The Islamization of politics in Indonesia after 1998 presents an underexplored puzzle: why has there been a rise in the number of shari'a laws despite the electoral decline of Islamist parties? Michael Buehler presents an analysis of the conditions under which Islamist activists situated outside formal party politics may capture and exert influence in Muslim-majority countries facing democratization. His analysis shows that introducing competitive elections creates new pressures for entrenched elites to mobilize and structure the electorate, thereby opening up new opportunities for Islamist activists to influence politics. Buehler's analysis of changing state-religion relations in formerly authoritarian Islamic countries illuminates broader theoretical debates on Islamization in the context of democratization. This timely text is essential reading for students, scholars, and government analysts.

Terrorism: Commentary on Security Documents is a series that provides primary source documents and expert commentary on various topics relating to the worldwide effort to combat terrorism, as well as efforts by the United States and other nations to protect their national security interests. Volume 141, Hybrid Warfare and the Gray Zone Threat, considers the mutation of the international security environment brought on by decades of unrivaled U.S. conventional military power. The term "hybrid warfare" encompasses conventional warfare, irregular warfare, cyberwarfare, insurgency, criminality, economic blackmail, ethnic warfare, "lawfare", and the application of low-cost but effective technologies to thwart high-cost technologically advanced forces. This volume is divided into five sections covering different aspects of this topic, each of which is introduced by expert commentary written by series editor Douglas C. Lovelace, Jr. This volume contains thirteen useful documents exploring various facets of the shifting international security environment, including a detailed report on hybrid warfare issued by the Joint Special Operations University and a White Paper on special operations forces support to political warfare prepared by the U.S. Army Special Operations Command, as well as a GAO report and a CRS report covering similar topics. Specific coverage is also given to topics such as cybersecurity and cyberwarfare, the efficacy of sanctions in avoiding and deterring hybrid warfare threats, and the intersection of the military and domestic U.S. law enforcement.

In U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, a distinguished group of military experts comprehensively analyze how the law is applied during military operations on and off the battlefield. Subject matter experts offer a unique insiders perspective on how the law is actually implemented in a wide swath of military activities, such as how the law of war applies in the context of multi-state coalition forces, and whether non-governmental organizations involved in quasi-military operations are subject to the same law. The book goes on to consider whether U.S. Constitutional 4th Amendment protections apply to the military's cyber-defense measures, how the law guides targeting decisions, and whether United Nations mandates constitute binding rules of international humanitarian law. Other areas of focus include how the United States interacts with the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding its international legal obligations, and how courts should approach civil claims based on war-related torts. This book also answers questions regarding how the law of armed conflict applies to such extra-conflict acts as intercepting pirates and providing humanitarian relief to civilians in occupied territory.

Mit zwei Urteilen vom 04. Juli 2017 erklarte der Bundesgerichtshof eine zwischen Kreditinstituten und Unternehmen vereinbarte Vertragsklausel uber ein "Bearbeitungsentgelt fur Vertragsschluss" fur unwirksam. Aufgrund der verbreiteten Verwendung solcher Klauseln in der Unternehmensfinanzierung und deren langjahriger Billigung durch die Rechtsprechung hat diese Entscheidung weitreichende Konsequenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund zeigt der Autor, dass weiterhin ein praktisches Bedurfnis fur die rechtssichere Vereinbarung von Bankentgelten besteht. Am Beispiel von Entgeltklauseln stellt er dar, dass die AGB-Kontrolle im unternehmerischen Geschaftsverkehr auf flexible Gestaltungen und einen differenzierten Auslegungsmassstab angewiesen ist.

Kaum ein Themenkomplex wird in der steuerpolitischen Diskussion so kontrovers diskutiert, so regelmassig vorubergehend beerdigt und anschliessend wiederbelebt wie die Wiedereinfuhrung einer Vermoegensteuer. Diese Arbeit untersucht, ob eine Vermoegensteuer uberhaupt in verfassungskonformer Weise wiedereingefuhrt werden kann und, falls dies der Fall ist, welche verfassungsrechtlichen Grenzen die Politik dabei zu wahren hat. Hierbei geht die Arbeit insbesondere der Frage nach, ob der so genannte Halbteilungsgrundsatz aus dem Grundgesetz abgeleitet werden kann und wie er zu operationalisieren ist. Die Arbeit zeigt auf, dass eine substanzentziehende Vermoegensteuer verfassungsrechtlich unzulassig ware und dass selbst eine als so genannte Sollertragsteuer ausgestaltete Vermoegensteuer verfassungsrechtlich schwerwiegenden Bedenken unterliegt. Selbst wenn man diese Bedenken ignoriert, ist auf Basis der - verfassungsrechtlich erforderlichen - Anwendung des Halbteilungsgrundsatzes im derzeitigen Steuersystem uberhaupt nur dann Platz fur eine Vermoegensteuer, wenn die Vermoegensteuerschuld bei den Ertragsteuern angerechnet wird. Zustandig fur die Wiedereinfuhrung einer Vermoegensteuer waren derzeit - entgegen der allgemeinen Annahme in Politik und Rechtswissenschaft - die Lander.

