Whether from the perspective of Islamic law's advocates, secularism's partisans, or communities caught in their crossfire, many people see the relationship between Islamic law and secularism as antagonistic and increasingly discordant. In the United States there are calls for "sharia bans" in the courts, in western Europe legal limitations have been imposed on mosques and the wearing of headscarves, and in the Arab Middle East conflicts between secularist old guards and Islamist revolutionaries persist-suggesting that previously unsteady coexistences are transforming into outright hostilities. Jeffrey Redding's exploration of India's non-state system of Muslim dispute resolution-known as the dar-ul-qaza system and commonly referred to as "Muslim courts" or "shariat courts"-challenges conventional narratives about the inevitable opposition between Islamic law and secular forms of governance, demonstrating that Indian secular law and governance cannot work without the significant assistance of non-state Islamic legal actors.

This volume provides an overview of the nature and scope of the concept of Sunna both in pre-modern and modern Islamic discussions. The main focus is on shedding more light on the context in which the term Sunna in the major works of Islamic law and legal theory across all of the major madhahib was employed during the first six centuries Hijri.

Seit der ersten Verurteilung der Freimaurerei durch Papst Clemens XII. (1738) wird die Mitgliedschaft von Katholiken in Freimaurerlogen mit kirchlichen Strafen belegt. Trotz nationalhistorisch bedingter Unterschiede innerhalb der Freimaurerei und trotz des Bemuhens um eine differenzierte Betrachtung blieb die Haltung der massgebenden kirchlichen Autoritaten gegenuber der gleichzeitigen Mitgliedschaft von Katholiken in Freimaurerlogen und der katholischen Kirche bis heute unverandert rigoros. Ausgehend von den historischen Anlassen der kirchlichen Verurteilungen werden im kanonistischen Teil der Arbeit die Strafnormen bis zur geltenden Rechtslage analysiert, Entwicklungen skizziert und schliesslich die Frage nach der unbedingten Unvereinbarkeit, Katholik und Freimaurer zu sein, erneut gestellt.

Military justice systems across the world are in a state of transition. These changes are due to a combination of both domestic and international legal pressures. The domestic influences include constitutional principles, bills of rights and the presence of increasingly strong oversight bodies such as parliamentary committees. Military justice has also come under pressure from international law, particularly when applied on operations. The common theme in these many different influences is the growing role of external legal principles and institutions on military justice. This book provides insights from both scholars and practitioners on reforms to military justice in individual countries (including the UK, Canada, the Netherlands and Australia) and in wider regions (for example, South Asia and Latin America). It also analyses the impact of 'civilianisation', the changing nature of operations and the decisions of domestic and international courts on efforts to reform military justice.

Neben den Bischoefen waren es vor allem die Domkapitel, auf denen uber Jahrhunderte das System der Reichskirche wesentlich fusste. Fur den Zeitraum vom Abschluss des Wiener Konkordats 1448 bis zur Sakularisation 1803 unterzieht der Autor die verfassungsrechtlichen Grundzuge von insgesamt 74 mitteleuropaischen Domkapiteln einer vergleichenden Analyse. Vor dem Hintergrund der geschichtlichen Entwicklungen tritt bei der Untersuchung der inneren Organisation, der Kollation der Kanonikate und AEmter sowie der Idoneitatskriterien und Obliegenheiten ein vielschichtiges Bild zutage. So kann der Autor neben einer bemerkenswerten rechtlichen Vielfalt auch gemeinsame Rechtstraditionen aufzeigen.

Der Autor befasst sich betont praxisnah mit dem Sachgebiet Schadenersatz im oesterreichischen Skirecht. In enger Zusammenarbeit mit fuhrenden Experten und Gutachtern werden die geltenden Sorgfaltsnormen im Skisport dargestellt. Eine Erlauterung des Skirechts, die dem Rechtsanwender die wichtigsten Anknupfungspunkte fur eine moegliche Haftung vorstellt und auch fur den Rechtslaien verstandlich ist.

Antidiskriminierung ist eines der beherrschenden Themen der europaischen Integration. Die Arbeit setzt sich umfassend mit Auslegung und Wirkungsweise der Ermachtigungsgrundlage Art. 13 EG sowie der auf ihr beruhenden Richtlinie 2000/78/EG auseinander. Der Schwerpunkt der Eroerterungen liegt dabei auf der Frage, inwieweit das in Deutschland etablierte Selbstbestimmungsrecht der Religionsgemeinschaften durch europarechtliche Massnahmen zur Bekampfung von Diskriminierungen aus Grunden der Religion, Weltanschauung oder der sexuellen Ausrichtung beeinflusst, ggf. eingeschrankt werden kann. Besonderes Augenmerk wird dabei auf Art. 4 Abs. 2 der Richtlinie gelegt, welcher Rechtfertigungsmoeglichkeiten zugunsten kirchlicher Anforderungen im Rahmen des Dienst- und Arbeitsrechtes ("Loyalitatsobliegenheiten") enthalt. Deren Reichweite und Grenzen im Hinblick auf das Prinzip der "christlichen Dienstgemeinschaft" werden eingehend untersucht.

