The subject of this book is the history of economic thought, including the less-commonly discussed schools of binary and socio-economics. The intended audience is students, business people, regulators, legislators, and scholars who are relatively unfamiliar with the primary competing economic theories of our day. Readers will benefit by coming away from the book with a better understanding of the context within which economic arguments are made. They will be better able to think critically about the assumptions underlying various economic proposals, and the history behind those assumptions.

This book is dedicated to examining the various methods and trends in Hadith Studies across the globe. Bringing together contributions from ten scholars of Hadith, it addresses the subject from a variety of methodological vantage points and historical premises. Divided into two parts, it first looks at methods and approaches, and then presents 5 case studies focusing on specific questions and issues. Some of these authors seek to overturn, refine or reaffirm dominant paradigms within the field, while others look to expand its horizons in new directions. The global scope, and coverage of both longstanding debates and cutting edge methods and approaches, means this book will make a significant contribution to a controversial and challenging field.

Die Einfuhrung des Unterrichtsfachs Lebensgestaltung-Ethik-Religionskunde in Brandenburg ist zum Anlass einer breiten verfassungsrechtlichen Diskussion geworden. Gegenstand der Eroerterung ist dabei nicht nur, ob Art. 141 GG das Land Brandenburg von der Verfassungsgarantie staatlichen Religionsunterrichts gemass Art. 7 Abs. 3 GG freistellt. Vielmehr wird im staatskirchenrechtlichen Schrifttum erwogen, Art. 7 Abs. 3 GG wegen eines entsprechenden Verfassungswandels nicht in den neuen Bundeslandern anzuwenden. Die Arbeit untersucht die Ursprunge der Lehre vom Verfassungswandel und geht der Frage nach, ob sich mit ihr ein partielles Unwirksamwerden des Art. 7 Abs. 3 GG begrunden lasst. In diesem Zusammenhang wird neben der Problematik, ob Art. 7 Abs. 3 Satz 1 GG als Grundrecht zu qualifizieren ist, auch die rechtliche Zulassigkeit einer Entkonfessionalisierung des Religionsunterrichts naher beleuchtet.

During the past decade, rapid developments in information and communications technology have transformed key social, commercial and political realities. Within that same time period, working at something less than internet speed, much of the academic and policy debates arising from these new and emerging technologies have been fragmented. There have been few examples of interdisciplinary dialogue about the potential for anonymity and privacy in a networked society. Lessons from the Identity Trail fills that gap, and examines key questions about anonymity, privacy and identity in an environment that increasingly automates the collection of personal information and uses surveillance to reduce corporate and security risks.
This project has been informed by the results of a multi-million dollar research project that has brought together a distinguished array of philosophers, ethicists, feminists, cognitive scientists, lawyers, cryptographers, engineers, policy analysts, government policy makers and privacy experts. Working collaboratively over a four-year period and participating in an iterative process designed to maximize the potential for interdisciplinary discussion and feedback through a series of workshops and peer review, the authors have integrated crucial public policy themes with the most recent research outcomes.

Recent years have seen a huge growth in European cross-border mergers and acquisitions (M&A), and considerable attention has been given to how such deals arise and are completed. A U.S. investor must understand the basic difference in the principle of individual labor law in the U.S. and how it compares with the laws of the target country in an M&A. In the U.S., under the employment at-will doctrine, the U.S. private sector employers can dismiss their non-unionized employees at any time for any reason or even no reason at all. In most European Union (EU) countries and Germany and Italy specifically, employees are presumed to have a basic right to keep their jobs indefinitely. One of the greatest labor cost disparity with the U.S. is not wages. It is the amount of paid time-off and other benefits. Employers in Germany and Italy will find it difficult to discharge employees without incurring substantial liability. For high-level, long-term employees, these severance payments can run into six or even seven figures.

Muslim law and rules for dealing with the distribution of a dead person's property differ greatly from western law. The system of Muslim law, the SharVa, is derived from the Qur'an and the words of the Prophet himself, and is therefore believed to be of divine inspiration, and not man-made. A variety of schools of law have grown up which interpret the Prophet's sayings, and the practical effect of these different rules of interpretation varies considerably. Recent codifications have not necessarily remained within the classical Muslim legal traditions, and have introduced further differences. With western law it is assumed that a man will make a will, and, broadly speaking, his property will be distributed in accordance with its provisions. It is only in the event of a man dying without making a will that the rules of intestacy are applied. Muslim law makes the opposite assumption.

