Recently, many fine textbooks in mineralogy have notable early achievements in unravelling the crys- appeared. The great tradition of mineral science tal structures of minerals. I would include Zachari- continued for over 100 years in Dana's systems, as en and Belov as well, two other giants in crystal textbooks, and manuals, replete with discussion on structure analysis. How many contributed in their crystallographic characters, and short statements own way to our science? Ten? Fifty? One hundred? on the mineral species as then known. The more re- It depends on how you weight the count, but I cent superb RamdohrlStrunz Klockmann's Lehr- suspect it is closest to the biggest number just men- tioned. buch der Mineralogie is a mine of rich crystal- chemical information, perhaps the finest contem- The explosive growth in information (Ger. : porary pedagogic book of its kind. Within the past Fach) on crystal structures began about 1950, when three years, a new and ambitious project - the the big computers and automated diffractometers were just emerging. It contributes mightily to our Handbook of Mineralogy by several keen mineralo- gists - receives much assistance from up-to-date science (Ger. : Naturwissenschaft). Unfortunately, computer technology and promises to be a very fine technological knowledge seems to come easily now, series. The little Mineral Reference Manual by Nic- and Fach appears to be outstripping Naturwissen- schaft, a sorry state of affairs.

Fluorite is found everywhere, has been important to industry for centuries, and is a minor ornamental material as well. Fluorite presents a fascinating array of colors, habits, and associated minerals and is widely available. See spectacularly large "museum quality" specimens that can be found. Fluorite presents a wealth of scientific opportunities to see crystallography, geochemistry, and solid-state physics at work in the natural world. This book includes information for the hobby collector or rock hound, as well as technical information for those who want to understand fluorite in greater depth. It provides over 140 full-color examples and extensive references to the formation and geographic locations of fluorite. This book is essential for everyone with a passion for minerals.

The goal of this Third Edition is to update long-term data presented in earlier editions and to generate new syntheses and conclusions about the biogeochemistry of the Hubbard Brook Valley based on these longer-term data. There have been many changes, revelations, and exciting new insights generated from the longer data records. For example, the impact of acid rain peaked during the period of the HBES and is now declining. The longer-term data also posed challenges in that very marked changes in fluxes occurred in some components, such as hydrogen ion and sulfate deposition, calcium and nitrate export in stream water and biomass accumulation, during the almost 50 years of record. Thus, presenting "mean" or "average" conditions for many components for such a long period, when change was so prominent, do not make sense. In some cases, pentads or decades of time are compared to show these changes in a more smoothed and rational way for this long period. In some cases, a single period, often during periods of rapid change, such as acidification, is used to illustrate the main point(s). And, for some elements a unique mass balance approach, allowing the calculation of the Net Ecosystem Flux (NEF), is shown on an annual basis throughout the study.

This book includes innovative gas-geothermometers and geobarometers, which are urgently needed to estimate the increasingly higher temperatures and pressures present at depth below the Solfatara volcano, owing to its on-going unrest. Therefore, in this book, new gas geoindicators, applicable up to ca. 1000 DegreesC and 3 kbar, have been implemented and applied to Solfatara fluids. The innovations of this book include: methane, having a sluggish behavior, was treated separately from fast-reacting carbon monoxide; deviations from the ideal gas behavior were considered; the effects of reaction kinetics were taken into account. This was possible because a dataset including many geochemical parameters and extending from 1983 to 2020 with a good sampling frequency is available for Solfatara, making it a case history probably unique worldwide. Nevertheless, the gas geoindicators described in this book can be applied to other similar systems. Thus, this book is of interest to many scientists studying gas geochemistry, geothermometry, and geobarometry for volcanic surveillance and the mitigation of the volcanic risk.

This volume discusses the role of ZIF-8 composites in water decontamination as an adsorbent and photocatalyst. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are advanced porous materials and are promising adsorbents with facile modifications, high specific surface area, controllable porosity, and tailored surface properties. Water pollution is a major concern and has endangered human health. Recently, researchers have designed MOFs for use in remediation.

This second volume in the new series produced by the Mineralogical Society is concerned with the study of rocks from the deep continental crust. It is, we hope, timely to summarize recent petrological advances contributing to this field of active interest. Based mainly on review papers read at a conference, the chapters have subsequently been revised and expanded, while the editors have produced an introductory overview as Chapter 1. The conference was the Winter Meeting of the Mineralogical Society on 15 December 1988, at wh ich Prof. R. C. Newton delivered the 20th Hallimond Lecture of the Society (which forms the basis of Ch. 7). The editors are grateful to all who contrib uted to the smooth running of the meeting at Kingston Polytechnic, and in the ensuing preparation of the volume: in particular, we sincerely thank all of the following for their labours as referees: A. J. Baker, L. M. Barron, M. J. Bickle, A. D. Chambers, J. D. Clemens, J. S. Daly, G. T. R. Droop, C. R. L. Friend, E. S. Grew, S. L. Harley, R. S. Harmon, N. B. W. Harris, B. Harte, T. J. B. Holland, N. F. C. Hudson, W. S. MacKenzie, W. Perkins, H. R. Rollinson, J. W. Sheraton, D. J. Waters, R. H. Worden and B. W. D. Yardley. John R."