Most Muslim-majority countries have legal systems that enshrine both Islam and liberal rights. While not necessarily at odds, these dual commitments nonetheless provide legal and symbolic resources for activists to advance contending visions for their states and societies. Using the case study of Malaysia, Constituting Religion examines how these legal arrangements enable litigation and feed the construction of a 'rights-versus-rites binary' in law, politics, and the popular imagination. By drawing on extensive primary source material and tracing controversial cases from the court of law to the court of public opinion, this study theorizes the 'judicialization of religion' and the radiating effects of courts on popular legal and religious consciousness. The book documents how legal institutions catalyze ideological struggles, which stand to redefine the nation and its politics. Probing the links between legal pluralism, social movements, secularism, and political Islamism, Constituting Religion sheds new light on the confluence of law, religion, politics, and society. This title is also available as Open Access.

Der Autor erforscht die Anwendungsdynamiken des islamischen Rechts (fiqh) in wandelnden Kontexten anhand der Werke von Hayreddin Karaman, einem beruhmten islamischen Rechtsgelehrten in der Turkei. Dabei analysiert er die Entwicklungen chronologisch seit dem Beginn in der Prophetenperiode und die wissenschaftlichen Entfaltungen der Nachfolgezeit bis in die sakulare Postmoderne. Anhand der diachronischen Forschungsmethode untersucht der Autor die innovative fiqh-Anwendung bei Karaman und zeigt seine Methode auf. Es geht hierbei um die Anknupfung an die Tradition und die daraus gewonnene Innovation in ihrem wissenschaftlich-argumentativen Diskurs. Auf kritischer Grundlage begegnet Karaman den Herausforderungen eines innovativen Aufschwungs in der sakularen Postmoderne.

States increasingly cooperate to buy expensive defence equipment, but the management and legal aspects of these large collaborative procurement programmes are complex and not well understood. The Law of Collaborative Defence Procurement in the European Union analyses how these programmes are managed, and highlights areas which require improvement. The book addresses the law applicable to these programmes, which is built upon a four-layer 'matryoshka doll' of legal relationships at the crossroads of public international law, EU law and domestic law. Using practical examples, the book makes proposals for clarifying the legal basis and improving the efficiency of defence equipment cooperation among EU member states. By covering a broad scope of legal issues, this analysis goes beyond the defence sector and is relevant to centralised or joint purchasing and procurement activities of international organisations, providing invaluable information for practitioners, policy-makers and academics aiming to analyse or improve these projects.

This book fills gaps in the exploration of the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflict based on the World Heritage Convention. Marina Lostal offers a new perspective, designating a specific protection regime to world cultural heritage sites, which is so far lacking despite the fact that such sites are increasingly targeted. Lostal spells out this area's discrete legal principles, providing accessible and succinct guidelines to a usually complex web of international conventions. Using the conflicts in Syria, Libya and Mali (among others) as case studies, she offers timely insight into the phenomenon of cultural heritage destruction. Lastly, by incorporating the World Heritage Convention into the discourse, this book fulfills UNESCO's long-standing project of exploring 'how to promote the systemic integration between the [World Heritage] Convention of 1972 and the other UNESCO regimes'. It is sure to engender debate and cause reflection over cultural heritage and protection regimes.

The Beginnings of Islamic Law is a major and innovative contribution to our understanding of the historical unfolding of Islamic law. Scrutinizing its historical contexts, the book proposes that Islamic law is a continuous intermingling of innovation and tradition. Salaymeh challenges the embedded assumptions in conventional Islamic legal historiography by developing a critical approach to the study of both Islamic and Jewish legal history. Through case studies of the treatment of war prisoners, circumcision, and wife-initiated divorce, she examines how Muslim jurists incorporated and transformed 'Near Eastern' legal traditions. She also demonstrates how socio-political and historical situations shaped the everyday practice of law, legal education, and the organization of the legal profession in the late antique and medieval eras. Aimed at scholars and students interested in Islamic history, Islamic law, and the relationship between Jewish and Islamic legal traditions, this book's interdisciplinary approach provides accessible explanations and translations of complex materials and ideas.