Hugh Collins argues that the European Union should develop a civil code to provide uniform rules for contracts, property rights and protection against civil wrongs, thus drawing together the differing national traditions with respect to the detailed regulation of civil society. The benefits of such a code would lie not so much in facilitating cross border trade, but in establishing foundations for a denser network of transnational relations of civil society, which in turn would help to overcome the present popular resistance to effective and functional political institutions at a European level. These principled foundations for a more inclusive and less balkanised civil society in Europe also provide elements of a required European social model that offers necessary safeguards for consumers, workers and disadvantaged groups against the pressures of market forces in an increasingly global economic system.

Hugh Collins argues that the European Union should develop a civil code to provide uniform rules for contracts, property rights and protection against civil wrongs, thus drawing together the differing national traditions with respect to the detailed regulation of civil society. The benefits of such a code would lie not so much in facilitating cross border trade, but in establishing foundations for a denser network of transnational relations of civil society, which in turn would help to overcome the present popular resistance to effective and functional political institutions at a European level. These principled foundations for a more inclusive and less balkanised civil society in Europe also provide elements of a required European social model that offers necessary safeguards for consumers, workers and disadvantaged groups against the pressures of market forces in an increasingly global economic system.

Dr Marchant has produced a systematic account of Church courts as they were re-moulded to serve the Protestant Church in England after the Elizabethan Settlement, and at a time when they were still one of the principal responsibilities of bishops and archdeacons. Responding to the challenge of the times, these courts displayed a vitality and adaptability which has often been unrecognized. This study is based on a detailed account of the courts in the diocese of York, but the author measures the individuality of the northern courts by constant reference to the typical southern diocese of Norwich. There is a full description of the lawyers and the ecclesiastical 'civil service', the amount and nature of the business transacted by the courts, the internal administration of the Church and the sources of its administrative law.

This book offers perspectives on the legal and intellectual developments of the twelfth century. Gratian's collection of Church law, the Decretum, was a key text in these developments. Compiled in around 1140, it remained a fundamental work throughout and beyond the Middle Ages. Until now, the many mysteries surrounding the creation of the Decretum have remained unsolved, thereby hampering exploration of the jurisprudential renaissance of the twelfth century. Professor Winroth has now discovered the original version of the Decretum, which has long lain unnoticed among medieval manuscripts, in a version about half as long as the final text. It is also different from the final version in many respects - for example, with regard to the use of of Roman law sources - enabling a reconsideration of the resurgence of law in the twelfth century.

This new text is a comprehensive guide to investigating and litigating clinical negligence claims, written by two leading practitioners in the field. Aimed particularly at practitioners who are looking to develop their practice in this complex and often emotive area, the book provides a general overview of the law relating to clinical negligence, and focuses on the practical aspects of running a claim.
Structured chronologically, the book looks first at the relevant law of negligence and limitation, then at key preliminary matters, including exploring complaints and disciplinary procedures, the possibility of early settlement, risk analysis, limitation, and costs. It goes on to provide detailed guidance on the investigation process as to whether a claim is viable, and to cover every aspect of clinical negligence litigation from the pre-action protocol and issuing proceedings, to managing witnesses and expert evidence, damages, and trial. Practical, user-friendly guidance is included throughout the text on client care, maintaining effective relationships between solicitors and counsel, case management, and procedure.
The book details the particular considerations and difficulties that apply to clinical negligence that distinguish it from other personal injury litigation, such as the development of the law of negligence in the field, the technical complexity of the evidence, and risk analysis. It also describes the external organisations that provide the context to the area, and the business considerations that must be understood if the work is to be undertaken profitably, including guidance on funding (Legal Services Commission, private and Conditional Fee Agreement) andinsurance. Specific issues of difficulty, such as the differences between public and private sector defendants, are covered in full, and there are sections on particularly complex topics that can arise in practice such as fatal cases, hospital-acquired infections, and cost of upbringing cases.
The text is complemented by a useful precedents section, which is organized in a thematic way to ensure ease of reference. Co-written by a solicitor and a barrister, the book benefits from their differing perspectives and experiences of the litigation process which ensures that all crucial elements of case preparation and presentation, and the relevant law and practice are covered in a clear and logical way.
Clinical Negligence: A Practitioner's Handbook will be invaluable to junior solicitors and barristers working in the field, practitioners with a working knowledge of personal injury law who are beginning to develop a clinical negligence practice, medical professionals with an interest in medico-legal issues, and relevant legal and voluntary sector organisations.