The collection focuses on the advancements of characterization of minerals, metals, and materials and the applications of characterization results on the processing of these materials. Advanced characterization methods, techniques, and new instruments are emphasized. Areas of interest include, but are not limited to: * Novel methods and techniques for characterizing materials across a spectrum of systems and processes. * Characterization of mechanical, thermal, electrical, optical, dielectric, magnetic, physical, and other properties of materials. * Characterization of structural, morphological, and topographical natures of materials at micro- and nano- scales. * Characterization of extraction and processing including process development and analysis. * Advances in instrument developments for microstructure analysis and performance evaluation of materials, such as computer tomography (CT), X-ray and neutron diffraction, electron microscopy (SEM, FIB, TEM), and spectroscopy (EDS, WDS, EBSD) techniques. * 2D and 3D modelling for materials characterization.

This book describes the mineralization process of barite-fluorite deposits in southeastern Sichuan, Yangtze Block, China. Mainly through systematic field geological surveys and detailed indoor research work, the typical barite-fluorite deposits in this area were analyzed using a variety of analysis methods such as single fluid inclusion LA-ICP-MS composition analysis, trace rare earth element analysis, H-O-S-Sr isotope analysis, F element content analysis, and Sm-Nd geochronological analysis. By in-depth analysis of the ore-forming environment, mineralization process and geological characteristics of barite-fluorite deposits, the following were determined: (1) the source of ore-forming fluids of barite-fluorite deposits and (2) the migration, concentration, enrichment, and evolution of ore-forming sources, exploring the formation mechanism of barite-fluorite deposits. Summarizing the mineralization regularity of the deposit in this area of China provides a new insight and basis for the study of similar types of deposits in the world.

This volume discusses the role of MOFs in removal of pharmaceutical pollutants. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are advanced porous materials and are promising adsorbents with facile modifications, high specific surface area, controllable porosity, and tailored surface properties. Pharmaceutical pollution is an issue of concern due to its effects on environment. Recently, researchers have designed MOFs for use in remediation.

This book offers a comprehensive view of the valuable uranium ores and analytical electron microscopy methods, including electron microdiffraction principles, an essential technique for studying uranous minerals. This book also explains the laws governing the formation of uranium mineral accumulations, based on concepts published by the renowned Russian mineralogist L.N. Belova. It addresses all types of ore uranium concentrations in the hypergene region and schematizes all uranium mineral formation processes. Readers will also find selected examples of different genetic types of uranium deposits of black sooty ores; the data gathered from all findings on ningyoite worldwide, and new crystal chemistry data on tetravalent uranium phosphates.

The CADIC's Geological Resources Program will soon turn 40 years of fruitful development. During this period many projects were carried out and others remain to be implemented. In the course of time three generations of researchers have been formed. Mentioning names would be unfair to those that could be involuntarily omitted. There is still a long way to go. The eagerness for knowledge should not stop. This book is a tribute to all those people who have worked in the different projects of pure and applied science, and educational, and human resources training, granted to this founding program and associated laboratories of the regional center of CONICET in Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina. The twenty papers which constitute this book have a genuine Latin appeal, having been written by 50 authors based in Argentina and Spain. All this contributions are concerned with Fuegian geological resources. Everyone concerned with this work hopes that it will prove a fitting and lasting memorial to Nacho Subias, whose personal contribution to our knowledge of this geology was outstanding.

The research papers presented in these proceedings volumes cover the latest developments and findings in the fields of mine health, safety, energy, waste management,reclamation and rehabilitation, mine closure and environmental protection. Authors from over 20 countries with backgrounds in chemistry, engineering, technology and management, and hailing from the government, industry and academia, have contributed to this book. The contents of this book will be of interest to scientists, engineers, consultants and government personnel who are responsible for the development and implementation of innovative approaches, techniques and technologies in the minerals industries. It will also benefit academic researchers, as it addresses the latest advances in fundamental research.