Islamic law influences the lives of Muslims today as aspects of the law are applied as part of State law in different forms in many areas of the world. This volume provides a much needed collection of articles that explore the complexities involved in the application of Islamic law within the contemporary legal systems of different countries today, with particular reference to Saudi Arabia, Morocco, Indonesia, Nigeria, Turkey, Malaysia and Pakistan. The articles identify the relevant areas of difficulties and also propose possible ways of realising a more effective and equitable application of Islamic law in the contemporary world. The volume features an introductory overview of the subject as well as a comprehensive bibliography to aid further research.

The Islamization of politics in Indonesia after 1998 presents an underexplored puzzle: why has there been a rise in the number of shari'a laws despite the electoral decline of Islamist parties? Michael Buehler presents an analysis of the conditions under which Islamist activists situated outside formal party politics may capture and exert influence in Muslim-majority countries facing democratization. His analysis shows that introducing competitive elections creates new pressures for entrenched elites to mobilize and structure the electorate, thereby opening up new opportunities for Islamist activists to influence politics. Buehler's analysis of changing state-religion relations in formerly authoritarian Islamic countries illuminates broader theoretical debates on Islamization in the context of democratization. This timely text is essential reading for students, scholars, and government analysts.

The institution of marriage is commonly thought to have fallen into crisis in late medieval northern France. While prior scholarship has identified the pervasiveness of clandestine marriage as the cause, Sara McDougall contends that the pressure came overwhelmingly from the prevalence of remarriage in violation of the Christian ban on divorce, a practice we might call "bigamy." Throughout the fifteenth century in Christian Europe, husbands and wives married to absent or distant spouses found new spouses to wed. In the church courts of northern France, many of the individuals so married were criminally prosecuted.In "Bigamy and Christian Identity in Late Medieval Champagne," McDougall traces the history of this conflict in the diocese of Troyes and places it in the larger context of Christian theology and culture. Multiple marriage was both inevitable and repugnant in a Christian world that forbade divorce and associated bigamy with the unchristian practices of Islam or Judaism. The prevalence of bigamy might seem to suggest a failure of Christianization in late medieval northern France, but careful study of the sources shows otherwise: Clergy and laity alike valued marriage highly. Indeed, some members of the laity placed such a high value on the institution that they were willing to risk criminal punishment by entering into illegal remarriage. The risk was great: the Bishop of Troyes's judicial court prosecuted bigamy with unprecedented severity, although this prosecution broke down along gender lines. The court treated male bigamy, and only male bigamy, as a grave crime, while female bigamy was almost completely excluded from harsh punishment. As this suggests, the Church was primarily concerned with imposing a high standard on men as heads of Christian households, responsible for their own behavior and also that of their wives.

Imam Nawawi's commentary on Sahih Muslim is one of the most highly regarded works in Islamic thought and literature. Accepted by every sunni school of thought, and foundational in the Shaafi school, this text, available for the first time in English, is famed throughout the Muslim world. After the Qur'an, the prophetic traditions are the most recognised source of wisdom in Islam. Amongst the collected Hadith, Sahih Muslim is second only to the the collection of Imam Bukhari. With a commentary by Imam Nawawi, whose other works are amongst the most widely-read books on Islam, and translated by Adil Salahi, a modern scholar of great acclaim, this immense work, finally available to English readers, is an essential addition to every Muslim library, and for anybody with an interest in Islamic thought.

Vor dem Hintergrund der Einfuhrung des europaischen Vollstreckungstitels wird der Einfluss der europaischen Grundrechte auf die Anerkennung und Vollstreckbarerklarung auslandischer Entscheidungen im europaischen Zivilverfahrensrecht untersucht. Als Grundlage fur die weitere Arbeit werden die Verfahrensgrundrechte in der europaischen Grundrechtsordnung herausgearbeitet. Anhand der gewonnenen Erkenntnisse werden dann die Anerkennungshindernisse im Exequaturverfahren auf ihren grundrechtlichen Gehalt hin durchleuchtet. Insbesondere werden die Verzichtbarkeit des verfahrensrechtlichen ordre-public-Vorbehalts und die Gewahrleistung des rechtlichen Gehoers des Vollstreckungsschuldners bei der Zustellung des verfahrenseinleitenden Schriftstucks diskutiert. Schliesslich wird auf die erst vor kurzem erlassene Verordnung uber den Europaischen Vollstreckungstitel fur unbestrittene Forderungen eingegangen.