In U.S. Military Operations: Law, Policy, and Practice, a distinguished group of military experts comprehensively analyze how the law is applied during military operations on and off the battlefield. Subject matter experts offer a unique insiders perspective on how the law is actually implemented in a wide swath of military activities, such as how the law of war applies in the context of multi-state coalition forces, and whether non-governmental organizations involved in quasi-military operations are subject to the same law. The book goes on to consider whether U.S. Constitutional 4th Amendment protections apply to the military's cyber-defense measures, how the law guides targeting decisions, and whether United Nations mandates constitute binding rules of international humanitarian law. Other areas of focus include how the United States interacts with the International Committee of the Red Cross regarding its international legal obligations, and how courts should approach civil claims based on war-related torts. This book also answers questions regarding how the law of armed conflict applies to such extra-conflict acts as intercepting pirates and providing humanitarian relief to civilians in occupied territory.

Christian Law: Contemporary Principles offers a detailed comparison of the laws of churches across ten distinct Christian traditions worldwide: Catholic, Orthodox, Anglican, Lutheran, Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian, United, Congregational and Baptist. From this comparison, Professor Doe proposes that all denominations of the faith share common principles in spite of their doctrinal divisions; and that these principles reveal a concept of 'Christian law' and contribute to a theological understanding of global Christian identity. Adopting a unique interdisciplinary approach, the book provides comprehensive coverage on the sources and purposes of church law, the faithful (lay and ordained), the institutions of church governance, discipline and dispute resolution, doctrine and worship, the rites of passage, ecumenism, property and finance, as well as church, State and society. This is an invaluable resource for lawyers and theologians who are engaged in ecumenical and interfaith dialogue, showing how dogmas may divide but laws link Christians across traditions.

Based on a comparative analysis of several hundred religio-juristic treatises and fatwas (religious decisions), Shari'a and Muslim Minorities: The Wasati and Salafi Approaches to Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat al-Muslima offers the most systematic and comprehensive study to date of fiqh al aqalliyyat al-Muslima - the field in Islamic jurisprudence that treats issues that are unique to Muslims living in majority non-Muslim societies. The book argues that two main contesting approaches to fiqh al-aqalliyyat al-Muslima, the wasati and the salafi, have developed, in part dialectically. While both envision a future Islamizing of the West as a main justification for Muslim residence in the West, the wasati approach is pragmatic, facilitating, and integration-minded, whereas the salafi calls for strict application of religious norms and for introversion. The volume examines diverse and highly-debated juristic issues, including the permissibility of naturalizing in non-Muslim states, participating in their electoral systems and serving in their militaries and police forces; the permissibility of taking mortgages and student loans; the permissibility of congratulating Christians on Christmas or receiving Christmas bonuses; and the permissibility of working in professions that involve breaching of religio-legal prohibitions (e.g. serving pork). Discussions highlight the diversity within contemporary Islamic jurisprudence and introduce new nuances to highly-charged concepts such as proselytizing, integration, and multiculturalism.

Das Recht der Personengesellschaft wird von der deutschen Literatur des 19. Jahrhunderts nach der Systematik des Grundrisses von Georg Arnold Heise (1. Aufl. 1807) nicht dem Personenrecht des Allgemeinen Teils des burgerlichen Rechts zugeordnet, und das BGB ist dem gefolgt. Zum BGB behandelt die Literatur in UEbereinstimmung mit der Legalordnung die Perso- nengesellschaft im Schuldrecht. Dem folgt selbst Gierkes Deutsches Privat- recht, wenn Gierke auch im Personenrecht des Allgemeinen Teils in dem Ka- pitel "Personenrechtliche Gemeinschaften" allgemein von den "Gemein- schaften zur gesamten Hand" und damit auch von der Gesellschaft handelt. Die Legalordnung des BGB ist in der Einordnung des Rechts der Perso- nengesellschaft dadurch bestimmt, dass dem Ersten Entwurf des BGB, wie es in den Motiven heisst, die "gemeinrechtliche Auffassung vom Begriffe und Wesen der Sozietat" zugrunde lag, dass der Gesellschaftsvertrag "nur ein obli- gatorisches Rechtsverhaltnis unter den Kontrahenten" begrundet. Die Perso- nengesellschaft als Gesamthandsgesellschaft gehoert jedoch ebenso wie die ju- ristische Person dem Personenrecht an. Man koennte sogar der Ansicht sein, dass die Personengesellschaft als Personengruppe oder Personenverband noch eher als die juristische Person in das Personenrecht gehoert.