For many years it was believed that translational symmetry would be the fundamental property of crystal structures of natural and synthetic compounds. It is now recognised that many compounds crystallise without translational symmetry of their atomic structures. "Incommensurate Crystallography" gives a comprehensive account of the superspace theory for the description of crystal structures and symmetries of these incommensurately modulated crystals and incommensurate composite crystals. It thus provides the necessary background for quantitative analysis of incommensurate crystals by methods in Solid State Chemistry and Solid State Physics. The second half of "Incommensurate Crystallography" is devoted to crystallographic methods of structural analysis of incommensurate compounds. Thorough accounts are given of the diffraction by incommensurate crystals, the choice of parameters in structure refinements, and the use of superspace in analysing crystal structures. The presentation of methods of structure determination includes modern methods like the Maximum Entropy Method and Charge Flipping.

This book summarizes the latest research on the structural geology of the mobile belts of the Indian subcontinent including the Himalayas, NE Himalayas, Bangladesh thrust belt, Andaman subduction zone, the Aravalli-Delhi, the Central India Tectonic Zone, the Singhbhum, the Eastern Ghats and the Southern granulite terrane. It offers essential information on deformational structures in the mobile belt, such as folding patterns, the character of the shear zone, shear strain analysis, and faults, as well as fault zone rocks. The findings presented here are based on field observations, mapping, sampling and analysis work (e.g. petrographic studies), as well as limited geochemical and geochronological analysis to support the findings. A discussion on the structural evolution of these mobile belts and their connections with other belts rounds out the coverage.

This collection presents papers from a symposium on extraction of rare metals from primary and secondary materials and residues as well as rare extraction processing techniques used in metal production. Authors cover the extraction of less common or minor metals including elements such as antimony, bismuth, barium, beryllium, boron, calcium, chromium, gallium, germanium, hafnium, indium, manganese, molybdenum, platinum group metals, rare earth metals, rhenium, scandium, selenium, sodium, strontium, tantalum, tellurium, and tungsten. Contributions also discuss rare metals of low-tonnage sales compared to high-tonnage metals (iron, copper, nickel, lead, tin, zinc, or light metals such as aluminum, magnesium, or titanium and electronic metalloid silicon). Authors also cover biometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy while novel high-temperature processes such as microwave heating, solar-thermal reaction synthesis, and cold crucible synthesis of rare metals are addressed. Also included in this collection is the design of extraction equipment used in these processes from suppliers as well as laboratory and pilot plant studies.

This book consolidates the latest research on the Hadean Eon - the first 500 million years of Earth history - which has permitted hypotheses of early Earth evolution to be tested, including geophysical models that include the possibility of plate tectonic-like behavior. These new observations challenge the longstanding Hadean paradigm - based on no observational evidence - of a desiccated, lifeless, continent-free wasteland in which surface petrogenesis was largely due to extraterrestrial impacts. The eon was termed "Hadean" to reflect such a hellish environment. That view began to be challenged in 2001 as results of geochemical analyses of greater than 4 billion year old zircons from Australia emerged. These data were consistent with the zircons forming in a world much more similar to today than long thought and interpreted to indicate that sediment cycling was occurring in the presence of liquid water. This new view leaves open the possibility that life could have emerged shortly after Earth accretion. The epistemic limitations under which the old paradigm persisted are closely examined. The book is principally designed as a monograph but has the potential to be used as a text for advanced graduate courses on early Earth evolution.

This book collects and summarizes current scientific knowledge concerning coal-mined landscapes of the Appalachian region in eastern United States. Containing contributions from authors across disciplines, the book addresses topics relevant to the region's coal-mining history and its future; its human communities; and the soils, waters, plants, wildlife, and human-use potentials of Appalachia's coal-mined landscapes. The book provides a comprehensive overview of coal mining's legacy in Appalachia, USA. It book describes the resources of the Appalachian coalfield, its lands and waters, and its human communities - as they have been left in the aftermath of intensive mining, drawing upon peer-reviewed science and other regional data to provide clear and objective descriptions. By understanding the Appalachian experience, officials and planners in other resource extraction- affected world regions can gain knowledge and perspectives that will aid their own efforts to plan and manage for environmental quality and for human welfare. Appalachia's Coal-Mined Landscapes: Resources and Communities in a New Energy Era will be of use to natural resource managers and scientists within Appalachia and in other world regions experiencing widespread mining, researchers with interest in the region's disturbance legacy, and economic and community planners concerned with Appalachia's future.

This proceedings book represents a collection of conference papers examining the fundamental problems of deep magmatism.Enriched mantle reservoirs can be the source of the most massive apatite and rare metal deposits. Additionally, this book also presents some of the characteristics of kimberlites' composition from the deep Yubileinaya pipe and the mineralogical features of the Nakyn kimberlite field (Yakutia) and the crystallochemical features of rare and complex silicates from charoite rocks of the deep Murunskii massif in South Africa and the comendites of Mongolia.