The Care Act 2014 represents a major upheaval in adult social care law: the biggest since 1948. This book sets out and explains the provisions of the Care Act 2014 in simple terms, illustrating its practical implications for both social and health care with many legal cases and local ombudsman investigations. It also includes a substantial section on NHS Continuing Health Care and how it relates to the Care Act. Presented in a handy A - Z format, Michael Mandelstam brings his extensive experience in this field to bear on this new, important piece of legislation. It is essential reading for health and social care managers and practitioners, advocates, lawyers, policy makers and students of social work and social policy.

Parallelverfahren vor staatlichen Gerichten und Schiedsgerichten sind ein prozessualer Dauerbrenner und insbesondere im Rahmen des Kompetenzkonflikts hochbrisant. Im Kompetenzkonflikt sind Parallelverfahren aufgrund der vielfaltigen gesetzlichen Moeglichkeiten, eine Klarung der Kompetenzfrage vor unterschiedlichen Gerichten zu erreichen, geradezu exemplarisch. Sie stellen das Prozessrecht vor die Herausforderung, diese effektiv zu koordinieren und divergierende Zustandigkeitsentscheidungen zu vermeiden. Neben dem klassischen Kompetenzkonflikt zwischen Staatsgerichten und Schiedsgerichten widmet sich die Autorin auch etwaigen Verfahrenskonflikten an der Schnittstelle von Kompetenzklarung und parallelen staatlichen Verfahren.

This book considers an important and largely neglected area of Islamic law by exploring how medieval Muslim jurists resolved criminal cases that could not be proven beyond a doubt. Intisar A. Rabb calls into question a controversial popular notion about Islamic law today, which is that Islamic law is a divine legal tradition that has little room for discretion or doubt, particularly in Islamic criminal law. Despite its contemporary popularity, that notion turns out to have been far outside the mainstream of Islamic law for most of its history. Instead of rejecting doubt, medieval Muslim scholars largely embraced it. In fact, they used doubt to enlarge their own power and to construct Islamic criminal law itself. Through a close examination of legal, historical, and theological sources, and a range of illustrative case studies, this book shows that Muslim jurists developed a highly sophisticated and regulated system for dealing with Islam's unique concept of doubt, which evolved from the seventh to the sixteenth century.

In The Politics of Islamic Law, Iza Hussin compares India, Malaya, and Egypt during the British colonial period in order to trace the making and transformation of the contemporary category of 'Islamic law.' She demonstrates that not only is Islamic law not the shari'ah, its present institutional forms, substantive content, symbolic vocabulary, and relationship to state and society--in short, its politics--are built upon foundations laid during the colonial encounter. Drawing on extensive archival work in English, Arabic, and Malay--from court records to colonial and local papers to private letters and visual material--Hussin offers a view of politics in the colonial period as an iterative series of negotiations between local and colonial powers in multiple locations. She shows how this resulted in a paradox, centralizing Islamic law at the same time that it limited its reach to family and ritual matters, and produced a transformation in the Muslim state, providing the frame within which Islam is articulated today, setting the agenda for ongoing legislation and policy, and defining the limits of change. Combining a genealogy of law with a political analysis of its institutional dynamics, this book offers an up-close look at the ways in which global transformations are realized at the local level.

The Ayyubid and Mamluk periods were two of the most intellectually vibrant in Islamic history. Megan H. Reid's book, which traverses three centuries from 1170 to 1500, recovers the stories of medieval men and women who were renowned not only for their intellectual prowess but also for their devotional piety. Through these stories, the book examines trends in voluntary religious practice that have been largely overlooked in modern scholarship. This type of piety was distinguished by the pursuit of God's favor through additional rituals, which emphasized the body as an instrument of worship, and through the rejection of worldly pleasures, and even society itself. Using an array of sources including manuals of law, fatwa collections, chronicles, and obituaries, the book shows what it meant to be a good Muslim in the medieval period and how Islamic law helped to define holy behavior. In its concentration on personal piety, ritual, and ethics the book offers an intimate perspective on medieval Islamic society.

This book provides a detailed analysis of Islamic juristic writings on the topic of rape and argues that classical Islamic jurisprudence contained nuanced, substantially divergent doctrines of sexual violation as a punishable crime. The work centers on legal discourses of the first six centuries of Islam, the period during which these discourses reached their classical forms, and chronicles the juristic conflict over whether or not to provide monetary compensation to victims. Along with tracing the emergence and development of this conflict over time, Hina Azam explains evidentiary ramifications of each of the two competing positions, which are examined through debates between the H anafi and Ma liki schools of law. This study examines several critical themes in Islamic law, such as the relationship between sexuality and property, the tension between divine rights and personal rights in sex crimes, and justifications of victim's rights afforded by the two competing doctrines.