Das die Ungultigkeit der Ehe bewirkende Fehlen des Konsenses wird im Anschluss an eine in der Kanonistik vorherrschende Interpretation seit dem CIC/1917 nur anerkannt, wenn es sich darstellt als ein vorsatzlicher Ausschluss der Ehe. Dabei handelt es sich angesichts des personalistischen Eheverstandnisses im CIC/1983 um eine Engfuhrung, die ein Relikt des CIC/1917 ist und aus seiner Sicht der Ehe resultiert. Ausgehend von Urteilen dioezesaner Gerichte und der Diskussion um den fehlenden Ehewillen in der angelsachsischen Kanonistik sowie anhand ausgewahlter Urteile der Roemischen Rota weist die Studie nach, dass im Unterschied zu den Partialsimulationen nicht erst ein "positiver Willensakt", sondern bereits das Fehlen des Mindestwillens als mangelndes intentionales Erfassen der Lebensgemeinschaft Ehe deren Ungultigkeit bewirkt.

This collection of essays explores the evolution of anti-discrimination law in European civil law jurisdictions. Historically, scholarship in this area has focused on the common law, which has also taken the lead in developing the theory and practice of anti-discrimination law. This volume breaks new ground by offering a sustained, critical, legal and socio-legal, comparative look at how anti-discrimination is faring in European civil law environments. While it is true that anti-discrimination law is seen as a foreign transplant in some regions, it does not fare poorly across the board. As shown by the case studies herein, the success of anti-discrimination law is found to vary according to its national context, the actors involved, and the evolution of the particular concept or ground of discrimination in question.

Indonesia has been home to some of the most vibrant and complex developments in modern Islamic thought anywhere in the world. Nevertheless little is known or understood about these developments outside South East Asia. By considering the work of the leading Indonesian thinkers of the twentieth century, Michael Feener, an intellectual authority in the area, offers a cogent critique of this diverse and extensive literature and sheds light on the contemporary debates and the dynamics of Islamic reform. The book highlights the openness to, and creative manipulation of, diverse strands of international thought that have come to define Islamic intellectualism in modern Indonesia. This is an accessible and interpretive overview of the religious and social thought of the world's largest Muslim majority nation. As such it will be read by scholars of Islamic law and society, South East Asian studies and comparative law and jurisprudence.

Das prozessrechtliche Institut des amicus curiae ("Freund des Gerichts") hat insbesondere seit den 1990er Jahren eine Internationalisierung erfahren und Eingang in das Voelkerverfahrensrecht gefunden. Dieses Buch legt eine umfassende empirische Bestandsaufnahme der amicus curiae-Praxis einer reprasentativen Auswahl internationaler Gerichte vor und greift die organisierte Zivilgesellschaft als pragende Akteurin heraus. Unter Berucksichtigung gerichtsspezifischer Besonderheiten umfasst die Bestandsaufnahme die Rechtsgrundlagen und Beweggrunde sowie die bisherige Zulassungs- und Berucksichtigungspraxis und soll den theoretisch-konzeptionellen Debatten eine praktische Perspektive gegenuberstellen. Die anschliessende gerichtsvergleichende Betrachtung veranschaulicht den vor internationalen Gerichten etablierten Verfahrensstandard, den Einfluss der Stellungnahmen zivilgesellschaftlicher Organisationen auf die Rechtsprechung der internationalen Gerichte sowie die Arten, Funktionen und Potentiale zivilgesellschaftlicher amici curiae in internationalen Gerichtsverfahren.