This book unites studies in the fields of archaeometry, geoarchaeology, and ancient technologies, based on cases from northern Eurasia, and includes archaeometallurgy, stone tools investigation, exploitation of geological resources in the past, bioarchaeology, residue analysis, pottery and lithics investigation, and use of the GIS in archaeology. The book of Springer Proceedings in Geoarchaeology and Archaeological Mineralogy contains selected papers presented at the 8th Geoarchaeology Conference, which took place during September 20-23, 2021, at the South Urals Federal Research Center, the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Miass, Russia. A study of non-organic materials, rocks, minerals, ores, metals and metallurgical slags is a special focus of the book. Many papers also use modern analytical methods of isotopic, chemical, and mineralogical analysis to study the composition and structure of ancient materials and the technological practices of past human populations of Modern Russia, Ukraine, Turkmenistan, Tajikistan and Mongolia. The book is intended for archaeologists, historians, museum workers and geologists, as well as students, researchers from other disciplines and the general public interested in the interdisciplinary research in the field of archaeology and archaeological materials, strategies and techniques of past quarrying, mining, metallurgy and lithic technologies at different chronological periods in Eurasian steppe and adjacent forest zone.

Discover the common treatments and imitations plus gemstone properties, sources and typical cuts of stones, including a guide on appraisal techniques.

Jewellers and designer goldsmiths, lapidaries and gem cutters, stone setters, gemologists, geologists, collectors and people who buy and sell jewellery at antique fairs and on the internet, this book is for anyone who has ever had a gemstone and wanted identification and information. Featuring a mix of gemstones and gem-set jewellery, it puts gems in context and contains historical context for those buying and selling antique and vintage gem-set jewellery, including details of the stones typically found in Georgian, Victorian, early 20th century settings.

Packed with fascinating gemological details and up-to-minute data on more than 70 of the most exquisite gemstones, and written by leading expert, Judith Crowe, learn the common pitfalls in identifying stones and clarify areas of confusion and misidentification.

Electronic Structure and Surfaces of Sulfide Minerals: Density Functional Theory and Applications examines the mineral structure and electronic properties of minerals and their relationship to mineral floatability by density functional theory (DFT). This pragmatic guide explores the role of minerals in flotation by focusing on the mineral surface structure, electronic properties, and the adsorption of flotation agents through the study of the microscopic mechanism of reagents from the structure and properties of minerals. The flotation mechanism is explained from the point-of-view of solid physics, which is of great significance for both theoretical research and practical applications. The study of the structure and properties of the minerals can reveal the essential nature of mineral flotation, hence why minerals have floatability, the mechanism of response of different minerals to different chemicals, and the origin of the selectivity of flotation agents.

Applied Geochemistry: Advances in Mineral Exploration Techniques is a book targeting all levels of exploration geologists, geology students and geoscientists working in the mining industry. This reference book covers mineral exploration techniques from multiple dimensions, including the application of statistics - both principal component analysis and factor analysis - to multifractal modeling. The book explains these approaches step-by-step and gives their limitations. In addition to techniques and applications in mineral exploration, Applied Geochemistry describes mineral deposits and the theories underpinning their formation through worldwide case studies.

This book successfully connects archaeology and archaeometallurgy with geoscience and metallurgy. It addresses topics concerning ore deposits, archaeological field evidence of early metal production, and basic chemical-physical principles, as well as experimental ethnographic works on a low handicraft base and artisanal metal production to help readers better understand what happened in antiquity. The book is chiefly intended for scholars and students engaged in interdisciplinary work.

In the field of waste disposal, recovery, and recycling, industrial residues from ceramic and mining activities are just an assemblage of minerals. So is municipal waste, after removing the organic part in incinerators or after long-time disposal. In almost every case, a natural counterpart is present. Applying what is known from natural systems on waste assemblages is the key to predicting their fate, at a short and long time, and suggesting the best for high-temperature recycling. This book aims to bring the Earth Science community to the edge of waste management, offering background information, the basics of high and low-temperature geochemistry involved, and an overview of waste investigation connected to minerals. This book also addresses mineral tailings, incinerator bottom, fly ashes, metal slags, ceramic industry residue, and eventually sanitary issues. The primary readership will be graduate students and professionals in geological and environmental fields.

Origin and Mineralogy of Clays, the first of two volumes, lays the groundwork for a thorough study of clays in the environment. The second volume will deal with environmental interaction. Going from soils to sediments to diagenesis and hydrothermal alteration, the book covers the whole spectrum of clays. The chapters on surface environments are of great relevance in regard to environmental problems in soils, rivers and lake-ocean situations, showing the greatest interaction between living species and the chemicals in their habitat. The book is of interest to scientists and students working on environmental issues.