Lebensfuhrungspflichten sind regelmassig Gegenstand rechtstheoretischer Diskussionen und Untersuchungen, spielen aber vor allem auch in der kirchen- und arbeitsrechtlichen Praxis eine bedeutende Rolle. Die besondere Problematik dieses Themas liegt darin, dass in den Augen der OEffentlichkeit die private Lebensfuhrung kirchlicher Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter als Ausweis der Glaubwurdigkeit kirchlicher Verkundigung angesehen wird, die rechtliche Ausformung und praktische Durchsetzung bestimmter Pflichten aus diesem Bereich aber auf erhebliche Schwierigkeiten stoesst. Dies wird vor allem dadurch bedingt, dass kirchlicher Dienst in unterschiedlichen Formen wahrgenommen wird, namlich in oeffentlich-rechtlichen Dienstverhaltnissen, in privatrechtlichen Anstellungsverhaltnissen und als ehrenamtlicher Dienst. Die Arbeit beschaftigt sich insbesondere auch mit Fragen in dem zuletzt genannten Bereich.

Die Diskussion der Behandlung von Lizenzen in der Insolvenz berucksichtigt nur vereinzelt, dass Patentlizenzen im Technologietransfer des zusammenwachsenden Europa verstarkt grenzuberschreitend erteilt werden. Diese Arbeit stellt die Auswirkungen der Insolvenz eines Vertragspartners auf eine grenzuberschreitende ausschliessliche Patentlizenz und damit die Anwendung der Europaischen Insolvenzverordnung in den Mittelpunkt. Die Basis hierfur bildet ein franzoesisch-deutscher Rechtsvergleich, der eine unterschiedliche Behandlung in den nationalen Patent- und Insolvenzrechten aufzeigt. Zur Abrundung wurde die Behandlung von Lizenzen an Europaischen Patenten und dem neuen Einheitspatent im Europaischen Insolvenzrecht untersucht.

La traduction juridique represente un risque pouvant deboucher a une critique. L'auteur en identifie les causes et examine les insuffisances du paradigme linguistique de la traduction. L'etude montre l'importance du role attribue a la notion de pertinence dans la traduction juridique qui est un mecanisme constitutif du sens. Il en resulte une approche contextualiste de la traduction dont le pivot est la pertinence. Dans cet ouvrage, on explore egalement les liens entre la pertinence, l'interpretation, l'usage et la qualite. La qualite d'une traduction se mesure dans sa pertinence. On y propose alors une methode de la traduction associant pertinence et usage, faisant echo aux recentes recherches en langues de specialite.

Judges, courts, and scholars in the United States agree that the Constitution is the supreme law of the land, but there is much disagreement about its meaning. So what seems to be incontestable truth is riddled with disagreements about every day questions of decision making on matter such as whether people are entitled to government created programs, what rights are fundamental, the criteria for voting, the three branches of governments' several responsibilities, and even who should have the final say in defining the Constitution's meaning. Constitutional Ethos is a groundbreaking investigation into the fundamental principles of constitutional principle, meaning, and interpretation. It explores the core purposes of American representative democracy in light of historical sources, recent precedents, and contemporary debates. Alexander Tsesis argues that a central norm of U.S. law can be derived from the Declaration of Independence and Preamble. This book develops a theory of constitutional law structured on the public duty to protect individual rights for the general welfare. The maxim of constitutional governance synthesizes the protection of individual and public rights. The ideal is neither solely theoretical nor customary but tied to a firm foundation that the people then build upon by lobbying elected officials and petitioning appointed judges. Representative government has an interlinked obligation to the individual and the general welfare. This paradigm for responsible governance sets the baseline against which citizens can hold policy makers accountable to the structural and normative commitments of the Constitution. A pluralistic system must respect human dignity and govern for the betterment of the body politic. Those mandates set the terms for exercising legitimate power at the federal, state, and local levels to protect individual rights to achieve the common good of civil society. Tsesis demonstrates that ethos is binding on the conduct of all three branches of government and their officeholders. His argument challenges the more common U.S. perspective among academics and judges, who typically discount the existence of any objective constitutional value, regarding the document as a construct of social norms. To the contrary, Tsesis shows that the people established the terms of the nation's founding documents to protect universal, unalienable rights. The structure of government provides the mechanisms of those in a pluralistic state to set reasonable limitations for the betterment of society as a whole. Understanding the Constitution's special place in American legal culture is essential for resolving a host of contemporary issues; including, those involving marital, gender, and voting equalities. The state is a means of optimizing the well-being of individuals. Human productivity can best flourish in a society of equals, where talents can be brought to bear in the betterment of self and other members of the community. The Constitution does not create rights but protects those universal ideals of representative democracy first set out in the Declaration of Independence. It further grants authority to political institutions for the enforcement of policies and concrete laws for the betterment of society or some relevant segment of it. Many scholars with leanings in legal realism and process theory believe the authority of government is a social construct created by popular majorities; Tsesis convincingly demonstrates, to the contrary, that even those laws enacted by popular majorities are not authoritative unless they accord with a central maxim of constitutionalism, which is the protection of individual rights for the common good.