions, and acronyms provides the reader with a quick reference guide to the language of AM metal processing. The book directs the reader to a wealth of internet sites providing further reading and resources, such as vendors and service providers, to jump start those interested in taking the first steps to establishing AM metal capability on whatever scale. The appendix provides hands-on example exercises for those ready to engage in experiential self-directed learning.

Powder metallurgy (PM) is a highly attractive process because it permits the production of unique parts with unique properties by controlling their microstructure. Since the processing route for these materials is quite different from traditional engineering materials, it is vital that the PM process is understood and the potential offered by components made via this route needs to be fully integrated with the design process. "Using Powder Metallurgy in Design - Wear, Corrosion and Fatigue Resistance" is valuable reading for those new to the subject as well as providing an excellent source of information for CPD for existing users of the technology and will cover areas such as: the process and possibilities of PM; designing with PM for adhesive wear resistance; erosive/corrosive wear resistance and increased fatigue life; and using PM for self-lubricating materials and for friction materials. The historical growth of powder metal application and the factors contributing to the cost effectiveness of powder metal products are highlighted and the most important factors influencing the fatigue life of PM components are reviewed.

In this book, the authors present current research in the study of the characteristics, technology and performance applications of zirconium. Topics discussed include the preparation of zirconium oxide thin film by plasma coating method and its hydrophobic nature; cellulose fibres coated zirconium oxide; zirconium and potassium cobalt molybdenum carbide as an active water-gas shift catalyst; the electrochemical characterisation of two different zirconium-based permselective systems; zirconia and allumina bioceramic biocompatibility; and the preparation and properties of zirconia nanocrystalline ceramics.

This book addresses the chemistry of the second and third row d-block metals, assuming a knowledge of the chemistry of the first row metals.

This second edition of C02 Laser Cutting , examines, and in places updates, the whole subject of co2 laser cutting. As with the original, the style is conversational and readable, with mathematical treatments kept to a minimum to give it its uniquely accessible feel. The discussion covers the cutting of metals and non metals on a wide range of levels, from practical advice and processing parameters to explanations of the physical and chemical reactions which take place in the cut zone. Materials covered include steels, wood, ceramics, polymers and non-ferrous alloys, and the information is taken from an extensive range of experimental and commercial results. The cutting process is dealt with in two ways: Practically - for the hands-on operator. Technically - for the researcher or scientist. The user-friendly yet informative style makes this both a practical handbook and research textbook, and is invaluable to anyone concerned with laser cutting, from job shop machine operators to post graduate researchers.

This book is a collection of diverse research activities on antimony where 12 groups of prominent authors from different part of the worlds presented their latest achievement on antimony-related materials. In the past, despite being widely known and utilized by many countries and cultures, antimony's status as an alchemical substance and its high toxicity have obscured understanding of the material, resulting in controversial usage of antimony, especially in medicine. Today, knowledge about antimony compounds has tremendously increased, and the application range of antimony has become much wider. Due to the diversity of the applications of antimony, researchers may stay focused on their own field while lacking familiarity with antimony-related activities in other fields.

The second edition of this textbook, popular amongst students and faculty alike, investigates the various causes of thermodynamic instability in metallic microstructures. Materials theoretically well designed for a particular application may prove inefficient or even useless unless stable under normal working conditions. The authors examine current experimental and theoretical understanding of the kinetics behind structural change in metals. The entire text has been updated in this new edition, and a completely new chapter on highly metastable alloys has been added. The degree to which kinetic stability of the material outweighs its thermodynamic instability is very important, and dictates the useful working life of the material. If the structure is initially produced to an optimum, such changes will degrade the properties of the material. This comprehensive and well-illustrated text, accompanied by ample references, will allow final year undergraduates, graduate students and research workers to investigate in detail the stability of microstructure in metallic systems.

This 1997 book describes advances in the field of superplasticity. This is the ability of certain materials to undergo very large tensile strains, a phenomenon that has increasing commercial applications, but also presents a fascinating scientific challenge in attempts to understand the physical mechanisms that underpin it. The authors emphasise the materials aspects of superplasticity. They begin with a brief history of the phenomenon. This is followed by a description of the two major types of superplasticity - fine-structure and internal-stress superplasticity - together with a discussion of their operative mechanisms. In addition, microstructural factors controlling the ductility and fracture in superplastic materials are presented. The observations of superplasticity in metals (including aluminium, magnesium, iron, titanium and nickel), ceramics (including monoliths and composites), intermetallics (including iron, nickel, and titanium base), and laminates are thoroughly described. The technological and commercial applications of superplastic forming and diffusion bonding are presented and examples given.

A technical manual for metal casters with emphasis on local non-ferrous materials rather than imported products.;This introduction to small-scale non-ferrous casting includes step-by-step instructions on how to make equipment using local materials, and provides information on moulding techniques, design and pattern making, core and core mixtures, the use of wax, repairs and welding, cleaning, metal preparation and melting. There is also a chapter on fault finding and remedies.;The book looks at green sand moulding, a technique common in developing countries; and investment casting based on traditional Indian and Italian methods, which is appropriate to engineers and entrepreneurs working in developing countries. A final section contains a guide to kilns and furnaces.;This text should be of interest to metalworkers, engineers and manufacturing entrepreneurs working in rural workshops, or medium-sized engineering businesses in a small town.

This book provides an advanced level introduction to the electrochemistry. It provides the background required to follow current research in a subject which has again become highly topical through the recent development of surface sensitive techniques. It is divided into three parts covering the fundamentals of the subject, the experimental methods including surface sensitive techniques, and a few important problems in theoretical electrochemistry. A special chapter is devoted to liquid-liquid interfaces which have become of interest because of their relation to biological membranes.

The demand for more durable fasteners to extend the life of equipment such as fishing vessels makes this illustrated introduction to hot-dip galvanizing an invaluable addition to the bookshelves of works managers, engineers, government officials and field project officers. Hot-dip galvanizing is a cost-effective method of protecting cast iron or steel components from corrosion by coating them in zinc, thereby increasing the life of nuts, bolts and other items normally exposed to the elements. The first section of this book describes wet, dry and 'old dry' processes of hot-dip galvanizing, including health and safety, principles and benefits, equipment, materials, power supply, maintenance and quality control. The processes are illustrated with flow diagrams and there are tables to compare the relative benefits of the different options. The second section covers the specification and costing for a galvanizing plant once the market requirements have been established and the best method has been selected.